Bacteria engineered to treat a disease or disorder

ABSTRACT

Genetically programmed microorganisms, such as bacteria, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of modulating and treating a disease and/or disorder are disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/319,564, filed on Dec. 16, 2016, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 nationalstage filing of International Application No. PCT/US2016/032565, filedon May 13, 2016, which in turn claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/335,780, filed on May 13, 2016; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/336,338, filed on May 13, 2016;U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/336,012, filed on May 13,2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/335,940, filed on May13, 2016; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/154,934, filed on May 13,2016; International Application No. PCT/US2016/032562, filed on May 13,2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/277,654, filed on Jan.12, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/277,413, filed onJan. 11, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/293,749, filedon Feb. 10, 2016; International Application No. PCT/US2016/020530, filedon Mar. 2, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/173,761,filed on Jun. 10, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/173,706, filed on Jun. 10, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/173,710, filed on Jun. 10, 2015; U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/277,346, filed on Jan. 11, 2016; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/199,445, filed on Jul. 31, 2015; U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/314,322, filed on Mar. 28, 2016;U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/313,691, filed on Mar. 25,2016; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/960,333, filed on Dec. 4,2015; International Application No. PCT/US2015/064140, filed on Dec. 4,2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/263,329, filed on Dec.4, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/256,041, filed onNov. 16, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/256,039, filedon Nov. 16, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/212,223,filed on Aug. 31, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/183,935, filed on Jun. 24, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/256,052, filed on Nov. 16, 2015; U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/161,137, filed on May 13, 2015, the entire contentsof each of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Dec. 22, 2017, isnamed 126046-01403_Sequence_Listing.txt and is 355,163 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has recently been discovered that the microbiome in mammals plays alarge role in health and disease (see Cho and Blaser, Nature Rev.Genet., 13:260-270, 2012 and Owyang and Wu, Gastroenterol.,146(6):1433-1436, 2014). Indeed, bacteria-free animals have abnormal gutepithelial and immune function, suggesting that the microbiome in thegut plays a critical role in the mammalian immune system. Specifically,the gut microbiome has been shown to be involved in diseases, including,for example, immune diseases (such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease),autism, liver disease, cancer, food allergy, metabolic diseases (such asurea cycle disorder, phenylketonuria, and maple syrup urine disease),obesity, and infection, among many others.

Fecal transplantation of native microbial strains has recently garneredmuch attention for its potential to treat certain microbial infectionsand immune diseases in the gut (Owyang and Wu, 2014). There have alsobeen recent efforts to engineer microbes to produce, e.g., secrete,therapeutic molecules and administer them to a subject in order todeliver the therapeutic molecule(s) directly to the site where therapyis needed, such as various sites in the gut. However, such efforts havebeen frustrated for several reasons, mostly relating to the constitutiveproduction of the bacteria and its gene product(s). For example, theviability and stability of the engineered microbes have been compromiseddue, in part, to the constitutive production of large amounts of foreignprotein(s). Unfortunately, genetically engineered microbes which havebeen engineered to express intracellular therapeutic enzymes whichdegrade target molecules associated with disease states or disorders,e.g., diseases or disorders associated with the overexpression of amolecule which is harmful to a subject, have also been shown to have lowefficacy and enzyme activity levels in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, aneed exists for improved genetically engineered microbes which areuseful for therapeutic purposes.

SUMMARY

The instant invention surprisingly provides genetically engineeredmicrobes which express a heterologous transporter in order to regulate,e.g., increase, the transport of target molecules associated withdisease into the genetically engineered microbes in order to increasethe therapeutic efficacy of the microbe.

In one aspect, the invention provides a genetically-engineerednon-pathogenic microorganism comprising at least one heterologous geneencoding a substrate transporter, wherein the gene encoding thesubstrate transporter is operably linked to an inducible promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterium is a Gram-positive bacterium. In oneembodiment, the bacterium is a Gram-negative bacterium. In oneembodiment, the bacterium is an obligate anaerobic bacterium. In oneembodiment, the bacterium is a facultative anaerobic bacterium.

In one embodiment, the bacterium is an aerobic bacterium. In oneembodiment, the bacterium is selected from Clostridium novyi NT,Clostridium butyricum, E. coli Nissle, and E. Coli K-12.

In one embodiment, the inducible promoter is induced by low-oxygen oranaerobic conditions. In one embodiment, the inducible promoter isselected from a FNR-inducible promoter, an ANR-inducible promoter, and aDNR-inducible promoter. In one embodiment, the inducible promoter isP-fnrs promoter.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is capable of importinginto the bacterium a substrate selected from the group consisting of anamino acid, a nucleoside, kynurenine, prostaglandin E2, lactic acid,propionate, bile salt, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), manganese, a toxin,and a peptide.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is an amino acidtransporter capable of importing into the bacterium an amino acidselected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, valine,arginine, lysine, asparagine, serine, glycine, glutamine, tryptophan,methionine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid,aspartic acid, alanine, histidine, and proline.

In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the amino acidtransporter is from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Anabaena cylindrical,Anabaena variabilis, Bacillus amyiquefaciens, Bacillus atrophaeus,Bacillus halodurans, Bacillus methanolicus, Bacillus subtilis,Caenorhabditis elegans, Clostridium botulinum, Corynebacteriumglutamicum, Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium limosediminis, Helicobacterpylori, Klebsiella pneumonia, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillussaniviri, Legionella pneumophila Methylobacterium aquaticum,Mycobacterium bovis, Photorhabdus luminescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pseudomonas fluorescens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella enterica,Sinorhizobium meliloti, or Ustilago maydis. In one embodiment, theheterologous gene encoding the amino acid transporter has a sequencewith at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:9, 10, 13-18, 25,26, 29, 35, 41-44, 46-48, 59-62, 69, 87, 91, 94-96, 98, or 103. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the amino acid transporterhas a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs:9, 10, 13-18, 25, 26,29, 35, 41-44, 46-48, 59-62, 69, 87, 91, 94-96, 98, or 103. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the amino acid transporterhas a sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs:9, 10, 13-18, 25, 26,29, 35, 41-44, 46-48, 59-62, 69, 87, 91, 94-96, 98, or 103.

In one embodiment,the substrate transporter is a nucleoside transportercapable of importing into the bacterium a nucleoside selected from thegroup consisting of adenosine, guanosine, uridine, inosine, xanthosine,thymidine and cytidine. In one embodiment, the heterologous geneencoding the nucleoside transporter is from Bacillus halodurans,Bacillus subtilis, Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilusinfluenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas, Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli, Prevotella intermedia, Porphytomonas gingivalis,Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enterica, or Vibrio cholera.

In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the nucleosidetransporter has a sequence with at least 90% identity to any one of SEQID NOs:108-128. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding theamino acid transporter has a sequence comprising any one of SEQ IDNOs:108-128. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the aminoacid transporter has a sequence consisting of any one of SEQ IDNOs:108-128.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a kynurenine transportercapable of importing kynurenine into the bacterium. In one embodiment,the heterologous gene encoding the kynurenine transporter is fromEscherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Corynebacteriumglutamicum. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding thekynurenine transporter has a sequence with at least 90% identity to anyone of SEQ ID NOs:46-48. In one embodiment, the heterologous geneencoding the kynurenine transporter has a sequence comprising any one ofSEQ ID NOs:46-48. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding theamino acid transporter has a sequence consisting of any one of SEQ IDNOs:46-48.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a prostaglandin E2transporter capable of importing prostaglandin E2 into the bacterium. Inone embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the prostaglandin E2(PGE2) transporter is from Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae orCorynebacterium glutamicum.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a lactic acidtransporter capable of importing lactic acid into the bacterium. In oneembodiment,the heterologous gene encoding the lactic acid transporter isfrom Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Corynebacteriumglutamicum.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a propionate transportercapable of importing propionate into the bacterium. In one embodiment,the heterologous gene encoding the propionate transporter is fromBacillus subtilis, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens,Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Mycobacterium smegmatis,Nocardia farcinica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium,Virgibacillus, or Staphylococcus aureus. In one embodiment, theheterologous gene encoding the propionate transporter has a sequencewith at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:129-130. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the propionate transporterhas a sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs:129-130. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the propionate transporterhas a sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs:129-130.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a bile salt transportercapable of importing bile salt into the bacterium. In one embodiment,the heterologous gene encoding the bile salt transporter is fromLactobacillus johnsonni. In one embodiment, the heterologous geneencoding the bile salt acid transporter has a sequence with at least 90%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:131-132. In one embodiment, theheterologous gene encoding the bile salt transporter has a sequencecomprising any one of SEQ ID NOs:131-132. In one embodiment, theheterologous gene encoding the bile salt transporter has a sequenceconsisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs:131-132.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a bile salt transportercapable of importing ammonia into the bacterium. In one embodiment, theheterologous gene encoding the ammonia transporter is fromCorynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli, Streptomyces coelicolor orRuminococcus albus. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encodingthe ammonia transporter has a sequence with at least 90% identity to SEQID NO:133. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the ammoniatransporter has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:133. In one embodiment,the heterologous gene encoding the ammonia transporter has a sequenceconsisting of SEQ ID NO:133.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) transporter capable of importing GABA into the bacterium. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the GABA transporter is fromEscherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. In one embodiment, theheterologous gene encoding the GABA transporter has a sequence with atleast 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:134. In one embodiment, the heterologousgene encoding the GABA transporter has a sequence comprising SEQ IDNO:134. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the GABAtransporter has a sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:134.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a manganese transportercapable of importing manganese into the bacterium. In one embodiment,the heterologous gene encoding the manganese transporter is fromBacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium,Shigella flexneri, Yersinia pestis, or Escherichia coli. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the manganese transporter hasa sequence with at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:135. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the manganese transporter hasa sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:135. In one embodiment, the heterologousgene encoding the manganese transporter has a sequence consisting of SEQID NO:135.

In one embodiment, the substrate transporter is a toxin transportercapable of importing a toxin into the bacterium. In one embodiment, thesubstrate transporter is a peptide transporter capable of importing apeptide into the bacterium.

In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the substratetransporter and operatively linked promoter are present on a chromosomein the bacterium. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encoding thesubstrate transporter and operatively linked promoter are present on aplasmid in the bacterium.

In one embodiment, the bacterium is an auxotroph comprising a deletionor mutation in a gene required for cell survival and/or growth. In oneembodiment, the gene required for cell survival and/or growth isselected from thyA, dapD, and dapA.

In one embodiment, the bacterium comprises a kill switch.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a recombinant bacterium disclosed herein and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating adisease in a subject in need thereof comprising the step ofadministering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising arecombinant bacterium disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts a synthetic biotic for treating phenylketonuria (PKU) anddisorders characterized by hyperphenylalaninemia.

FIG. 2 depicts a synthetic biotic for treating phenylketonuria (PKU) anddisorders characterized by hyperphenylalaninemia.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing that PheP and AroP Transport Phe at the samerate.

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic representation of the construction of a phePknock-in strain, wherein recombineering is used to insert a 2^(nd) copyof pheP into the Nissle lacZ gene.

FIG. 5 depicts the gene organization of an exemplary constructcomprising a gene encoding PheP, a gene coding TetR, and a Tet promotersequence for chromosomal insertion e.g., as for example comprised inSYN-PKU203, SYN-PKU401, SYN-PKU402, SYN-PKU302, and SYN-PKU303.

FIGS. 6A and 6B depict the gene organization of an exemplary construct,comprising a cloned PAL3 gene under the control of an FNR promotersequence, on a low-copy, kanamycin-resistant plasmid (pSC101 origin ofreplication, (FIG. 6A). Under anaerobic conditions, PAL3 degradesphenylalanine to non-toxic trans-cinnamate. FIG. 6B depicts anadditional copy of the endogenous E. coli high affinity phenylalaninetransporter, pheP, driven by the PfnrS promoter and inserted into thelacZ locus on the Nissle chromosome.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C depict schematic diagrams of non-limitingembodiments of the disclosure. FIG. 7A depicts phenylalanine degradationcomponents integrated into the E. coli Nissle chromosome. In someembodiments, engineered plasmid-free bacterial strains are used toprevent plasmid conjugation in vivo. In some embodiments, multipleinsertions of the PAL gene result in increased copy number and/orincreased phenylalanine degradation activity. In some embodiments, acopy of the endogenous E. coli high affinity phenylalanine transporter,pheP, is driven by the PfnrS promoter and is inserted into the lacZlocus. FIG. 7B depicts a schematic diagram of one non-limitingembodiment of the disclosure, wherein the E. coli Nissle chromosome isengineered to contain four copies of PfnrS-PAL inserted at fourdifferent insertion sites across the genome (malE/K, yicS/nepI,agaI/rsmI, and cea), and one copy of a phenylalanine transporter geneinserted at a different insertion site (lacZ). In this embodiment, thePAL gene is PAL3 derived from P. luminescens, and the phenylalaninetransporter gene is pheP derived from E. coli. In one embodiment, thestrain is SYN-PKU511. FIG. 7C depicts a schematic diagram of onepreferred embodiment of the disclosure, wherein the E. coli Nisslechromosome is engineered to contain five copies of PAL under the controlof an oxygen level-dependent promoter (e.g., PfnrS-PAL3) inserted atdifferent integration sites on the chromosome (malE/K, yicS/nepI,malP/T, agaI/rsmI, and cea), and one copy of a phenylalanine transportergene under the control of an oxygen level-dependent promoter (e.g.,PfnrS-pheP) inserted at a different integration site on the chromosome(lacZ). The genome is further engineered to include a thyA auxotrophy,in which the thyA gene is deleted and/or replaced with an unrelatedgene, as well as a kanamycin resistance gene.

FIG. 8A depicts phenylalanine concentrations in samples comprisingbacteria expressing PAL1 or PAL3 on low-copy (LC) or high-copy (HC)plasmids, or further comprising a copy of pheP driven by the Tetpromoter integrated into the chromosome. Bacteria were induced with ATC,and then grown in culture medium supplemented with 4 mM (660,000 ng/mL)of phenylalanine to an OD₆₀₀ of 2.0. Samples were removed at 0 hrs, 2hrs, and 4 hrs post-induction and phenylalanine concentrations weredetermined by mass spectrometry. Notably, the additional copy of phePpermitted the degradation of phenylalanine (4 mM) in 4 hrs. FIG. 8Bdepicts cinnamate levels in samples at 2 hrs and 4 hrs post-induction.In some embodiments, cinnamate may be used as an alternative biomarkerfor strain activity. PheP overexpression improves phenylalaninemetabolism in engineered bacteria. Strains analyzed in this data set areSYN-PKU101, SYN-PKU102, SYN-PKU202, SYN-PKU201, SYN-PKU401, SYN-PKU402,SYN-PKU203, SYN-PKU302, SYN-PKU303.

FIGS. 9A and 9B depict the state of one non-limiting embodiment of thePAL construct under non-inducing (FIG. 9A) and inducing (FIG. 9B)conditions. FIG. 9A depicts relatively low PAL and PheP production underaerobic conditions due to oxygen (O₂) preventing FNR from dimerizing andactivating PAL and/or pheP gene expression. FIG. 9B depicts up-regulatedPAL and PheP production under anaerobic conditions due to FNR dimerizingand inducing FNR promoter-mediated expression of PAL and pheP (squiggleabove “PAL” and “pheP”). Arrows adjacent to a single rectangle, or acluster of rectangles, depict the promoter responsible for drivingtranscription (in the direction of the arrow) of such gene(s). Arrowsabove each rectangle depict the expression product of each gene.

FIG. 10 depicts phenylalanine concentrations in cultures of syntheticprobiotic strains, with and without an additional copy of pheP insertedon the chromosome. After 1.5 hrs of growth, cultures were placed in Coyanaerobic chamber supplying 90% N₂, 5% CO₂, and 5% H₂. After 4 hrs ofinduction, bacteria were resuspended in assay buffer containing 4 mMphenylalanine. Aliquots were removed from cell assays every 30 min for 3hrs for phenylalanine quantification by mass spectrometry. Phenylalaninedegradation rates in strains comprising an additional copy of pheP(SYN-PKU304 and SYN-PKU305; left) were higher than strains lacking anadditional copy of pheP (SYN-PKU308 and SYN-PKU307; right).

FIG. 11. shows that pheP Overexpression Improves Phe Degradation.Strains containing different PAL genes and an additional copy of thegene encoding the pheP transporter were compared with strains lackingthe additional pheP gene. Notably, the additional pheP copy permittedthe complete degradation of 4 mM Phe in 4 hours in this experiment.

FIG. 12. Shows that cinnamate production is enhanced in pheP+ Strains.Cinnamate production is directly correlated with Phe degradation. pheP+refers to the Nissle parent strain containing an additional integratedcopy of the pheP gene but lacking a PAL circuit.

FIG. 13 depicts diseases associated with branched chain amino aciddegradative pathways.

FIG. 14 depicts aspects of the branched chain amino acid degradativepathway

FIG. 15 depicts aspects of the branched chain amino acid degradativepathway

FIG. 16 depicts aspects of the branched chain amino acid degradativepathway

FIG. 17 depicts possible components of a branched chain amino acidsynthetic biotic disclosed herein

FIG. 18 depicts possible components of a branched chain amino acidsynthetic biotic disclosed herein.

FIG. 19 depicts possible components of a branched chain amino acidsynthetic biotic disclosed herein

FIG. 20 depicts one exemplary branched chain amino acid circuit. Genesshown are high affinity leucine transporter complex (LivKHMGF), thebranched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase (KivD) from Lactococcus lactis,aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Adh2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, andleucine dehydrogenase (Ldh) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The genes forthe leucine exporter (LeuE) and ilvC have been deleted. The gene forilvJ is added which can be under the control of the native, FNR, orconstitutive promoter Ptac

FIG. 21 depicts exemplary components of a branched chain amino acidsynthetic biotic disclosed herein for leucine degradation.

FIG. 22 depicts exemplary components of a branched chain amino acidsynthetic biotic disclosed herein for leucine import.

FIG. 23 depicts one exemplary branched chain amino acid circuit. Genesshown are low affinity BCAA transporter (BrnQ), the branched chaina-ketoacid decarboxylase (KivD) from Lactococcus lactis, aldehydedehydrogenase from E. Coli K-12 (PadA), and leuDH derived fromPseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 or Bacillus cereus. The genes for theleucine exporter (LeuE) and ilvC have been deleted. The gene for ilvJ isadded.

FIG. 24 depicts one exemplary branched chain amino acid circuit. Genesshown are high affinity leucine transporter complex (LivKHMGF), thebranched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase (KivD) from Lactococcus lactis,aldehyde dehydrogenase from E. Coli K-12 (PadA), and leuDH derived fromPseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 or Bacillus cereus. The genes for theleucine exporter (LeuE) and ilvC have been deleted. The gene for BrnQ isadded.

FIG. 25 depicts one exemplary branched chain amino acid circuit. Genesshown are high affinity leucine transporter complex (LivKHMGF), thebranched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase (KivD) from Lactococcus lactis,either aldehyde dehydrogenase from E. Coli K-12 (PadA), alcoholdehydrogenase YqhD from E. Coli, or alcohol dehydrogenase Adh2 from S.cerevisiae, and L-AAD derived from Proteus vulgaris or Proteusmirabilis. The genes for the leucine exporter (LeuE) and ilvC have beendeleted. The gene for BrnQ is added.

FIG. 26 depicts one exemplary branched chain amino acid circuit. Genesshown are high affinity leucine transporter complex (LivKHMGF), thebranched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase (KivD) from Lactococcus lactis,either aldehyde dehydrogenase from E. Coli K-12 (PadA), alcoholdehydrogenase YqhD from E. Coli, or alcohol dehydrogenase Adh2 from S.cerevisiae, and L-AAD derived from Proteus vulgaris or Proteusmirabilis. The genes for the leucine exporter (LeuE) and ilvC have beendeleted. The gene for BrnQ is added. The genes are under the control ofthe FNR promoter.

FIG. 27 depicts one exemplary branched chain amino acid circuit. Genesshown are high affinity leucine transporter complex (LivKHMGF), thebranched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase (KivD) from Lactococcus lactis,either aldehyde dehydrogenase from E. Coli K-12 (PadA), alcoholdehydrogenase YqhD from E. Coli, or alcohol dehydrogenase Adh2 from S.cerevisiae, and LeuDh derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 orBacillus cereus. The genes for the leucine exporter (LeuE) and ilvC havebeen deleted. The gene for BrnQ is added. The genes are under thecontrol of the FNR promoter.

FIG. 28 depicts one exemplary branched chain amino acid circuit. Genesshown are high affinity leucine transporter complex (LivKHMGF), thebranched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase (KivD) from Lactococcus lactis,either aldehyde dehydrogenase from E. Coli K-12 (PadA), alcoholdehydrogenase YqhD from E. Coli, or alcohol dehydrogenase Adh2 from S.cerevisiae, and BCAA aminotransferase ilvE. The genes for the leucineexporter (LeuE) and ilvC have been deleted. The gene for BrnQ is added.The genes are under the control of the FNR promoter.

FIG. 29 depicts examples of circuit components for ldh, kivD andlivKHMGF inducible expression in E. coli.

FIG. 30 depicts leucine levels in the Nissle ΔleuE deletion strainharboring a high-copy plasmid expressing kivD from the Tet promoter orfurther with a copy of the livKHMGF operon driven by the Tet promoterintegrated into the chromosome at the lacZ locus, which were inducedwith ATC and incubated in culture medium supplemented with 2 mM leucine.Samples were removed at 0, 1.5, 6 and 18 h, and leucine concentrationwas determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

FIG. 31 depicts leucine degradation in the Nissle ΔleuE deletion strainharboring a high-copy plasmid expressing the branch-chain keto-aciddehydrogenase (bkd) complex with or without expression of a leucinedehydrogenase (ldh) from the Tet promoter or further with a copy of theleucine importer livKHMGF driven by the Tet promoter integrated into thechromosome at the lacZ locus, which were induced with ATC and incubatedin culture medium supplemented with 2 mM leucine. Samples were removedat 0, 1.5, 6 and 18 h, and leucine concentration was determined byliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

FIGS. 32A, 32B, and 32C depict the simultaneous degradation of leucine(FIG. 32A), isoleucine (FIG. 32B), and valine (FIG. 32C) by E. coliNissle and its ΔleuE deletion strain harboring a high-copy plasmidexpressing the keto-acid decarboxylase kivD from the Tet promoter orfurther with a copy of the livKHMGF operon driven by the Tet promoterintegrated into the chromosome at the lacZ locus, which were inducedwith ATC and incubated in culture medium supplemented with 2 mM leucine,2 mM isoleucine and 2 mM valine. Samples were removed at 0, 1.5, 6 and18 h, and leucine concentration was determined by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry.

FIG. 33 shows that overexpression of the low-affinity BCAA transporterBrnQ greatly improves the rate of leucine degradation in a LeuE and ilvCknockout bacterial strain having either LeuDH derived from P. aeruginosaor LeuDH derived from Bacillus cereus, kivD, and padA with and withoutthe BCAA transporter brnQ under the control of tet promoter as measuredby leucine degradation, KIC production, and isovalerate production.

FIG. 34 is schematic depicting an exemplary Adenosine DegradationCircuit. Adenosine is imported into the cell through expression of theE. coli Nucleoside Permease nupG transporter. Adenosine is converted toInosine through expression of Adenine Deaminase add. Inosine isconverted to hypoxyxanthine through expression of Inosine Phosphorylase,xapA, and deoD. Hypoxanthine is converted to Xanthine and Urate throughexpression of Hypoxanthine Hydroxylase, xdhA, xdhB, xdhC. All of thesegenes are optionally expressed from an inducible promoter, e.g., aFNR-inducible promoter. The bacteria may also include an auxotrophy,e.g., deletion of thyA (ΔthyA; thymindine dependence). Non-limitingexample of a bacterial strain is listed.

FIG. 35. is a schematic depicting an exemplary circuit for depletingkynurenine.

FIG. 36. shows the results of an adaptive laboratory evolution to selecta bacterial mutant with enhanced kynurenine import into the cell. Theresults of the initial checkerboard assay are displayed as a function ofoptical density at 600 nm. The X-axis shows decreasing KYNUconcentration from left-to-right, while the Z-axis shows decreasingToxTrp concentration from front-to-back with the very back rowrepresenting media with no ToxTrp.

FIG. 37. shows the results of an adaptive laboratory evolution to selecta bacterial mutant with enhanced kynurenine import into the cell.

FIG. 38. shows the results of an adaptive laboratory evolution to selecta bacterial mutant with enhanced kynurenine import into the cell. Thecontrol strains SYN094 and trpE are shown in M9+KYNU without any ToxTrp,as there was no growth detected from either strain at any concentrationof ToxTrp. The results of the assay show that expression of thepseudoKYNase provides protection against toxicity of ToxTrp and showsthat growth is permitted between 250-62.5 ug/mL of KYNU and 6.3-1.55ug/mL of ToxTrp.

FIG. 39. is a schematic depicting an exemplary circuit for treatinghepatic encephalopathy.

FIG. 40. is a schematic depicting an exemplary circuit for depletingbile salts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention includes genetically engineered microorganisms, e.g.,genetically engineered bacteria, pharmaceutical compositions thereof,and methods of modulating or treating a disease.

In order that the disclosure may be more readily understood, certainterms are first defined. These definitions should be read in light ofthe remainder of the disclosure and as understood by a person ofordinary skill in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical andscientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Additionaldefinitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.

The articles “a” and “an,” as used herein, should be understood to mean“at least one,” unless clearly indicated to the contrary.

The phrase “and/or,” when used between elements in a list, is intendedto mean either (1) that only a single listed element is present, or (2)that more than one element of the list is present. For example, “A, B,and/or C” indicates that the selection may be A alone; B alone; C alone;A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. The phrase “and/or” may beused interchangeably with “at least one of” or “one or more of” theelements in a list.

As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to a class of organiccompounds that contain at least one amino group and one carboxyl groupAmino acids include leucine, isoleucine, valine, arginine, lysine,asparagine, serine, glycine, glutamine, tryptophan, methionine,threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, asparticacid, alanine, histidine, and proline.

As used herein, the term “auxotroph” or “auxotrophic” refers to anorganism that requires a specific factor, e.g., an amino acid, a sugar,or other nutrient, to support its growth. An “auxotrophic modification”is a genetic modification that causes the organism to die in the absenceof an exogenously added nutrient essential for survival or growthbecause it is unable to produce said nutrient. As used herein, the term“essential gene” refers to a gene which is necessary to for cell growthand/or survival. Essential genes are described in more detail infra andinclude, but are not limited to, DNA synthesis genes (such as thyA),cell wall synthesis genes (such as dapA), and amino acid genes (such asserA and metA).

“Cancer” or “cancerous” is used to refer to a physiological conditionthat is characterized by unregulated cell growth. In some embodiments,cancer refers to a tumor. “Tumor” is used to refer to any neoplasticcell growth or proliferation or any pre-cancerous or cancerous cell ortissue. A tumor may be malignant or benign. Types of cancer include, butare not limited to, adrenal cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma, analcancer, appendix cancer, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer(e.g., Ewing sarcoma tumors, osteosarcoma, malignant fibroushistiocytoma), brain cancer (e.g., astrocytomas, brain stem glioma,craniopharyngioma, ependymoma), bronchial tumors, central nervous systemtumors, breast cancer, Castleman disease, cervical cancer, colon cancer,rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer,eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal cancer,gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors,gestational trophoblastic disease, heart cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, kidneycancer, largyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, leukemia (e.g., acutelymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocyticleukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia), liver cancer, lung cancer,lymphoma (e.g., AIDS-related lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, cutaneous Tcell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary centralnervous system lymphoma), malignant mesothelioma, multiple myeloma,myelodysplastic syndrome, nasal cavity cancer, paranasal sinus cancer,nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, oral cavity cancer, oropharyngealcancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer,pituitary tumors, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma,rhabdoid tumor, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer (e.g., basalcell carcinoma, melanoma), small intestine cancer, stomach cancer,teratoid tumor, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymus cancer, thyroidcancer, unusual childhood cancers, urethral cancer, uterine cancer,uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Waldenströmmacrogloblulinemia, and Wilms tumor. Side effects of cancer treatmentmay include, but are not limited to, opportunistic autoimmunedisorder(s), systemic toxicity, anemia, loss of appetite, irritation ofbladder lining, bleeding and bruising (thrombocytopenia), changes intaste or smell, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, dysphagia, edema,fatigue, hair loss (alopecia), infection, infertility, lymphedema, mouthsores, nausea, pain, peripheral neuropathy, tooth decay, urinary tractinfections, and/or problems with memory and concentration (NationalCancer Institute).

As used herein, the term “coding region” refers to a nucleotide sequencethat codes for a specific amino acid sequence. The term “regulatorysequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence located upstream (5′non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences)of a coding sequence, and which influences the transcription, RNAprocessing, RNA stability, or translation of the associated codingsequence. Examples of regulatory sequences include, but are not limitedto, promoters, translation leader sequences, effector binding sites, andstem-loop structures. In one embodiment, the regulatory sequencecomprises a promoter, e.g., an FNR responsive promoter.

As used herein the term “codon-optimized” refers to the modification ofcodons in a gene or a coding region of a nucleic acid molecule toimprove translation in a host cell or organism of a transcript RNAmolecule transcribed from the coding sequence, or to improvetranscription of a coding sequence. Codon optimization includes, but isnot limited to, processes including selecting codons for the codingsequence to suit the codon preference of the expression host organism.Such optimization includes replacing at least one, or more than one, ora significant number, of codons with one or more codons that are morefrequently used in the genes of the host organism.

Many organisms display a bias or preference for use of particular codonsto code for insertion of a particular amino acid in a growingpolypeptide chain. Codon preference or codon bias, differences in codonusage between organisms, is allowed by the degeneracy of the geneticcode, and is well documented among many organisms. Codon bias oftencorrelates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA),which is in turn believed to be dependent on, inter alia, the propertiesof the codons being translated and the availability of particulartransfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in acell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently inpeptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal geneexpression in a given organism based on codon optimization.

“Constitutive promoter” refers to a promoter that is capable offacilitating continuous transcription of a coding sequence or gene underits control and/or to which it is operably linked. Constitutivepromoters and variants are well known in the art and include, but arenot limited to, BBa_J23100, a constitutive Escherichia coli σ ^(s)promoter (e.g., an osmY promoter (International Genetically EngineeredMachine (iGEM) Registry of Standard Biological Parts Name BBa_J45992;BBa_J45993)), a constitutive Escherichia coli σ ³² promoter (e.g., htpGheat shock promoter (BBa_J45504)), a constitutive Escherichia coli σ ⁷⁰promoter (e.g., lacq promoter (BBa_J54200; BBa_J56015), E. coli CreABCDphosphate sensing operon promoter (BBa_J64951), GlnRS promoter(BBa_K088007), lacZ promoter (BBa_K119000; BBa_K119001); M13K07 gene Ipromoter (BBa_M13101); M13K07 gene II promoter (BBa_M13102), M13K07 geneIII promoter (BBa_M13103), M13K07 gene IV promoter (BBa_M13104), M13K07gene V promoter (BBa_M13105), M13K07 gene VI promoter (BBa_M13106),M13K07 gene VIII promoter (BBa_M13108), M13110 (BBa_M13110)), aconstitutive Bacillus subtilis σ ^(A) promoter (e.g., promoter veg(BBa_K143013), promoter 43 (BBa_K143013), P_(liaG) (BBa_K823000),P_(iepA) (BBa_K823002), P_(veg) (BBa_K823003)), a constitutive Bacillussubtilis σ ^(B) promoter (e.g., promoter ctc (BBa_K143010), promotergsiB (BBa_K143011)), a Salmonella promoter (e.g., Pspv2 from Salmonella(BBa_K112706), Pspv from Salmonella (BBa_K112707)), a bacteriophage T7promoter (e.g., T7 promoter (BBa_I712074; BBa_I719005; BBa_J34814;BBa_J64997; BBa_K113010; BBa_K113011; BBa_K113012; BBa_R0085; BBa_R0180;BBa_R0181; BBa_R0182; BBa_R0183; BBa_Z0251; BBa_Z0252; BBa_Z0253)), anda bacteriophage SP6 promoter (e.g., SP6 promoter (BBa_J64998)).

The term “excipient” refers to an inert substance added to apharmaceutical composition to further facilitate administration of anactive ingredient. Examples include, but are not limited to, calciumbicarbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch,cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols,and surfactants, including, for example, polysorbate 20.

“Exogenous environmental condition(s)” refer to setting(s) orcircumstance(s) under which the promoter described herein is induced.The phrase “exogenous environmental conditions” is meant to refer to theenvironmental conditions external to the intact (unlysed) recombinantmicororganism, but endogenous or native to the host subject environment.Thus, “exogenous” and “endogenous” may be used interchangeably to referto environmental conditions in which the environmental conditions areendogenous to a mammalian body, but external or exogenous to an intactmicroorganism cell. In some embodiments, the exogenous environmentalconditions are low-oxygen, microaerobic, or anaerobic conditions, suchas hypoxic and/or necrotic tissues. In some embodiments, the exogenousenvironmental condition is a low-pH environment. In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cell of the disclosure comprise a pH-dependentpromoter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cell of thediclosure comprise an oxygen level-dependent promoter. In some aspects,bacteria have evolved transcription factors that are capable of sensingoxygen levels (i.e., oxygen-level dependent transcription factors).Different signaling pathways may be triggered by different oxygen levelsand occur with different kinetics. An “oxygen level-dependent promoter”or “oxygen level-dependent regulatory region” refers to a nucleic acidsequence to which one or more oxygen level-sensing transcription factorsis capable of binding, wherein the binding and/or activation of thecorresponding transcription factor activates downstream gene expression.

Examples of oxygen level-dependent transcription factors include, butare not limited to, FNR (fumarate and nitrate reductase)-responsivepromoters, ANR (anaerobic nitrate respiration)-responsive promoters, andDNR (dissimilatory nitrate respiration regulator)-responsive promoters.Multiple FNR-responsive promoters, ANR-responsive promoters, andDNR-responsive promoters which can be used in the present invention areknown in the art (see, e.g., Castiglione et al. (2009) Microbiology155(Pt. 9): 2838-44; Eiglmeier et al. (1989) Mol. Microbiol. 3(7):869-78; Galimand et al. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 173(5): 1598-1606; Hasegawaet al. (1998) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 166(2): 213-217; Hoeren et al.(1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 218(1): 49-57; Salmon et al. (2003) J. Biol.Chem. 278(32): 29837-55), and non-limiting examples are shown in Table1.

TABLE 1 Examples of transcription factors and responsive genes andregulatory regions Transcription Examples of responsive genes, Factorpromoters, and/or regulatory regions: FNR nirB, ydfZ, pdhR, focA, ndH,hlyE, narK, narX, narG, yfiD, tdcD ANR arcDABC DNR norb, norC

In a non-limiting example, a promoter (PfnrS) from the E. coli Nisslefumarate and nitrate reductase gene S (fnrS) that is known to be highlyexpressed under conditions of low or no environmental oxygen can be usedin the present invention (Durand and Storz, 2010; Boysen et al, 2010).The PfnrS promoter is activated under anaerobic conditions by the globaltranscriptional regulator FNR that is naturally found in E. coli Nissle.Under anaerobic conditions, FNR forms a dimer and binds to specificsequences in the promoters of genes under its control, therebyactivating their expression. However, under aerobic conditions, oxygenreacts with iron-sulfur clusters in FNR dimers and converts them to aninactive form. In this way, the PfnrS inducible promoter is adopted tomodulate the expression of proteins or RNA. PfnrS is usedinterchangeably in this application as “FNRS”, “fnrs”, “FNR”, “P-FNRS”promoter and other such related designations to indicate the promoterPfnrS.

As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the transcription andstable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or anti-sense RNA derived from anucleic acid, and/or to translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment thatencodes a protein or a fragment thereof, optionally including regulatorysequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. In one embodiment, a “gene”does not include regulatory sequences preceding and following the codingsequence. A “native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature,optionally with its own regulatory sequences preceding and following thecoding sequence. A “chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not anative gene, optionally comprising regulatory sequences preceding andfollowing the coding sequence, wherein the coding sequence and/or theregulatory sequence, in whole or in part, are not found together innature. Thus, a chimeric gene may comprise a regulatory sequence and acoding sequence, each derived from different sources, or a regulatoryand a coding sequence each derived from the same source, but arrangeddifferently than they are found in nature.

The term “genetic modification,” as used herein, refers to any geneticchange. Exemplary genetic modifications include those that increase,decrease, or abolish the expression of a gene, including, for example,modifications of native chromosomal or extrachromosomal geneticmaterial. Exemplary genetic modifications also include the introductionof at least one plasmid, modification, mutation, base deletion, baseaddition, and/or codon modification of chromosomal or extrachromosomalgenetic sequence(s), gene over-expression, gene amplification, genesuppression, promoter modification or substitution, gene addition(either single or multi-copy), antisense expression or suppression, orany other change to the genetic elements of a host cell, whether thechange produces a change in phenotype or not. Genetic modification caninclude the introduction of a plasmid, e.g., a plasmid comprising atleast one substrate transporter operably linked to a promoter, into abacterial cell. Genetic modification can also involve a targetedreplacement in the chromosome, e.g., to replace a native gene promoterwith an inducible promoter, regulated promoter, strong promoter, weakpromoter, or constitutive promoter. Genetic modification can alsoinvolve gene amplification, e.g., introduction of at least oneadditional copy of a native gene into the chromosome of the cell.Alternatively, chromosomal genetic modification can involve a geneticmutation.

As used herein, the term “genetic mutation” refers to a change ormultiple changes in a nucleotide sequence of a gene or relatedregulatory region that alters the nucleotide sequence as compared to itsnative or wild-type sequence. Mutations include, for example,substitutions, insertions, and deletions, in whole or in part, withinthe wild-type sequence. Such substitutions, insertions, or deletions canbe single nucleotide changes (e.g., one or more point mutations), or canbe two or more nucleotide changes, which may result in substantialchanges to the sequence. Mutations can occur within the coding region ofthe gene as well as within the non-coding and regulatory sequence of thegene. The term “genetic mutation” is intended to include silent andconservative mutations within a coding region as well as changes whichalter the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the gene. Agenetic mutation in a gene coding sequence may, for example, increase,decrease, or otherwise alter the activity (e.g., import activity) of thepolypeptide product encoded by the gene. A genetic mutation in aregulatory sequence may increase, decrease, or otherwise alter theexpression of sequences operably linked to the altered regulatorysequence.

It is routine for one of ordinary skill in the art to make mutations ina gene of interest. Mutations include substitutions, insertions,deletions, and/or truncations of one or more specific amino acidresidues or of one or more specific nucleotides or codons in thepolypeptide or polynucleotide of interest. Mutagenesis and directedevolution methods are well known in the art for creating variants. See,e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,783,428; U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,182; U.S. Pat. No.6,117,679; and Ling, et al., 1999, “Approaches to DNA mutagenesis: anoverview,” Anal. Biochem., 254(2):157-78; Smith, 1985, “In vitromutagenesis,” Ann. Rev. Genet., 19:423-462; Carter, 1986, “Site-directedmutagenesis,” Biochem. J., 237:1-7; and Minshull, et al., 1999, “Proteinevolution by molecular breeding,” Current Opinion in Chemical Biology,3:284-290. For example, the lambda red system can be used to knock-outgenes in E. coli (see, e.g., Datta et al., Gene, 379:109-115 (2006)).

“Gut” refers to the organs, glands, tracts, and systems that areresponsible for the transfer and digestion of food, absorption ofnutrients, and excretion of waste. In humans, the gut comprises thegastrointestinal (GI) tract, which starts at the mouth and ends at theanus, and additionally comprises the esophagus, stomach, smallintestine, and large intestine. The gut also comprises accessory organsand glands, such as the spleen, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Theupper gastrointestinal tract comprises the esophagus, stomach, andduodenum of the small intestine. The lower gastrointestinal tractcomprises the remainder of the small intestine, i.e., the jejunum andileum, and all of the large intestine, i.e., the cecum, colon, rectum,and anal canal. Bacteria can be found throughout the gut, e.g., in thegastrointestinal tract, and particularly in the intestines.

As used herein, “heterologous” as used in the context of a nucleic acidor polypeptide sequence, “heterologous gene”, or “heterologoussequence”, refers to a nucleotide or polypeptide sequence that is notnormally found in a given cell in nature. As used herein, a heterologoussequence encompasses a nucleic acid sequence that is exogenouslyintroduced into a given cell. “Heterologous gene” includes a nativegene, or fragment thereof, that has been introduced into the host cellin a form that is different from the corresponding native gene. Forexample, a heterologous gene may include a native coding sequence thatis a portion of a chimeric gene to include a native coding sequence thatis a portion of a chimeric gene to include non-native regulatory regionsthat is reintroduced into the host cell. A heterologous gene may alsoinclude a native gene, or fragment thereof, introduced into a non-nativehost cell. Thus, a heterologous gene may be foreign or native to therecipient cell; a nucleic acid sequence that is naturally found in agiven cell but expresses an unnatural amount of the nucleic acid and/orthe polypeptide which it encodes; and/or two or more nucleic acidsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other innature. As used herein, the term “endogenous gene” refers to a nativegene in its natural location in the genome of an organism. As usedherein, the term “transgene” refers to a gene that has been introducedinto the host organism, e.g., host bacterial cell, genome.

The term “inactivated” as applied to a gene refers to any geneticmodification that decreases or eliminates the expression of the geneand/or the functional activity of the corresponding gene product (mRNAand/or protein). The term “inactivated” encompasses complete or partialinactivation, suppression, deletion, interruption, blockage, promoteralterations, antisense RNA, dsRNA, or down-regulation of a gene. Thiscan be accomplished, for example, by gene “knockout,” inactivation,mutation (e.g., insertion, deletion, point, or frameshift mutations thatdisrupt the expression or activity of the gene product), or by use ofinhibitory RNAs (e.g., sense, antisense, or RNAi technology). A deletionmay encompass all or part of a gene's coding sequence. The term“knockout” refers to the deletion of most (at least about 95%, at leastabout 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about99%) or all (100%) of the coding sequence of a gene. In someembodiments, any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a singlebase to an entire piece of a chromosome.

An “inducible promoter” refers to a regulatory nucleic acid region thatis operably linked to one or more genes, wherein transcription of thegene(s) is increased in response to a stimulus (e.g., an inducer) or anexogenous environmental condition. A “directly inducible promoter”refers to a regulatory region, wherein the regulatory region is operablylinked to a gene encoding a protein or polypeptide, where, in thepresence of an inducer of said regulatory region, the protein orpolypeptide is expressed. An “indirectly inducible promoter” refers to aregulatory system comprising two or more regulatory regions, forexample, a first regulatory region that is operably linked to a firstgene encoding a first protein, polypeptide, or factor, e.g., atranscriptional regulator, which is capable of regulating a secondregulatory region that is operably linked to a second gene, the secondregulatory region may be activated or repressed, thereby activating orrepressing expression of the second gene. Both a directly induciblepromoter and an indirectly inducible promoter are encompassed by“inducible promoter.” Examples of inducible promoters include, but arenot limited to, an FNR promoter, a P_(araC) promoter, a P_(araBAD)promoter, a propionate promoter, and a P_(TctR) promoter, each of whichare described in more detail herein. Examples of other induciblepromoters are provided herein below.

An “isolated” polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivativethereof, refers to a polypeptide that is not in its natural milieu. Noparticular level of purification is required. Recombinantly-producedpolypeptides and proteins expressed in host cells, including but notlimited to bacterial or mammalian cells, are considered isolated forpurposed of the invention, as are native or recombinant polypeptideswhich have been separated, fractionated, or partially or substantiallypurified by any suitable technique. Recombinant peptides, polypeptidesor proteins refer to peptides, polypeptides or proteins produced byrecombinant DNA techniques, i.e. produced from cells, microbial ormammalian, transformed by an exogenous recombinant DNA expressionconstruct encoding the polypeptide. Proteins or peptides expressed inmost bacterial cultures will typically be free of glycan. Fragments,derivatives, analogs or variants of the foregoing polypeptides, and anycombination thereof are also included as polypeptides. The terms“fragment,” “variant,” “derivative” and “analog” include polypeptideshaving an amino acid sequence sufficiently similar to the amino acidsequence of the original peptide and include any polypeptides, whichretain at least one or more properties of the corresponding originalpolypeptide. Fragments of polypeptides of the present invention includeproteolytic fragments, as well as deletion fragments. Fragments alsoinclude specific antibody or bioactive framents or immunologicallyactive fragments derived from any polypeptides described herein.Variants may occur naturally or be non-naturally occurring.Non-naturally occurring variants may be produced using mutagenesismethods known in the art. Variant polypeptides may comprise conservativeor non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions.

As used herein the term “linker”, “linker peptide” or “peptide linkers”or “linker” refers to synthetic or non-native or non-naturally-occurringamino acid sequences that connect or link two polypeptide sequences,e.g., that link two polypeptide domains. As used herein the term“synthetic” refers to amino acid sequences that are not naturallyoccurring. Exemplary linkers are described herein. Additional exemplarylinkers are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 2014/0079701, the contents ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As used herein, the terms “modulate” and “treat” and their cognatesrefer to an amelioration of a disease or condition, or at least onediscernible symptom thereof. In another embodiment, “modulate” and“treat” refer to an amelioration of at least one measurable physicalparameter, not necessarily discernible by the patient. In anotherembodiment, “modulate” and “treat” refer to inhibiting the progressionof a disease or condition, either physically (e.g., stabilization of adiscernible symptom), physiologically (e.g., stabilization of a physicalparameter), or both. In another embodiment, “modulate” and “treat” referto slowing the progression or reversing the progression of a disease orcondition. As used herein, “prevent” and its cognates refer to delayingthe onset or reducing the risk of acquiring a given disease orcondition.

As used herein, a “non-native” nucleic acid sequence refers to a nucleicacid sequence not normally present in a microorganism, e.g., an extracopy of an endogenous sequence, or a heterologous sequence such as asequence from a different organism (e.g., an organism from a differentspecies, strain, or substrain of a prokaryote or eukaryote), or asequence that is modified and/or mutated as compared to the unmodifiednative or wild-type sequence. In some embodiments, the non-nativenucleic acid sequence is a synthetic, non-naturally occurring sequence(see, e.g., Purcell et al., 2013). The non-native nucleic acid sequencemay be a regulatory region, a promoter, a gene, and/or one or more genes(e.g., genes in a gene cassette or operon). In some embodiments,“non-native” refers to two or more nucleic acid sequences that are notfound in the same relationship to each other in nature. The non-nativenucleic acid sequence may be present on a plasmid or chromosome. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the disclosurecomprise a gene that is operably linked to a directly or indirectlyinducible promoter that is not associated with said gene in nature,e.g., an FNR-responsive promoter (or other promoter described herein)operably linked to a gene encoding a substrate transporter.

“Microorganism” refers to an organism or microbe of microscopic,submicroscopic, or ultramicroscopic size that typically consists of asingle cell. Examples of microrganisms include bacteria, viruses,parasites, fungi, certain algae, and protozoa. In some aspects, themicroorganism is engineered (“engineered microorganism”) to produce oneor more anti-cancer molecules. In certain embodiments, the engineeredmicroorganism is an engineered bacteria. In certain embodiments, theengineered microorganism is an engineered oncolytic virus.

“Non-pathogenic bacteria” refer to bacteria that are not capable ofcausing disease or harmful responses in a host. In some embodiments,non-pathogenic bacteria are commensal bacteria. Examples ofnon-pathogenic bacteria include, but are not limited to Bacillus,Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacteria, Clostridium, Enterococcus,Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Saccharomyces, andStaphylococcus, e.g., Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroidesfragilis, Bacteroides subtilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacteriumlactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcusfaecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus,Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus paracasei,Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus,and Lactococcus lactis (Sonnenborn et al., 2009; Dinleyici et al., 2014;U.S. Pat. No. 6,835,376; U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,797; U.S. Pat. No.5,589,168; U.S. Pat. No. 7,731,976). Naturally pathogenic bacteria maybe genetically engineered to provide reduce or eliminate pathogenicity.

“Operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences ona single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affectedby the other. A regulatory element is operably linked with a codingsequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of the genecoding sequence, regardless of the distance between the regulatoryelement and the coding sequence. More specifically, operably linkedrefers to a nucleic acid sequence that is joined to a regulatorysequence in a manner which allows expression of the nucleic acidsequence. In other words, the regulatory sequence acts in cis. In oneembodiment, a gene may be “directly linked” to a regulatory sequence ina manner which allows expression of the gene. In another embodiment, agene may be “indirectly linked” to a regulatory sequence in a mannerwhich allows expression of the gene. In one embodiment, two or moregenes may be directly or indirectly linked to a regulatory sequence in amanner which allows expression of the two or more genes.

As used herein, “payload” refers to one or more molecules of interest tobe produced by a genetically engineered microorganism, such as abacteria. In some embodiments, the payload is a therapeutic payload. Insome embodiments, the payload is a regulatory molecule, e.g., atranscriptional regulator such as FNR. In some embodiments, the payloadcomprises a regulatory element, such as a promoter or a repressor. Insome embodiments, the payload comprises an inducible promoter, such asfrom FNRS. In some embodiments the payload comprises a repressorelement, such as a kill switch. In some embodiments, the payload isencoded by a gene or multiple genes or an operon. In alternateembodiments, the payload is produced by a biosynthetic or biochemicalpathway, wherein the biosynthetic or biochemical pathway may optionallybe endogenous to the microorganism. In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered microorganism comprises two or more payloads.

As used herein a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation ofbacterial cells disclosed herein with other components such as aphysiologically suitable carrier and/or excipient.

The phrases “physiologically acceptable carrier” and “pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier” which may be used interchangeably refer to a carrieror a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to an organismand does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of theadministered bacterial compound. An adjuvant is included under thesephrases.

As used herein, the term “plasmid” or “vector” refers to anextrachromosomal nucleic acid, e.g., DNA, construct that is notintegrated into a bacterial cell's genome. Plasmids are usually circularand capable of autonomous replication. Plasmids may be low-copy,medium-copy, or high-copy, as is well known in the art. Plasmids mayoptionally comprise a selectable marker, such as an antibioticresistance gene, which helps select for bacterial cells containing theplasmid and which ensures that the plasmid is retained in the bacterialcell. A plasmid disclosed herein may comprise a nucleic acid sequenceencoding a heterologous gene, e.g., a gene encoding at least onesubstrate transporter.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide” includes “polypeptide” as well as“polypeptides,” and refers to a molecule composed of amino acid monomerslinearly linked by amide bonds (i.e., peptide bonds). The term“polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids,and does not refer to a specific length. Thus, “peptides,” “dipeptides,”“tripeptides, “oligopeptides,” “protein,” “amino acid chain,” or anyother term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more aminoacids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide,” and the term“polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with, any ofthese terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to theproducts of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, includingbut not limited to glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation,amidation, derivatization, proteolytic cleavage, or modification bynon-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from anatural biological source or produced by recombinant technology. Inother embodiments, the polypeptide is produced by the geneticallyengineered bacteria of the current invention. In some embodiments, apolypeptide of the invention may be of a size of about 3 or more, 5 ormore, 10 or more, 20 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more, 75 or more, 100 ormore, 200 or more, 500 or more, 1,000 or more, or 2,000 or more aminoacids. Polypeptides may have a defined three-dimensional structure,although they must not necessarily have such structure. Polypeptideswith a defined three-dimensional structure are referred to as folded,and polypeptides, which do not possess a defined three-dimensionalstructure, but rather can adopt a large number of differentconformations, are referred to herein as unfolded.

Polypeptides also include fusion proteins. As used herein, the term“variant” includes a fusion protein, which comprises a sequence of theoriginal peptide or sufficiently similar to the original peptide. Asused herein, the term “fusion protein” refers to a chimeric proteincomprising amino acid sequences of two or more different proteins.Typically, fusion proteins result from well known in vitro recombinationtechniques. Fusion proteins may have a similar structural function (butnot necessarily to the same extent), and/or similar regulatory function(but not necessarily to the same extent), and/or similar biochemicalfunction (but not necessarily to the same extent) and/or immunologicalactivity (but not necessarily to the same extent) as the individualoriginal proteins which are the components of the fusion proteins.“Derivatives” include but are not limited to peptides, which contain oneor more naturally occurring amino acid derivatives of the twentystandard amino acids. “Similarity” between two peptides is determined bycomparing the amino acid sequence of one peptide to the sequence of asecond peptide. An amino acid of one peptide is similar to thecorresponding amino acid of a second peptide if it is identical or aconservative amino acid substitution. Conservative substitutions includethose described in Dayhoff, M. O., ed., The Atlas of Protein Sequenceand Structure 5, National Biomedical Research Foundation, Washington,D.C. (1978), and in Argos, EMBO J. 8 (1989), 779-785. For example, aminoacids belonging to one of the following groups represent conservativechanges or substitutions: -Ala, Pro, Gly, Gln, Asn, Ser, Thr; -Cys, Ser,Tyr, Thr; -Val, lie, Leu, Met, Ala, Phe; -Lys, Arg, His; -Phe, Tyr, Trp,His; and -Asp, Glu.

“Probiotic” is used to refer to live, non-pathogenic microorganisms,e.g., bacteria, which can confer health benefits to a host organism thatcontains an appropriate amount of the microorganism. In someembodiments, the host organism is a mammal. In some embodiments, thehost organism is a human. Some species, strains, and/or subtypes ofnon-pathogenic bacteria are currently recognized as probiotic bacteria.Examples of probiotic bacteria include, but are not limited to,Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus, e.g.,Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli strainNissle, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus,Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus plantarum (Dinleyici et al.,2014; U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,168; U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,797; U.S. Pat.6,835,376). The probiotic may be a variant or a mutant strain ofbacterium (Arthur et al., 2012; Cuevas-Ramos et al., 2010; Olier et al.,2012; Nougayrede et al., 2006). Non-pathogenic bacteria may begenetically engineered to enhance or improve desired biologicalproperties, e.g., survivability. Non-pathogenic bacteria may begenetically engineered to provide probiotic properties. Probioticbacteria may be genetically engineered to enhance or improve probioticproperties.

A “promoter” as used herein, refers to a nucleotide sequence that iscapable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or gene.Promoters are generally located 5′ of the sequence that they regulate.Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or becomposed of different elements derived from promoters found in nature,and/or comprise synthetic nucleotide segments. Those skilled in the artwill readily ascertain that different promoters may regulate expressionof a coding sequence or gene in response to a particular stimulus, e.g.,in a cell- or tissue-specific manner, in response to differentenvironmental or physiological conditions, or in response to specificcompounds. Prokaryotic promoters are typically classified into twoclasses: inducible and constitutive.

As used herein, the term “recombinant bacterial cell”, “recombinantbacteria” or “genetically modified bacteria” refers to a bacterial cellor bacteria that have been genetically modified from their native state.For instance, a recombinant bacterial cell may have nucleotideinsertions, nucleotide deletions, nucleotide rearrangements, andnucleotide modifications introduced into their DNA. These geneticmodifications may be present in the chromosome of the bacteria orbacterial cell, or on a plasmid in the bacteria or bacterial cell.Recombinant bacterial cells of the disclosure may comprise exogenousnucleotide sequences on plasmids. Alternatively, recombinant bacterialcells may comprise exogenous nucleotide sequences stably incorporatedinto their chromosome.

As used herein, “stably maintained” or “stable” bacterium is used torefer to a bacterial host cell carrying non-native genetic material,e.g., an amino acid catabolism enzyme, that is incorporated into thehost genome or propagated on a self-replicating extra-chromosomalplasmid, such that the non-native genetic material is retained,expressed, and propagated. The stable bacterium is capable of survivaland/or growth in vitro, e.g., in medium, and/or in vivo, e.g., in thegut. For example, the stable bacterium may be a genetically engineeredbacterium comprising an substrate transporter gene, in which the plasmidor chromosome carrying the substrate transporter gene is stablymaintained in the bacterium, such that the substrate transporter can beexpressed in the bacterium, and the bacterium is capable of survivaland/or growth in vitro and/or in vivo. In some embodiments, copy numberaffects the stability of expression of the non-native genetic material.In some embodiments, copy number affects the level of expression of thenon-native genetic material.

As used herein, the term “sufficiently similar” means a first amino acidsequence that contains a sufficient or minimum number of identical orequivalent amino acid residues relative to a second amino acid sequencesuch that the first and second amino acid sequences have a commonstructural domain and/or common functional activity. For example, aminoacid sequences that comprise a common structural domain that is at leastabout 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%,at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at leastabout 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%,at least about 9:2%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at leastabout 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%,at least about 99%, or at least about 100%, identical are defined hereinas sufficiently similar. Preferably, variants will be sufficientlysimilar to the amino acid sequence of the peptides of the invention.Such variants generally retain the functional activity of the peptidesof the present invention. Variants include peptides that differ in aminoacid sequence from the native and wt peptide, respectively, by way ofone or more amino acid deletion(s), addition(s), and/or substitution(s).These may be naturally occurring variants as well as artificiallydesigned ones.

The terms “therapeutically effective dose” and “therapeuticallyeffective amount” are used to refer to an amount of a compound thatresults in prevention, delay of onset of symptoms, or amelioration ofsymptoms of a condition or disease. A therapeutically effective amount,as well as a therapeutically effective frequency of administration, canbe determined by methods known in the art and discussed below.

As used herein, the term “transform” or “transformation” refers to thetransfer of a nucleic acid fragment into a host bacterial cell,resulting in genetically-stable inheritance. Host bacterial cellscomprising the transformed nucleic acid fragment are referred to as“recombinant” or “transgenic” or “transformed” organisms.

As used herein, the term “toxin” refers to a protein, enzyme, orpolypeptide fragment thereof, or other molecule which is capable ofarresting, retarding, or inhibiting the growth, division, multiplicationor replication of the recombinant bacterial cell of the disclosure, orwhich is capable of killing the recombinant bacterial cell of thedisclosure. The term “toxin” is intended to include bacteriostaticproteins and bactericidal proteins. The term “toxin” is intended toinclude, but not limited to, lytic proteins, bacteriocins (e.g.,microcins and colicins), gyrase inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors,transcription inhibitors, translation inhibitors, DNases, and RNases.The term “anti-toxin” or “antitoxin,” as used herein, refers to aprotein or enzyme which is capable of inhibiting the activity of atoxin. The term anti-toxin is intended to include, but not limited to,immunity modulators, and inhibitors of toxin expression. Examples oftoxins and antitoxins are known in the art and described in more detailinfra.

As used herein, the term “treat” and its cognates refer to anamelioration of a disease, or at least one discernible symptom thereof.In another embodiment, “treat” refers to an amelioration of at least onemeasurable physical parameter, not necessarily discernible by thepatient. In another embodiment, “treat” refers to inhibiting theprogression of a disease, either physically (e.g., stabilization of adiscernible symptom), physiologically (e.g., stabilization of a physicalparameter), or both. In another embodiment, “treat” refers to slowingthe progression or reversing the progression of a disease. As usedherein, “prevent” and its cognates refer to delaying the onset orreducing the risk of acquiring a given disease.

Those in need of treatment may include individuals already having aparticular medical disease, as well as those at risk of having, or whomay ultimately acquire the disease. The need for treatment is assessed,for example, by the presence of one or more risk factors associated withthe development of a disease, the presence or progression of a disease,or likely receptiveness to treatment of a subject having the disease.Disorders associated with or involved with amino acid metabolism, e.g.,cancer, may be caused by inborn genetic mutations for which there are noknown cures. Diseases can also be secondary to other conditions, e.g.,an intestinal disorder or a bacterial infection. Treating diseasesassociated with amino acid metabolism may encompass reducing normallevels of one or more substrates, e.g., an amino acid, reducing excesslevels of one or more substrates, e.g., an amino acid, or eliminatingone or more substrates, e.g., an amino acid, and does not necessarilyencompass the elimination of the underlying disease.

Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of thevalues within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 50 is understoodto include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from thegroup consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50.

Bacterial Strains

The disclosure provides a bacterial cell that comprises a heterologousgene encoding a substrate transporter. In some embodiments, thebacterial cell is a non-pathogenic bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the bacterial cell is a commensal bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the bacterial cell is a probiotic bacterial cell.

In certain embodiments, the bacterial cell is selected from the groupconsisting of a Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,Bacteroides subtilis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum,Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Clostridium butyricum,Clostridium scindens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus,Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactococcus lactis, andOxalobacter formigenes bacterial cell. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell is a Bacteroides fragilis bacterial cell. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell is a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron bacterial cell. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell is a Bacteroides subtilis bacterial cell.In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Bifidobacterium animalisbacterial cell. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is aBifidobacterium bifidum bacterial cell. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell is a Bifidobacterium infantis bacterial cell. In one embodiment,the bacterial cell is a Bifidobacterium lactis bacterial cell. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell is a Clostridium butyricum bacterialcell. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Clostridium scindensbacterial cell. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is an Escherichiacoli bacterial cell. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is aLactobacillus acidophilus bacterial cell. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell is a Lactobacillus plantarum bacterial cell. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell is a Lactobacillus reuteri bacterialcell. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Lactococcus lactisbacterial cell. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Oxalobacterformigenes bacterial cell. In another embodiment, the bacterial celldoes not include Oxalobacter formigenes.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Gram positive bacterial cell.In another embodiment, the bacterial cell is a Gram negative bacterialcell.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell is Escherichia coli strainNissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle), a Gram-negative bacterium of theEnterobacteriaceae family that “has evolved into one of the bestcharacterized probiotics” (Ukena et al., 2007). The strain ischaracterized by its “complete harmlessness” (Schultz, 2008), and “hasGRAS (generally recognized as safe) status” (Reister et al., 2014,emphasis added). Genomic sequencing confirmed that E. coli Nissle “lacksprominent virulence factors (e.g., E. coli a-hemolysin, P-fimbrialadhesins)” (Schultz, 2008), and E. coli Nissle “does not carrypathogenic adhesion factors and does not produce any enterotoxins orcytotoxins, it is not invasive, not uropathogenic” (Sonnenborn et al.,2009). As early as in 1917, E. coli Nissle was packaged into medicinalcapsules, called Mutaflor, for therapeutic use. E. coli Nissle has sincebeen used to treat ulcerative colitis in humans in vivo (Rembacken etal., 1999), to treat inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, andpouchitis in humans in vivo (Schultz, 2008), and to inhibitenteroinvasive Salmonella, Legionella, Yersinia, and Shigella in vitro(Altenhoefer et al., 2004). It is commonly accepted that E. coliNissle's “therapeutic efficacy and safety have convincingly been proven”(Ukena et al., 2007).

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the disclosure doesnot colonize the subject to whom the cell is administered.

One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the geneticmodifications disclosed herein may be adapted for other species,strains, and subtypes of bacteria. Furthermore, genes from one or moredifferent species can be introduced into one another.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell is a genetically engineeredbacterial cell. In another embodiment, the bacterial cell is arecombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the disclosurecomprises a colony of recombinant bacterial cells.

In another aspect, the disclosure provides a recombinant bacterialculture which comprises bacterial cells disclosed herein. In one aspect,the disclosure provides a recombinant bacterial culture which reduceslevels of a substrate, e.g., an amino acid or a peptide, in the media ofthe culture. In one embodiment, the levels of substrate is reduced byabout 50%, by about 60%, by about 70%, by about 75%, by about 80%, byabout 90%, by about 95%, or about 100% in the media of the cell culture.In another embodiment, the levels of a substrate is reduced by abouttwo-fold, three-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold,eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, in the media of the cell culture. In oneembodiment, the levels of a substrate are reduced below the limit ofdetection in the media of the cell culture.

In some embodiments of the above described recombinant bacterial cells,the gene encoding a substrate transporter is present on a plasmid in thebacterium and operatively linked on the plasmid to the promoter that isinduced under low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions. In other embodiments,the gene encoding a substrate transporter is present in the bacterialchromosome and is operatively linked in the chromosome to the promoterthat is induced under low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions.

In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous substrate transporter is an auxotroph. In one embodiment,the recombinant bacterial cell is an auxotroph selected from a cysE,glnA, ilvD, leuB, lysA, serA, metA, glyA, hisB, ilvA, pheA, proA, thrC,trpC, tyrA, thyA, uraA, dapA, dapB, dapD, dapE, dapF, flhD, metB, metC,proAB, and thiI auxotroph. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cell has more than one auxotrophy, for example, they may be aΔthyA and ΔdapA auxotroph.

In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous substrate transporter further comprises a kill-switchcircuit, such as any of the kill-switch circuits provided herein. Forexample, in some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells mayfurther comprise one or more genes encoding one or more recombinase(s)under the control of an inducible promoter, and an inverted toxinsequence. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cell furthercomprises one or more genes encoding an antitoxin. In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cell further comprise one or more genesencoding one or more recombinase(s) under the control of an induciblepromoter and one or more inverted excision genes, wherein the excisiongene(s) encode an enzyme that deletes an essential gene. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cell further comprise one or moregenes encoding an antitoxin. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cell further comprises one or more genes encoding a toxinunder the control of an promoter having a TetR repressor binding siteand a gene encoding the TetR under the control of an inducible promoterthat is induced by arabinose, such as P_(araBAD). In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cell further comprises one or more genesencoding an antitoxin.

In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cell is an auxotrophcomprising a heterologous substrate transporter gene and furthercomprises a kill-switch circuit, such as any of the kill-switch circuitsdescribed herein.

In some embodiments of the above described recombinant bacterial cell,the heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter is present on aplasmid in the bacterium and operatively linked on the plasmid to thepromoter that is induced under low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions. Inother embodiments, the gene encoding a substrate transporter is presentin the bacterial chromosome and is operatively linked in the chromosometo the promoter that is induced under low-oxygen or anaerobicconditions.

A. Amino Acid Transporters

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is an amino acid transporter. In oneembodiment, the amino acid transporter transports at least one aminoacid selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, valine,arginine, lysine, asparagine, serine, glycine, glutamine, tryptophan,methionine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid,aspartic acid, alanine, histidine, and proline, into the cell.

The uptake of amino acids into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art Amino acid transporters may beexpressed or modified in the bacteria in order to enhance amino acidtransport into the cell. Specifically, when the amino acid transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cellsimport more amino acid(s) into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding an amino acid transporter. In one embodiment,the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding an amino acidtransporter and a genetic modification that reduces export of an aminoacid, e.g., a genetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding an amino acid transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding an amino acid transporter.In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding an amino acidtransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding anamino acid transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native amino acidtransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding anamino acid transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding an amino acid transporter. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises multiple copies of the at least oneheterologous gene encoding an amino acid transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding an amino acid transporter, wherein said aminoacid transporter comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 70%,75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the amino acidsequence of a polypeptide encoded by an amino acid transporter genedisclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the amino acid transporter is encoded by an aminoacid transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species,including but not limited to, Bacillus, Campylobacter, Clostridium,Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus,Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens,Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Salmonella typhimurium, or Staphylococcus aureus. In some embodiments,the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, thebacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of an amino acid transporter or functional variants of anamino acid transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragmentthereof” or “functional variant thereof” of an amino acid transporterrelates to an element having qualitative biological activity in commonwith the wild-type amino acid transporter from which the fragment orvariant was derived. For example, a functional fragment or a functionalvariant of a mutated amino acid transporter is one which retainsessentially the same ability to import an amino acid into the bacterialcell as does the amino acid transporter protein from which thefunctional fragment or functional variant was derived. In oneembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least oneheterologous gene encoding a functional fragment of an amino acidtransporter. In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a functional variant of an aminoacid transporter.

Assays for testing the activity of an amino acid transporter, afunctional variant of an amino acid transporter, or a functionalfragment of an amino acid transporter are well known to one of ordinaryskill in the art. For example, import of an amino acid may be determinedusing the methods as described in Haney et al., J. Bact., 174(1):108-15,1992; Rahmanian et al., J. Bact., 116(3):1258-66, 1973; and Ribardo andHendrixson, J. Bact., 173(22):6233-43, 2011, the entire contents of eachof which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the amino acid transporter havebeen codon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterialcell disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the aminoacid transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding an amino acidtransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding an amino acidtransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased amino acidimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding anamino acid transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding an amino acidtransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased amino acidimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding anamino acid transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.The transporter modifications described herein may be present on aplasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding an amino acid transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an amino acid transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding an amino acid transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding an amino acid transporter in nature. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the amino acid transporteris controlled by its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at leastone gene encoding the amino acid transporter is controlled by aninducible promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe amino acid transporter is controlled by a promoter that is strongerthan its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one geneencoding the amino acid transporter is controlled by a constitutivepromoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an amino acidtransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a low copy number plasmid. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an amino acid transporter islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet anotherembodiment, a native copy of the at least one gene encoding an aminoacid transporter is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, anda copy of at least one gene encoding an amino acid transporter from adifferent species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterialcell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at least one geneencoding an amino acid transporter is located on a plasmid in thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding an amino acidtransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding an amino acid transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding an amino acid transporter from a different species of bacteriais located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the aminoacid transporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, andone or more additional copies of the native transporter are insertedinto the genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the amino acid transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the amino acidtransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding theamino acid transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of at least one native gene encoding thetransporter are present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the amino acid transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more aminoacids into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the amino acid transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more amino acids, intothe bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the amino acid transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold moreamino acids into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the amino acid transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cellsimport three-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold,eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold more amino acid into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous amino acid transporter and a secondheterologous amino acid transporter. In one embodiment, said first aminoacid transporter is derived from a different organism than said secondamino acid transporter. In some embodiments, said first amino acidtransporter is derived from the same organism as said second amino acidtransporter. In some embodiments, said first amino acid transporterimports the same amino acid as said second amino acid transporter. Inother embodiment, said first amino acid transporter imports a differentamino acid from said second amino acid transporter. In some embodiments,said first amino acid transporter is a wild-type amino acid transporterand said second amino acid transporter is a mutagenized version of saidfirst amino acid transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cells described herein comprise at least a third heterologousamino acid transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterialcells described herein comprise at least four heterologous amino acidtransporters. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least five heterologous amino acidtransporters or more.

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter imports one amino acidinto the bacterial cell. In another embodiment, the amino acidtransporter imports two amino acids into the bacterial cell. In yetanother embodiment, the amino acid transporter imports three amino acidsinto the bacterial cell. In another embodiment, the amino acidtransporter imports four or more amino acids into the cell. In oneembodiment, the amino acid transporter is an arginine transporter. Inanother embodiment, the amino acid transporter is an asparaginetransporter. In another embodiment, the amino acid transporter is aserine transporter. In another embodiment, the amino acid transporter isan transporter of glycine. In another embodiment, the amino acidtransporter is a tryptophan transporter. In another embodiment, theamino acid transporter is a methionine transporter. In anotherembodiment, the amino acid transporter is a threonine transporter. Inanother embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a cysteinetransporter. In another embodiment, the amino acid transporter is atyrosine transporter. In another embodiment, the amino acid transporteris a phenylalanine transporter. In another embodiment, the amino acidtransporter is a glutamic acid transporter. In another embodiment, theamino acid transporter is a histidine transporter. In anotherembodiment, the amino acid transporter is a proline transporter. Inanother embodiment, the amino acid transporter is an transporter ofleucine. In another embodiment, the amino acid transporter is antransporter of isoleucine. In another embodiment, the amino acidtransporter is an transporter of valine. In another embodiment, theamino acid transporter is a lysine transporter. In another embodiment,the amino acid transporter is a glutamine transporter. In anotherembodiment, the amino acid transporter is an transporter of asparticacid. In another embodiment, the amino acid transporter is antransporter of alanine. In another embodiment, the amino acidtransporter is an transporter of branched chain amino acids.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding an amino acid transporter may be used totreat a disease, condition, and/or symptom associated with amino acidmetabolism. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are methods forreducing, ameliorating, or eliminating one or more symptom(s) associatedwith these diseases or disorders.

As used herein the terms “disease associated with amino acid metabolism”or a “disorder associated with amino acid metabolism” is a disease ordisorder involving the abnormal, e.g., increased, levels of one or moreamino acids in a subject. In one embodiment, a disease or disorderassociated with amino acid metabolism is a cancer, e.g., a cancerdescribed herein. In another embodiment, a disease or disorderassociated with amino acid metabolism is a metabolic disease. In oneembodiment, the cancer is glioma. In another embodiment, the cancer isbreast cancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is melanoma. In anotherembodiment, the cancer is hepatocarcinoma. In another embodiment, thecancer is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In another embodiment, thecancer is ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is prostatecancer. In another embodiment, the cancer is lymphoblastic leukemia. Inanother embodiment, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.

Multiple distinct transporters of amino acids are well known in the artand are described in the subsections, below.

1. Branched Chain Amino Acid Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a branched chain aminoacid transporter. The term “branched chain amino acid” or “BCAA,” asused herein, refers to an amino acid which comprises a branched sidechain. Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are naturally occurring aminoacids comprising a branched side chain. However, non-naturallyoccurring, usual, and/or modified amino acids comprising a branched sidechain are also encompassed by the term branched chain amino acid.

Branched chain amino acid transporters may be expressed or modified inthe recombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance branchedchain amino acid transport into the cell. Specifically, when thetransporter of branched chain amino acids is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importmore branched chain amino acids into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteriacomprising a heterologous gene encoding an transporter of branched chainamino acids may be used to import one or more branched chain amino acidsinto the bacteria.

The uptake of branched chain amino acids into bacterial cells ismediated by proteins well known to those of skill in the art. Forexample, two well characterized BCAA transport systems have beencharacterized in several bacteria, including Escherichia coli. BCAAs aretransported by two systems into bacterial cells (i.e., imported), theosmotic-shock-sensitive systems designated LIV-I and LS(leucine-specific), and by an osmotic-shock resistant system, BrnQ,formerly known as LIV-II (see Adams et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:11436-43(1990); Anderson and Oxender, J. Bacteriol. 130:384-92 (1977); Andersonand Oxender, J. Bacteriol. 136:168-74 (1978); Haney et al., J.Bacteriol. 174:108-15 (1992); Landick and Oxender, J. Biol. Chem.260:8257-61 (1985); Nazos et al., J. Bacteriol. 166:565-73 (1986); Nazoset al., J. Bacteriol. 163:1196-202 (1985); Oxender et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 77:1412-16 (1980); Quay et al., J. Bacteriol. 129:1257-65(1977); Rahmanian et al., J. Bacteriol. 116:1258-66 (1973); Wood, J.Biol. Chem. 250:4477-85 (1975); Guardiola et al., J. Bacteriol.117:393-405 (1974); Guardiola and Iaccarino, J. Bacteriol. 108:1034-44(1971); Ohnishi et al., Jpn. J. Genet. 63:343-57)(1988); Yamato andAnraku, J. Bacteriol. 144:36-44 (1980); and Yamato et al., J. Bacteriol.138:24-32 (1979)). Transport by the BrnQ system is mediated by a singlemembrane protein. Transport mediated by the LIV-I system is dependent onthe substrate binding protein LivJ (also known as LIV-BP), whiletransport mediated by LS system is mediated by the substrate bindingprotein LivK (also known as LS-BP). LivJ is encoded by the livJ gene,and binds isoleucine, leucine and valine with K_(d) values of ˜10⁻⁶ and˜10⁻⁷ M, while LivK is encoded by the livK gene, and binds leucine witha K_(d) value of ˜10⁻⁶ M (See Landick and Oxender, J. Biol. Chem.260:8257-61 (1985)). Both LivJ and LivK interact with the inner membranecomponents LivHMGF to enable ATP-hydrolysis-coupled transport of theirsubstrates into the cell, forming the LIV-I and LS transport systems,respectively. The LIV-I system transports leucine, isoleucine andvaline, and to a lesser extent serine, threonine and alanine, whereasthe LS system only transports leucine. The six genes encoding the E.coli LIV-I and LS systems are organized into two transcriptional units,with livKHMGF transcribed as a single operon, and livJ transcribedseparately. The Escherichia coli liv genes can be grouped according toprotein function, with the livJ and livK genes encoding periplasmicbinding proteins with the binding affinities described above, the livHand livM genes encoding inner membrane permeases, and the livG and livFgenes encoding cytoplasmic ATPases.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an branched chainamino acid transporter is the brnQ gene. An exemplary sequence for brnQis provided below.

BCAA transporter BrnQ from E. coli: Nucleotide sequence:atgacccatcaattaagatcgcgcgatatcatcgctctgggctttatgacatttgcgttgttcgtcggcgcaggtaacattattttccctccaatggtcggcttgcaggcaggcgaacacgtctggactgcggcattcggcttcctcattactgccgttggcctaccggtattaacggtagtggcgctggcaaaagttggcggcggtgttgacagtctcagcacgccaattggtaaagtcgctggcgtactgctggcaacagtttgttacctggcggtggggccgctttttgctacgccgcgtacagctaccgtttcttttgaagtgggcattgcgccgctgacgggtgattccgcgctgccgctgtttatttacagcctggtctatttcgctatcgttattctggtttcgctctatccgggcaagctgctggataccgtgggcaacttccttgcgccgctgaaaattatcgcgctggtcatcctgtctgttgccgcaattatctggccggcgggttctatcagtacggcgactgaggcttatcaaaacgctgcgttttctaacggcttcgtcaacggctatctgaccatggatacgctgggcgcaatggtgtttggtatcgttattgttaacgcggcgcgttctcgtggcgttaccgaagcgcgtctgctgacccgttataccgtctgggctggcctgatggcgggtgttggtctgactctgctgtacctggcgctgttccgtctgggttcagacagcgcgtcgctggtcgatcagtctgcaaacggtgcggcgatcctgcatgcttacgttcagcatacctttggcggcggcggtagcttcctgctggcggcgttaatcttcatcgcctgcctggtcacggcggttggcctgacctgtgcttgtgcagaattcttcgcccagtacgtaccgctctcttatcgtacgctggtgtttatcctcggcggcttctcgatggtggtgtctaacctcggcttgagccagctgattcagatctctgtaccggtgctgaccgccatttatccgccgtgtatcgcactggttgtattaagttttacacgctcatggtggcataattcgtcccgcgtgattgctccgccgatgtttatcagcctgctttttggtattctcgacgggatcaaggcatctgcattcagcgatatcttaccgtcctgggcgcagcgtttaccgctggccgaacaaggtctggcgtggttaatgccaacagtggtgatggtggttctggccattatctgggatcgtgcggcaggtcgtcagg tgacctccagcgctcactaaAA sequence: MTHQLRSRDIIALGFMTFALFVGAGNIIFPPMVGLQAGEHVWTAAFGFLITAVGLPVLTVVALAKVGGGVDSLSTPIGKVAGVLLATVCYLAVGPLFATPRTATVSFEVGIAPLTGDSALPLFIYSLVYFAIVILVSLYPGKLLDTVGNFLAPLKIIALVILSVAAIIWPAGSISTATEAYQNAAFSNGFVNGYLTMDTLGAMVFGIVIVNAARSRGVTEARLLTRYTVWAGLMAGVGLTLLYLALFRLGSDSASLVDQSANGAAILHAYVQHTFGGGGSFLLAALIFIACLVTAVGLTCACAEFFAQYVPLSYRTLVFILGGFSMVVSNLGLSQLIQISVPVLTAIYPPCIALVVLSFTRSWWHNSSRVIAPPMFISLLFGILDGIKASAFSDILPSWAQRLPLAEQGLAWLMPTVVMVVLAIIWDRAAGRQVTSSAH

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an branched chainamino acid transporter is the livJ gene. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding an branched chain amino acid transporter is the livHgene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an branchedchain amino acid transporter is the livM gene. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding an branched chain amino acid transporter is thelivG gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an branchedchain amino acid transporter is the livF gene. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding an branched chain amino acid transporter is thelivKHMGF operon. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding anbranched chain amino acid transporter is the livK gene. In anotherembodiment, the livKHMGF operon is an Escherichia coli livKHMGF operon.In another embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an branched chainamino acid transporter comprises the livKHMGF operon and the livJ gene.In one embodiment, the bacterial cell of the invention has beengenetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologous geneencoding a LIV-I system. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell of theinvention has been genetically engineered to comprise at least oneheterologous gene encoding a LS system. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell of the invention has been genetically engineered to comprise atleast one heterologous gene encoding a LIV-I system. In one embodiment,the bacterial cell of the invention has been genetically engineered tocomprise at least one heterologous livJ gene, and at least oneheterologous gene selected from the group consisting of livH, livM,livG, and livF. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell of the inventionhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologouslivK gene, and at least one heterologous gene selected from the groupconsisting of livH, livM, livG, and livF.

In one embodiment, the branched chain amino acid transporter gene has atleast about 80% identity with the uppercase sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the branched chain amino acidtransporter gene has at least about 90% identity with the uppercasesequence of SEQ ID NO:9. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the branchedchain amino acid transporter gene has at least about 95% identity withthe uppercase sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. Accordingly, in one embodiment,the branched chain amino acid transporter gene has at least about 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the uppercase sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. Inanother embodiment, the branched chain amino acid transporter genecomprises the uppercase sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. In yet anotherembodiment the branched chain amino acid transporter gene consists ofthe uppercase sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.

In one embodiment, the branched chain amino acid transporter gene has atleast about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10. Accordingly,in one embodiment, the branched chain amino acid transporter gene has atleast about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10. Accordingly,in one embodiment, the branched chain amino acid transporter gene has atleast about 95% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10. Accordingly,in one embodiment, the branched chain amino acid transporter gene has atleast about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ IDNO:10. In another embodiment, the branched chain amino acid transportergene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10. In yet another embodimentthe branched chain amino acid transporter gene consists of the sequenceof SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the branched chain amino acid transporter isencoded by an branched chain amino acid transporter gene derived from abacterial genus or species, including but not limited to, Escherichiacoli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. Insome embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strainNissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a branched chain amino acidtransporter, a functional variant of a branched chain amino acidtransporter, or a functional fragment of a branched chain amino acidtransporter are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Forexample, import of an amino acid may be determined using the methods asdescribed in Haney et al., J. Bact., 174(1):108-15, 1992; Rahmanian etal., J. Bact., 116(3):1258-66, 1973; and Ribardo and Hendrixson, J.Bact., 173(22):6233-43, 2011, the entire contents of each of which areexpressly incorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, when the branched chain amino acid transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import 10% more branched chain amino acid into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. Inanother embodiment, when the transporter of branched chain amino acidsis expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%more branched chain amino acids into the bacterial cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when thebranched chain amino acid transporter is expressed in the recombinantbacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cell imports two-foldmore branched chain amino acids into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when the branched chainamino acid transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial celldescribed herein, the bacterial cell import three-fold, four-fold,five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold, or ten-fold,fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, morebranched chain amino acid into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding a branched chain amino acid transporter maybe used to treat a disease, condition, and/or symptom associated withthe catabolism of a branched chain amino acid. In some embodiments,disclosed herein are methods for reducing, ameliorating, or eliminatingone or more symptom(s) associated with these diseases or disorders. Inone embodiment, the disorder involving the catabolism of a branchedchain amino acid is a metabolic disorder involving the abnormalcatabolism of a branched chain amino acid. Metabolic diseases associatedwith abnormal catabolism of a branched chain amino acid include maplesyrup urine disease (MSUD), isovaleric acidemia, propionic acidemia,methylmalonic acidemia, and diabetes ketoacidosis. In one embodiment,the disease associated with abnormal catabolism of a branched chainamino acid is isovaleric acidemia. In one embodiment, the diseaseassociated with abnormal catabolism of a branched chain amino acid ispropionic acidemia. In one embodiment, the disease associated withabnormal catabolism of a branched chain amino acid is methylmalonicacidemia. In another embodiment, the disease associated with abnormalcatabolism of a branched chain amino acid is diabetes.

2. Arginine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is an argininetransporter. Arginine transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance argininetransport into the cell. Specifically, when the arginine transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import more arginine into the cell when the argininetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding an arginine transporterwhich may be used to import arginine into the bacteria.

The uptake of arginine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art. For example, three differentarginine transport systems have been characterized in several bacteria:the arginine-specific system encoded by the artPIQM operon and the artJgene (see, e.g., Wissenbach et al. (1993) J. Bacteriol. 175(11):3687-8); the basic amino acid uptake system, known as LAO (lysine,arginine, ornithine) (see, e.g., Rosin et al. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246:3653-62); and the AO (arginine, ornithine) system (see, e.g., Celis(1977) J. Bacteriol. 130: 1234-43). Transport by the arginine-specificsystem is mediated by several proteins encoded by the twotranscriptional units, the artPIQM operon and the artJ gene. In thissystem, ArtP (encoded by artP) is an ATPase, ArtQ and ArtM (encoded byartQ and artM, respectively) are transmembrane proteins, and ArtI andArtJ (encoded by artI and artJ, respectively)are arginine-bindingperiplasmic proteins. This system has been well characterized inEscherichia coli (see, e.g., Wissenbach U. (1995) Mol. Microbiol. 17(4):675-86; Wissenbach et al. (1993) J. Bacteriol. 175(11): 3687-88). Inaddition, bacterial systems that are homologous and orthologous of theE. coli arginine-specific system have been characterized in otherbacterial species, including, for example, Haemophilus influenzae (see,e.g., Mironov et al. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res. 27(14): 2981-9). Thesecond arginine transport system, the basic amino acid LAO system,consists of the periplasmic LAO protein (also referred to herein asArgT; encoded by argT), which binds lysine, arginine and ornithine, andthe membranous and membrane-associated proteins of the histidinepermease (Q M P complex), encoded by the hisJQMP operon, resulting inthe uptake of arginine (see, e.g., Oh et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem.269(42): 26323-30). Members of the basic amino acid LAO system have beenwell characterized in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Finally,the third arginine transport system, the AO system, consists of thebinding protein AbpS (encoded by abpS) and the ATP hydrolase ArgK(encoded by argK) which mediate the ATP-dependent uptake of arginine(see, e.g., Celis et al. (1998) J. Bacteriol. 180(18): 4828-33).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an argininetransporter is the artJ gene. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding an arginine transporter is the artPIQM operon. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an arginine transporter isthe artP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding anarginine transporter is the artI gene. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding an arginine transporter is the artQ gene. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an arginine transporter isthe artM gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding anarginine transporter is the argT gene. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding an arginine transporter is the hisJQMP operon. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an arginine transporter isthe hisJ gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding anarginine transporter is the hisQ gene. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding an arginine transporter is the hisM gene. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an arginine transporter isthe hisP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding anarginine transporter is the abpS gene. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding an arginine transporter is the argK gene. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an arginine transportercomprises the artPIQM operon and the artJ gene. In another embodiment,the at least one gene encoding an arginine transporter comprises thehisJQMP operon and the argT gene. In yet another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding an arginine transporter comprises the abpS geneand the argK gene.

In one embodiment, the argT gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the argTgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the argT gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the argT gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. In another embodiment, theargT gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. In yet anotherembodiment the argT gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13.

In one embodiment, the artP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:14. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the artP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14. In another embodiment, theartP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14. In yet anotherembodiment the artP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.

In one embodiment, the artI gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:15. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artIgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:15.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artI gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:15. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the artI gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:15. In another embodiment, theartI gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:15. In yet anotherembodiment the artI gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:15.

In one embodiment, the artQ gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artQgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:16.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artQ gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the artQ gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%,85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. In another embodiment, theartQ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. In yet anotherembodiment the artQ gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:16.

In one embodiment, the artM gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artMgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artM gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the artM gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. In another embodiment, theartM gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. In yet anotherembodiment the artM gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.

In one embodiment, the artJ gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:18. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artJgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:18.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artJ gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:18. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the artJ gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:18. In another embodiment, theartJ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:18. In yet anotherembodiment the artJ gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:18.

In some embodiments, the arginine transporter is encoded by an argininetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia, Haemophilus, Salmonella, Escherichiacoli, Haemophilus influenza, Salmonella enterica, or Salmonellatyphimurium. In some embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichiacoli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia colistrain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of an arginine transporter, a functionalvariant of an arginine transporter, or a functional fragment of argininetransporter are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Forexample, import of arginine may be determined using the methods asdescribed in Sakanaka et al (2015) J. Biol. Chem. 290(35): 21185-98, theentire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

In one embodiment, when the arginine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more arginine into the bacterial cell when the arginine transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In another embodiment, when the argininetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more arginine into the bacterial cell when the argininetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when thearginine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more arginine intothe cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria ofthe same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet anotherembodiment, when the arginine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importthree-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold,nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, more arginine into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

3. Lysine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a lysine transporter.Lysine transporters may be expressed or modified in the recombinantbacteria described herein in order to enhance lysine transport into thecell. Specifically, when the transporter of lysine is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importmore lysine into the cell when the lysine transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a lysine transporter which may be used toimport lysine into the bacteria.

The uptake of lysine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art. For example, LysP is alysine-specific permease originally identified in E. coli, that has nowbeen further characterized in other bacterial species (Steffes et al.(1992) J. Bacteriol. 174: 3242-9; Trip et al. (2013) J. Bacteriol.195(2): 340-50; Nji et al. (2014) Acta Crystallogr. F Struct. Biol.Commun. 70(Pt 10): 1362-7). Another lysine transporter, YsvH, has beendescribed in Bacillus, having similarities to the lysine permease LysIof Corynebacterium glutamicum (Rodionov et al. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res.31(23): 6748-57).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lysine transporteris the lysP gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described hereinhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologouslysP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lysinetransporter is the Escherichia coli lysP gene. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a lysine transporter is the Lactococcus lactislysP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lysinetransporter is the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lysP gene. In one embodiment,the at least one gene encoding a lysine transporter is the Klebsiellapneumoniae lysP gene.

In one embodiment, the lysP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:26. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the lysPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the lysP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the lysP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26. In another embodiment, thelysP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26. In yet anotherembodiment the lysP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lysine transporteris the ysvH gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described hereinhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologousysvH gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lysinetransporter is the Bacillus subtilis ysvH gene. In one embodiment, theat least one gene encoding a lysine transporter is the Bacillus cereusysvH gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lysinetransporter is the Bacillus stearothermophilus ysvH gene.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lysine transporteris the Corynebacterium glutamicum (see, e.g., Seep-Feldhaus et al.(1991) Mol. Microbiol. 5(12): 2995-3005, the entire contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference).

n one embodiment, the ysvH gene has at least about 80% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:25. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the ysvH genehas at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the ysvH gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the ysvH gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. In another embodiment, theysvH gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. In yet anotherembodiment the ysvH gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

In some embodiments, the transporter of lysine is encoded by a lysinetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillusstearothermophilus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli,Lactococcus lactis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.In some embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a lysine transporter, a functionalvariant of a lysine transporter, or a functional fragment of a lysinetransporter are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Forexample, import of lysine may be determined using the methods asdescribed in Steffes et al. (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174: 3242-9, the entirecontents of each of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

In one embodiment, when the lysine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more lysine into the bacterial cell when the lysine transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the lysine transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%more lysine into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the lysine transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import two-fold more lysine into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when thetransporter of lysine is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold, four-fold,five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold,fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, morelysine into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions.

4. Asparagine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is an asparaginetransporter. Asparagine transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance asparaginetransport into the cell. Specifically, when the asparagine transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import more asparagine into the cell when the asparaginetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding an asparaginetransporter which may be used to import asparagine into the bacteria.

The uptake of asparagine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, two distinctsystems for asparagine uptake, distinguishable on the basis of theirspecificity for asparagine have been identified in E. coli (see, e.g.,Willis and Woolfolk (1975) J. Bacteriol. 123: 937-945). The bacterialgene ansP encodes an asparagine permease responsible for asparagineuptake in many bacteria (see, e.g., Jennings et al. (1995) Microbiology141: 141-6; Ortuño-Olea and Durán-Vargas (2000) FEMS Microbiol. Lett.189(2): 177-82; Barel et al. (2015) Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 5:9; and Gouzy et al. (2014) PLoS Pathog. 10(2): e1003928).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an asparaginetransporter is the ansP gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial celldescribed herein has been genetically engineered to comprise at leastone heterologous ansP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding an asparagine transporter is the Escherichia coli ansP gene. Inone embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an asparagine transporteris the Francisella tularensis ansP gene. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding an asparagine transporter is the Mycobacterium bovisansP2 gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding anasparagine transporter is the Salmonella enterica ansP gene. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an asparagine transporter isthe Yersinia pestis ansP gene.

In one embodiment, the ansP2 gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:29. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the ansP2gene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the ansP2 gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the ansP2 gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29. In another embodiment, theansP2 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29. In yet anotherembodiment the ansP2 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29.

In some embodiments, the asparagine transporter is encoded by anasparagine transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species,including but not limited to, Escherichia, Francisella, Mycobacterium,Salmonella, Yersinia, Escherichia coli, Francisella tularensis,Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, or Yersinia pestis. Insome embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of an asparagine transporter, afunctional variant of an asparagine transporter, or a functionalfragment of asparagine transporter are well known to one of ordinaryskill in the art. For example, import of asparagine may be determinedusing the methods as described in Jennings et al. (1995) Microbiology141: 141-6, the entire contents of each of which are expresslyincorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, when the transporter of an asparagine is expressed inthe recombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cellsimport 10% more asparagine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In another embodiment, when the asparaginetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more asparagine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when theasparagine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more asparagineinto the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteriaof the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet anotherembodiment, when the asparagine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importthree-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold,nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, more asparagine into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

5. Serine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a serine transporter.Serine transporters may be expressed or modified in the recombinantbacteria described herein in order to enhance serine transport into thecell. Specifically, when the serine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importmore serine into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a serine transporter which may be used toimport serine into the bacteria.

The uptake of serine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art. For example, SdaC (encoded by thesdaC gene; also known as DcrA) is an inner membranethreonine-insensitive serine transporter that was originally identifiedin Escherichia coli (Shao et al. (1994) Eur. J. Biochem. 222: 901-7).Additional serine transporters that have been identified include theNa⁺/serine symporter, SstT (encoded by the sstT gene), theleucine-isoleucine-valine transporter LIV-1, which transports serineslowly, and the H⁺/serine-threonine symporter TdcC (encoded by the tdcCgene) (see, e.g., Ogawa et al. (1998) J. Bacteria 180: 6749-52; Ogawa etal. (1997) J. Biochem. 122(6): 1241-5).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a serine transporteris the sdaC gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described hereinhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologoussdaC gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a serinetransporter is the Escherichia coli sdaC gene. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a serine transporter is the Campylobacter jejunisdaC gene.

In one embodiment, the sdaC gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:35. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the sdaCgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:35.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the sdaC gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:35. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the sdaC gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:35. In another embodiment, thesdaC gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:35. In yet anotherembodiment the sdaC gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:35.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a serine transporteris the sstT gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described hereinhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologoussstT gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a serinetransporter is the Escherichia coli sstT gene.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a serine transporteris the tdcC gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described hereinhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologoustdcC gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a serinetransporter is the Escherichia coli tdcC gene.

In some embodiments, the serine transporter is encoded by a serinetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Campylobacter, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia,and Escherichia coli In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a serine transporter, a functionalvariant of a serine transporter, or a functional fragment of transporterof serine are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Forexample, import of serine may be determined using the methods asdescribed in Hama et al. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 905: 231-9, theentire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

In one embodiment, when the transporter of a serine is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more serine into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the serine transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%more serine into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the serine transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import two-fold more serine into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when theserine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold, four-fold,five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold,fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, moreserine into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions.

6. Glutamine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a glutaminetransporter. Glutamine transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance glutaminetransport into the cell. Specifically, when the glutamine transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import more glutamine into the cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteriacomprising a heterologous gene encoding a glutamine transporter whichmay be used to import glutamine into the bacteria.

The uptake of glutamine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, a glutaminepermease glnHPQ operon has been identified in Escherichia coli (Nohno etal., Mol. Gen. Genet. 205(2):260-269, 1986).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a glutaminetransporter is the glnHPQ operon. In one embodiment, the bacterial celldescribed herein has been genetically engineered to comprise at leastone heterologous gene from the glnHPQ operon. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell described herein has been genetically engineered tocomprise at least one heterologous glnH gene. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell described herein has been genetically engineered tocomprise at least one heterologous glnP gene. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell described herein has been genetically engineered tocomprise at least one heterologous glnQ gene.

In one embodiment, the glnHPQ operon has at least about 80% identitywith the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. Accordingly, in one embodiment, theglnHPQ operon has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQID NO:41. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glnHPQ operon has at leastabout 95% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. Accordingly, inone embodiment, the glnHPQ operon has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. In another embodiment, theglnHPQ operon comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. In yet anotherembodiment the glnHPQ operon consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41.

In one embodiment, the glnH gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glnHgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:42.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glnH gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the glnH gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. In another embodiment, theglnH gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. In yet anotherembodiment the glnH gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:42.

In one embodiment, the glnP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:43. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glnPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:43.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glnP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:43. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the glnP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:43. In another embodiment, theglnP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:43. In yet anotherembodiment the glnP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:43.

In one embodiment, the glnQ gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:44. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glnQgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glnQ gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the glnQ gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44. In another embodiment, theglnQ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44. In yet anotherembodiment the glnQ gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44.

In some embodiments, the glutamine transporter is encoded by a glutaminetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterialspecies is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a glutamine transporter, a functionalvariant of a glutamine transporter, or a functional fragment oftransporter of glutamine are well known to one of ordinary skill in theart. For example, import of glutamine may be determined using themethods as described in Nohno et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 205(2):260-269,1986, the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated byreference herein.

In one embodiment, when the glutamine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more glutamine into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the glutaminetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more glutamine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when the glutaminetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more glutamine into the cellwhen the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment,when the glutamine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold, more glutamine into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions.

7. Tryptophan Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a tryptophantransporter. Tryptophan transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance tryptophantransport into the cell. Specifically, when the tryptophan transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import more tryptophan into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding a tryptophantransporter which may be used to import tryptophan into the bacteria.

The uptake of tryptophan into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, three differenttryptophan transporters, distinguishable on the basis of their affinityfor tryptophan have been identified in E. coli (see, e.g., Yanofsky etal. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 173: 6009-17). The bacterial genes mtr, aroP,and tnaB encode tryptophan permeases responsible for tryptophan uptakein bacteria. High affinity permease, Mtr, is negatively regulated by thetrp repressor and positively regulated by the TyR product (see, e.g.,Yanofsky et al. (1991) J. Bacteria 173: 6009-17 and Heatwole et al.(1991) J. Bacteriol. 173: 3601-04), while AroP is negatively regulatedby the tyR product (Chye et al. (1987) J. Bacteria 169:386-93).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a tryptophantransporter is a gene selected from the group consisting of mtr, aroPand tnaB. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described herein hasbeen genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologous geneselected from the group consisting of mtr, aroP and tnaB. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a tryptophan transporter isthe Escherichia coli mtr gene. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a tryptophan transporter is the Escherichia coli aroP gene. Inone embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a tryptophan transporteris the Escherichia coli tnaB gene.

In one embodiment, the mtr gene has at least about 80% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:46. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mtr genehas at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mtr gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the mtr gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. In another embodiment, themtr gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. In yet anotherembodiment the mtr gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46.

In one embodiment, the tnaB gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tnaBgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tnaB gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the tnaB gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. In another embodiment, thetnaB gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. In yet anotherembodiment the tnaB gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.

In one embodiment, the aroP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the aroPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the aroP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the aroP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. In another embodiment, thearoP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. In yet anotherembodiment the aroP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48.

In some embodiments, the tryptophan transporter is encoded by atryptophan transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species,including but not limited to, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Escherichiacoli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Corynebacterium glutamicum. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a tryptophan transporter, afunctional variant of a tryptophan transporter, or a functional fragmentof transporter of tryptophan are well known to one of ordinary skill inthe art. For example, import of tryptophan may be determined using themethods as described in Shang et al. (2013) J. Bacteriol. 195:5334-42,the entire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated byreference herein.

In one embodiment, when the tryptophan transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more tryptophan into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the tryptophantransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more tryptophan into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when thetryptophan transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more tryptophaninto the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteriaof the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet anotherembodiment, when the tryptophan transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importthree-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold,nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, more tryptophan into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

8. Methionine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a methioninetransporter. Methionine transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance methioninetransport into the cell. Specifically, when the methionine transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import more methionine into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding a methioninetransporter which may be used to import methionine into the bacteria.

The uptake of methionine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, a methioninetransporter operon has been identified in Corynebacterium glutamicum(Trotschel et al., J. Bacteriology, 187(11):3786-3794, 2005). Inaddition, the high affinity MetD ABC transporter system has beencharacterized in Escherichia coli (Kadaba et al. (2008) Science 5886:250-253; Kadner and Watson (1974) J. Bacteriol. 119: 401-9). The MetDtransporter system is capable of mediating the translocation of severalsubstrates across the bacterial membrane, including methionine. The metDsystem of Escherichia coli consists of MetN (encoded by metN), whichcomprises the ATPase domain, Metl (encoded by meti), which comprises thetransmembrane domain, and MetQ (encoded by metQ), the cognate bindingprotein which is located in the periplasm. Orthologues of the genesencoding the E. coli metD transporter system have been identified inmultiple organisms including, e.g., Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae,Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus influenza, Agrobacterium tumefaciens,Sinorhizobium meliloti, Brucella meliloti, and Mesorhizobium loti(Merlin et al. (2002) J. Bacteriol. 184: 5513-7).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a methioninetransporter is a metP gene, a metN gene, a metI gene, or a metQ genefrom Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis(Trotschel et al., J. Bacteriology, 187(11):3786-3794, 2005).

In one embodiment, the metP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:59. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:59.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:59. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the metP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:59. In another embodiment, themetP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:59. In yet anotherembodiment the metP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:59.

In one embodiment, the metN gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:60. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metNgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:60.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metN gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:60. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the metN gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:60. In another embodiment, themetN gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:60. In yet anotherembodiment the metN gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:60.

In one embodiment, the metI gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:61. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metIgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metI gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the metI gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61. In another embodiment, themetI gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61. In yet anotherembodiment the metI gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61.

In one embodiment, the metQ gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:62. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metQgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:62.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the metQ gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:62. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the metQ gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:62. In another embodiment, themetQ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:62. In yet anotherembodiment the metQ gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:62.

In some embodiments, the methionine transporter is encoded by amethionine transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species,including but not limited to, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichiacoli, and Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the bacterial speciesis Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a methionine transporter, afunctional variant of a methionine transporter, or a functional fragmentof a methionine transporter are well known to one of ordinary skill inthe art. For example, import of methionine may be determined using themethods as described in Trotschel et al., J. Bacteriology,187(11):3786-3794, 2005, the entire contents of which are expresslyincorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, when the methionine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more methionine into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the methioninetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more methionine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when themethionine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more methionineinto the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteriaof the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet anotherembodiment, when the methionine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importthree-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold,nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, more methionine into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

9. Threonine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a threoninetransporter. Threonine transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance threoninetransport into the cell. Specifically, when the threonine transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import more threonine into the cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteriacomprising a heterologous gene encoding a threonine transporter whichmay be used to import threonine into the bacteria.

The uptake of threonine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, the threoninetransporter TdcC has been identified (Wook Lee et al., Nature ChemicalBiology, 8:536-546, 2012). Additional serine/threonine transporters havebeen identified and are disclosed in the serine section herein.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a threoninetransporter is the tdcC gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial celldescribed herein has been genetically engineered to comprise at leastone heterologous tdcC gene. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a threonine transporter is the Escherichia coli tdcC gene. Inone embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a threonine transporteris the Salmonella typhimurium tdcC gene.

In one embodiment, the tdcC gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:69. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tdcCgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tdcC gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the tdcC gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69. In another embodiment, thetdcC gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69. In yet anotherembodiment the tdcC gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69.

In some embodiments, the threonine transporter is encoded by a threoninetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a threonine transporter, a functionalvariant of a threonine transporter, or a functional fragment oftransporter of threonine are well known to one of ordinary skill in theart. For example, import of threonine may be determined using themethods as described in Wook Lee et al. (2012) Nature Chemical Biology,8:536-546, the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated byreference herein.

In one embodiment, when the threonine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more threonine into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the threoninetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more threonine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when the threoninetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more threonine into the cellwhen the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment,when the threonine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold, more threonine into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions.

10. Cysteine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a cysteine transporter.Cysteine transporters may be expressed or modified in the recombinantbacteria described herein in order to enhance cysteine transport intothe cell. Specifically, when the cysteine transporter is expressed inthe recombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cellsimport more cysteine into the cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a cysteine transporter which may be used toimport cysteine into the bacteria so that any gene encoding a cysteinecatabolism enzyme expressed in the organism can catabolize the cysteineto treat a disease associated with cysteine, such as cancer.

The uptake of cysteine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the cysteine transporter is encoded by a cysteinetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterialspecies is Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial speciesis Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a cysteine transporter, a functionalvariant of a cysteine transporter, or a functional fragment oftransporter of cysteine are well known to one of ordinary skill in theart.

In one embodiment, when the transporter of a cysteine is expressed inthe recombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cellsimport 10% more cysteine into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the cysteinetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more cysteine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when the cysteinetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more cysteine into the cellwhen the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment,when the cysteine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold, more cysteine into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions.

11. Tyrosine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a tyrosine transporter.Tyrosine transporters may be expressed or modified in the recombinantbacteria described herein in order to enhance tyrosine transport intothe cell. Specifically, when the tyrosine transporter is expressed inthe recombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cellsimport more tyrosine into the cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a tyrosine transporter which may be used toimport tyrosine into the bacteria.

The uptake of tyrosine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art. For example, a tyrosine transporterTyrP has been identified in Lactobacillus brevis (Wolken et al., J.Bacteriol., 188(6): 2198-2206, 2006) and Escherichia coli.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a tyrosine transporteris the tyrP gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described hereinhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologoustyrP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a tyrosinetransporter is the Escherichia coli tyrP gene. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a tyrosine transporter is the Lactobacillusbrevi tyrP gene.

In one embodiment, the tyrP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:87. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tyrPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:87.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tyrP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:87. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the tyrP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:87. In another embodiment, thetyrP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:87. In yet anotherembodiment the tyrP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:87.

In some embodiments, the tyrosine transporter is encoded by a tyrosinetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia coli or Lactobacillus brevis. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a tyrosine transporter, a functionalvariant of a tyrosine transporter, or a functional fragment of atyrosine transporter are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.For example, import of tyrosine may be determined using the methods asdescribed in Wolken et al., J. Bacteriol., 188(6):2198-2206, 2006, theentire contents of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein.In one embodiment, when the tyrosine transporter is expressed inthe recombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cellsimport 10% more tyrosine into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the tyrosinetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more tyrosine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when the tyrosinetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more tyrosine into the cellwhen the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment,when the tyrosine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold, more tyrosine into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions.

12. Phenylalanine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a phenylalaninetransporter. Phenylalanine transporters may be expressed or modified inthe recombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhancephenylalanine transport into the cell. Specifically, when thephenylalanine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import more phenylalanineinto the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteriaof the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. Thus, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprising a heterologous gene encodinga phenylalanine transporter which may be used to import phenylalanineinto the bacteria.

The uptake of phenylalanine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, a phenylalaninetransporter PheP has been identified (Pi et al. (1991) J. Bacteriol.173(12): 3622-9; Pi et al. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178(9): 2650-5; Pi etal. (1998) J. Bacteriol. 180(21): 5515-9; and Horsburgh et al. (2004)Infect. Immun. 72(5): 3073-3076). Additional phenylalanine transportershave been identified and are known in the art.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a phenylalaninetransporter is the pheP gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial celldescribed herein has been genetically engineered to comprise at leastone heterologous pheP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a phenylalanine transporter is the Escherichia coli pheP gene.In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a phenylalaninetransporter is the Staphylococcus aureus pheP gene. “Phenylalaninetransporter” is used to refer to a membrane transport protein that iscapable of transporting phenylalanine into bacterial cells (see, e.g.,Pi et al., 1991). In Escherichia coli, the pheP gene encodes a highaffinity phenylalanine-specific permease responsible for phenylalaninetransport (Pi et al., 1998). In some embodiments, the phenylalaninetransporter is encoded by a pheP gene derived from a bacterial species,including but not limited to, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Salmonellaenterica, and Escherichia coli. Other phenylalanine transporters includeAageneral amino acid permease, encoded by the aroP gene, transportsthree aromatic amino acids, including phenylalanine, with high affinity,and is thought, together with PheP, responsible for the lion share ofphenylalanine import. Additionally, a low level of phenylalaninetransport activity has been traced to the activity of the LIV-I/LSsystem, which is a branched-chain amino acid transporter consisting oftwo periplasmic binding proteins, the LIV-binding protein (LIV-I system)and LS-binding protein (LS system), and membrane components, LivHMGF. Insome embodiments, the phenylalanine transporter is encoded by a aroPgene derived from a bacterial species. In some embodiments, thephenylalanine transporter is encoded by LIV-binding protein andLS-binding protein and LivHMGF genes derived from a bacterial species.In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise morethan one type of phenylalanine transporter, selected from pheP, aroP,and the LIV-I/LS system.

In one embodiment, the pheP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the phePgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the pheP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the pheP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. In another embodiment, thepheP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. In yet anotherembodiment the pheP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98.

In some embodiments, the phenylalanine transporter is encoded by aphenylalanine transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus orspecies, including but not limited to, Escherichia coli orStaphylococcus aureus. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a phenylalanine transporter, afunctional variant of a phenylalanine transporter, or a functionalfragment of a phenylalanine transporter are well known to one ofordinary skill in the art. For example, import of phenylalanine may bedetermined using the methods as described in Pi et al. (1998) J.Bacterial. 180(21): 5515-9, the entire contents of which are expresslyincorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, when the phenylalanine transporter is expressed inthe recombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cellsimport 10% more phenylalanine into the bacterial cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In another embodiment, when thephenylalanine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more phenylalanine into the bacterial cellwhen the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment,when the phenylalanine transporter is expressed in the recombinantbacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import two-foldmore phenylalanine into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the phenylalaninetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import three-fold, four-fold, five-fold,six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold,twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, more phenylalanineinto the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteriaof the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding a phenylalanie transporter may be used totreat a disease, condition, and/or symptom associated with cancer, e.g.,a cancer described herein. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cells described herein may be used to reduce, ameliorate, oreliminate one or more symptom(s) associated with a cancer.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding a phenylalanine transporter may be used totreat a disease, condition, and/or symptom associated withhyperphenylalaninemia. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterialcells described herein may be used to reduce, ameliorate, or eliminateone or more symptom(s) associated with hyperphenylalaninemia. In someembodiments, the disease is selected from the group consisting of:phenylketonuria, classical or typical phenylketonuria, atypicalphenylketonuria, permanent mild hyperphenylalaninemia,nonphenylketonuric hyperphenylalaninemia, phenylalanine hydroxylasedeficiency, cofactor deficiency, dihydropteridine reductase deficiency,tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency, and Segawa's disease. In someembodiments, hyperphenylalaninemia is secondary to other conditions,e.g., liver diseases. In some embodiments, the invention providesmethods for reducing, ameliorating, or eliminating one or moresymptom(s) associated with these diseases, including but not limited toneurological deficits, mental retardation, encephalopathy, epilepsy,eczema, reduced growth, microcephaly, tremor, limb spasticity, and/orhypopigmentation. In some embodiments, the subject to be treated is ahuman patient.

It was discovered that PAL1 and PAL3 expressed on a high-copy plasmidand a low-copy plasmid in genetically engineered E. coli Nisslemetabolized and reduced phenylalanine to similar levels, and therate-limiting step of phenylalanine metabolism was phenylalanineavailability. Thus, in some embodiments for the treatment of PKU, it isadvantageous to increase phenylalanine transport into the cell, therebyenhancing phenylalanine metabolism. Unexpectedly, even low-copy PALplasmids are capable of almost completely eliminating Phe from a testsample when expressed in conjunction with pheP. Furthermore, there maybe additional advantages to using a low-copy PAL-expressing plasmid inconjunction with pheP in order to enhance the stability of PALexpression while maintaining high phenylalanine metabolism, and toreduce negative selection pressure on the transformed bacterium. Inalternate embodiments, the phenylalanine transporter is used inconjunction with the high-copy plasmid.

The genetically engineered bacteria further comprise a gene encoding aphenylalanine transporter. Phenylalanine transporters may be expressedor modified in the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention inorder to enhance phenylalanine transport into the cell.

PheP is a membrane transport protein that is capable of transportingphenylalanine into bacterial cells (see, e.g., Pi et al., 1991). In someembodiments, the native pheP gene in the genetically modified bacteriaof the invention is not modified. In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria of the invention comprise multiple copies of thenative pheP gene. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria of the invention comprise multiple copies of a non-native phePgene. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise a pheP gene that is controlled by its nativepromoter, an inducible promoter, a promoter that is stronger than thenative promoter, e.g., the GlnRS promoter or the P(Bla) promoter, or aconstitutive promoter. In some embodiments, expression of the pheP geneis controlled by a different promoter than the promoter that controlsexpression of the gene encoding the phenylalanine-metabolizing enzymeand/or the transcriptional regulator. In some embodiments, expression ofthe pheP gene is controlled by the same promoter that controlsexpression of the phenylalanine-metabolizing enzyme and/or thetranscriptional regulator. In some embodiments, the pheP gene and thephenylalanine-metabolizing enzyme and/or the transcriptional regulatorare divergently transcribed from a promoter region. In some embodiments,expression of each of the genes encoding PheP, thephenylalanine-metabolizing enzyme, and the transcriptional regulator iscontrolled by a different promoter. In some embodiments, expression ofthe genes encoding PheP, the phenylalanine-metabolizing enzyme, and thetranscriptional regulator is controlled by the same promoter.

In some embodiments, the native pheP gene in the genetically modifiedbacteria is not modified, and one or more additional copies of thenative pheP gene are inserted into the genome under the control of thesame inducible promoter that controls expression of PAL, e.g., the FNRpromoter, or a different inducible promoter than the one that controlsexpression of PAL, or a constitutive promoter. In alternate embodiments,the native pheP gene is not modified, and a copy of a non-native phePgene from a different bacterial species is inserted into the genomeunder the control of the same inducible promoter that controlsexpression of PAL, e.g., the FNR promoter, or a different induciblepromoter than the one that controls expression of PAL, or a constitutivepromoter.

In some embodiments, the native pheP gene in the genetically modifiedbacteria is not modified, and one or more additional copies of thenative pheP gene are present in the bacteria on a plasmid and under thecontrol of the same inducible promoter that controls expression of PAL,e.g., the FNR promoter, or a different inducible promoter than the onethat controls expression of the PME, or a constitutive promoter. Inalternate embodiments, the native pheP gene is not modified, and a copyof a non-native pheP gene from a different bacterial species is presentin the bacteria on a plasmid and under the control of the same induciblepromoter that controls expression of PAL, e.g., the FNR promoter, or adifferent inducible promoter than the one that controls expression ofPAL, or a constitutive promoter.

In some embodiments, the native pheP gene is mutagenized, mutantsexhibiting increased phenylalanine transport are selected, and themutagenized pheP gene is isolated and inserted into the geneticallyengineered bacteria (see, e.g., Pi et al., 1996; Pi et al., 1998). Thephenylalanine transporter modifications described herein may be presenton a plasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium is E. coliNissle, and the native pheP gene in E. coli Nissle is not modified; oneor more additional copies the native E. coli Nissle pheP genes areinserted into the E. coli Nissle genome under the control of the sameinducible promoter that controls expression of PAL, e.g., the FNRpromoter, or a different inducible promoter than the one that controlsexpression of PAL, or a constitutive promoter. In an alternateembodiment, the native pheP gene in E. coli Nissle is not modified, anda copy of a non-native pheP gene from a different bacterium is insertedinto the E. coli Nissle genome under the control of the same induciblepromoter that controls expression of PAL, e.g., the FNR promoter, or adifferent inducible promoter than the one that controls expression ofPAL, or a constitutive promoter. In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the native pheP gene in E.coli Nissle is not modified; one or more additional copies the native E.coli Nissle pheP genes are present in the bacterium on a plasmid andunder the control of the same inducible promoter that controlsexpression of PAL, e.g., the FNR promoter, or a different induciblepromoter than the one that controls expression of PAL, or a constitutivepromoter. In an alternate embodiment, the native pheP gene in E. coliNissle is not modified, and a copy of a non-native pheP gene from adifferent bacterium, are present in the bacterium on a plasmid and underthe control of the same inducible promoter that controls expression ofPAL, e.g., the FNR promoter, or a different inducible promoter than theone that controls expression of PAL, or a constitutive promoter.

It has been reported that Escherichia coli has five distinct transportsystems (AroP, Mtr, PheP, TnaB, and TyrP) for the accumulation ofaromatic amino acids. A general amino acid permease, encoded by the aroPgene, transports three aromatic amino acids, including phenylalanine,with high affinity, and is thought, together with PheP, responsible forthe lion share of phenylalanine import. Additionally, a low level ofaccumulation of phenylalanine was observed in an aromatic amino acidtransporter-deficient E. coli strain (ΔaroP ΔpheP Δmtr Δtna ΔtyrP), andwas traced to the activity of the LIV-I/LS system, which is abranched-chain amino acid transporter consisting of two periplasmicbinding proteins, the LIV-binding protein (LIV-I system) and LS-bindingprotein (LS system), and membrane components, LivHMGF (Koyanagi et al.,and references therein; Identification of the LIV-I/LS System as theThird Phenylalanine Transporter in Escherichia coli K-12).

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise anaroP gene. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium isE. coli Nissle, and the native aroP gene in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies the native E. coli Nissle aroPgenes are present in the bacterium on a plasmid and under the control ofthe same inducible promoter that controls expression of the PME, e.g.,the FNR promoter, or the araBAD promoter, a different inducible promoterthan the one that controls expression of the PME, or a constitutivepromoter. In an alternate embodiment, the native aroP gene in E. coliNissle is not modified, and a copy of a non-native aroP gene from adifferent bacterium, are present in the bacterium on a plasmid and underthe control of the same inducible promoter that controls expression ofthe PME, e.g., the FNR promoter or the AraBAD promoter, or a differentinducible promoter than the one that controls expression of the PME, ora constitutive promoter.

In other embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise AroPand PheP, under the control of the same or different inducible orconstitutive promoters.

In some embodiments, the pheP gene is expressed on a chromosome. In someembodiments, expression from the chromosome may be useful for increasingstability of expression of pheP. In some embodiments, the pheP gene isintegrated into the bacterial chromosome at one or more integrationsites in the genetically engineered bacteria. In some embodiments, thepheP gene is inserted into the bacterial genome at one or more of thefollowing insertion sites in E. coli Nissle: malE/K, araC/BAD, lacZ,agaI/rsmI, thyA, and malP/T. Any suitable insertion site may be used(see, e.g., The insertion site may be anywhere in the genome, e.g., in agene required for survival and/or growth, such as thyA (to create anauxotroph); in an active area of the genome, such as near the site ofgenome replication; and/or in between divergent promoters in order toreduce the risk of unintended transcription, such as between AraB andAraC of the arabinose operon.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium comprisesmultiple mechanisms of action and/or one or more auxotrophies. Incertain embodiments, the bacteria are genetically engineered to comprisefive copies of PAL under the control of an oxygen level-dependentpromoter (e.g., P_(fnrS)-PAL3) inserted at different integration siteson the chromosome (e.g., malE/K, yicS/nepI, malP/T, agaI/rsmI, and cea),and one copy of a phenylalanine transporter gene under the control of anoxygen level-dependent promoter (e.g., P_(fnrS)-pheP) inserted at adifferent integration site on the chromosome (e.g., lacZ). In a morespecific aspect, the bacteria are genetically engineered to furtherinclude a kanamycin resistance gene, and a thyA auxotrophy, in which thethyA gene is deleted and/or replaced with an unrelated gene.

13. Glutamic Acid Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a glutamic transporter.Glutamic acid transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance glutamic acidtransport into the cell. Specifically, when the glutamic acidtransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import more glutamic acid into the cell whenthe transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. Thus, the geneticallyengineered bacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding a glutamicacid transporter which may be used to import glutamic acid into thebacteria.

The uptake of glutamic acid into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, a Natcoupledsymporter GltT for glutamic acid uptake has been identified in Bacillussubtilis (see, e.g., Zaprasis et al. (2015) App. Env. Microbiol.81:250-9). The bacterial gene gltT encodes a glutamic acid transporterresponsible for glutamic acid uptake in many bacteria (see, e.g., JanSlotboom et al. (1999) Microb. Mol. Biol. Rev.63:293-307; Takahashi etal. (2015) Inf. Imm. 83:3555-67; Ryan et al. (2007) Nat. Struct. Mol.Biol. 14:365-71; and Tolner et al. (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6:2845-56).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a glutamic acidtransporter is the gltT gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial celldescribed herein has been genetically engineered to comprise at leastone heterologous gltT gene. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a glutamic acid transporter is the Escherichia coli gltP gene.In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a glutamic acidtransporter is the Bacillus subtilis gltT gene. In one embodiment, theat least one gene encoding a glutamic acid transporter is theMycobacterium tuberculosis dctA gene. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding a glutamic acid transporter is the Salmonellatyphimurium dctA gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encodinga glutamic acid transporter is the Caenorhabditis elegans gltT gene.

In one embodiment, the gltT gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:91. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the gltTgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:91.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the gltT gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:91. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the gltT gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:91. In another embodiment, thegltT gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:91. In yet anotherembodiment the gltT gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:91.

In some embodiments, the glutamic acid transporter is encoded by aglutamic acid transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus orspecies, including but not limited to, Escherichia, Bacillus, Chlamydia,Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Salmonella typhimurium, or Caenorhabditis elegans (see, e.g., JanSlotboom et al. (1999) Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:293-307) In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a glutamic acid transporter, afunctional variant of a glutamic acid transporter, or a functionalfragment of transporter of glutamic acid are well known to one ofordinary skill in the art. For example, import of glutamic acid may bedetermined using the methods as described in Zaprasis et al. (2015) App.Env. Microbiol. 81:250-9, the entire contents of each of which areexpressly incorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, when the glutamic acid transporter is expressed inthe recombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cellsimport 10% more glutamic acid into the bacterial cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In another embodiment, when theglutamic acid transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more glutamic acid into the bacterial cellwhen the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment,when the glutamic acid transporter is expressed in the recombinantbacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import two-foldmore glutamic acid into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the glutamic acidtransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import three-fold, four-fold, five-fold,six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold,twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, more glutamic acidinto the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteriaof the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions.

14. Histidine Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a histidinetransporter. Histidine transporters may be expressed or modified in therecombinant bacteria described herein in order to enhance histidinetransport into the cell. Specifically, when the histidine transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import more histidine into the cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteriacomprising a heterologous gene encoding a histidine transporter whichmay be used to import histidine into the bacteria.

The uptake of histidine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, a histidinetransport system is encoded by the hisJQMP operon and the artJ gene(see, e.g., Caldara et al. (2007) J. Mol. Biol. 373(2): 251-67).Transport by the histidine transport system is mediated by severalproteins regulated by the ArgR-L-arginine DNA-binding transcriptionaldual regulator. ArgR complexed with L-arginine represses thetranscription of several genes involved in transport of histidine. Inthis system, HisJ (encoded by hisJ) is a histidine ABCtransporter-periplasmic binding protein, HisQ and HisM (encoded by hisQand hisM respectively) are the lysine/arginine/ornithine ABCtransporter/histidine ABC transporter-membrane subunits, HisP (encodedby hisP) is a lysine/arginine/ornithine ABC transporter/histidine ABCtransporter-ATP binding subunit. This system has been well characterizedin Escherichia coli. In addition, bacterial systems that are homologousand orthologous to the E. coli histidine-specific system have beencharacterized in other bacterial species, including, for example,Pseudomonas fluorescens (see, e.g., Bender (2012) Microbiol. Mol. Biol.Reviews 76: 565-584). The membranous and membrane-associated proteins ofthe histidine permease (Q M P complex), encoded by the hisJQMP operonmediate the uptake of histidine (see, e.g., Oh et al. (1994) J. Biol.Chem. 269(42): 26323-30).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a histidinetransporter comprises the hisJQMP operon. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a histidine transporter comprises the hisJ gene.In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a histidinetransporter comprises the hisQ gene. In one embodiment, the at least onegene encoding a histidine transporter comprises the hisM gene. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a histidine transportercomprises the hisP gene.

In one embodiment, the hisJ gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:94. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisJgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:94.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisJ gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:94. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the hisJ gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:94. In another embodiment, thehisJ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:94. In yet anotherembodiment, the hisJ gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:94.

In one embodiment, the hisQ gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:95. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisQgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:95.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisQ gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:95. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the hisQ gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:95. In another embodiment, thehisQ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:95. In yet anotherembodiment, the hisQ gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:95.

In one embodiment, the hisM gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:103. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisMgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:103.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisM gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:103. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the hisM gene nhas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:103. In another embodiment, thehisM gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:103. In yet anotherembodiment, the hisM gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:103.

In one embodiment, the hisP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:96. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:96.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the hisP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:96. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the hisP gene nhas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:96. In another embodiment, thehisP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:96. In yet anotherembodiment, the hisP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:96.

In some embodiments, the histidine transporter is encoded by a histidinetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia and Pseudomonas In some embodiments, thebacterial species is Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, thebacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a histidine transporter, a functionalvariant of a histidine transporter, or a functional fragment of ahistidine transporter are well known to one of ordinary skill in theart. For example, import of histidine may be determined using themethods described in Liu et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272: 859-866 andShang et al. (2013) J. Bacteriology. 195(23): 5334-5342, the entirecontents of each of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

In one embodiment, when the histidine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more histidine into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the histidinetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or 100% more histidine into the bacterial cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when the histidinetransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells describedherein, the bacterial cells import two-fold more histidine into the cellwhen the transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment,when the histidine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells described herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold, more histidine into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions.

15. Proline Transporters

In one embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a proline transporter.Proline transporters may be expressed or modified in the recombinantbacteria described herein in order to enhance proline transport into thecell. Specifically, when the proline transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells importmore proline into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a proline transporter which may be used toimport proline into the bacteria.

The uptake of proline into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art. The proline utilization operon (put)allows bacterial cells to transport and use proline. The put operonconsists of two genes putA and putP. In bacteria, there are two distinctsystems for proline uptake, proline porter I (PPI) and proline porter II(PPII) (see, e.g., Grothe (1986) J. Bacteriol. 166: 253-259). Thebacterial gene putP encodes a proline transporter responsible forproline uptake in many bacteria (see, e.g., Ostrovsky et al. (1993)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 429-8; Grothe (1986) J. Bacteriol. 166:253-259). The putA gene expresses a polypeptide that has prolinedehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.8) activity and pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C)(EC 1.5.1.12) activity (see, e.g., Menzel and Roth (1981) J. Biol. Chem.256:9755-61). In the absence of proline, putA remains in the cytoplasmand represses put gene expression. In the presence of proline, putAbinds to the membrane relieving put repression allowing put geneexpression (see, e.g., Ostrovsky et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.90: 429-8).

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a proline transporteris the putP gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described hereinhas been genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologousputP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a prolinetransporter is the Escherichia coli putP gene. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a proline transporter is the Salmonellatyphimurium putP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encodinga proline transporter is the Escherichia coli putP gene.

In one embodiment, the putP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the putPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the putP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the putP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. In another embodiment, theputP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98. In yet anotherembodiment the putP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:98.

In some embodiments, the proline transporter is encoded by a prolinetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia, Salmonella, Escherichia coli orSalmonella typhimurium. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a proline transporter, a functionalvariant of a proline transporter, or a functional fragment of a prolinetransporter are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Forexample, import of proline may be determined using the methods asdescribed in Moses et al. (2012) Journal of Bacteriology 194: 745-58 andHoffman et al. (2012) App. and Enviro. Microbiol. 78: 5753-62), theentire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

In one embodiment, when the proline transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells described herein, the bacterial cells import10% more proline into the bacterial cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In another embodiment, when the proline transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%more proline into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the proline transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells described herein, thebacterial cells import two-fold more proline into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, when theproline transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein, the bacterial cells import three-fold, four-fold,five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold,fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, or fifty-fold, moreproline into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions.

B. Nucleoside Transporters

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a nucleoside transporter. In oneembodiment, the nucleoside transporter is a purine nucleosidetransporter. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is apyrimidine nucleoside transporter. In one embodiment, the nucleosidetransporter transports at least one nucleoside selected from the groupconsisting of adenosine, guanosine, uridine, inosine, xanthosine,thymidine and cytidine, into the cell.

The uptake of nucleosides into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, many bacteriascavenge nucleosides from the environment for the synthesis ofnuceotides and deoxynucleotides. In some bacterial species, e.g.,Escherichia coli, nucleosides can be used as the sole source of nitrogenand carbon for growth (see, e.g., Neuhard and Nygaard “Biosynthesis andconversion of nucleotides, purines and pyrimidines,” in: Neidhardt F C,Ingraham J L, Low K B, Magasanik B, Schaechter M, Umbarger H E, editors.Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and MolecularBiology. Washington DC: ASM Press; 1987. pp. 445-473). Twoevolutionarily unrelated cation-linked transporter families have beenidentified: the concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) family andthe nucleoside:H⁺ Symporter (NHS) family, both of which are responsiblefor nucleoside uptake (see, e.g., Cabrita et al. (2002) Biochem. CellBiol. 80(5): 623-38, the contents of which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety).

Passive transport of nucleosides across the outer membrane of someGram-negative bacteria, e.g., Salmonella enterica, and into theperiplasm can be mediated by the Tsx porin, encoded by the tsx gene(see, e.g., Bucarey et al. (20005) Infect. Immun. 73(10): 6210-9).

Active transport of nucleosides across the inner membrance is mediatedby the nucleoside permeases NupC and NupG, encoded by the nupC and nupGgenes, respectively. NupG can facilitate the uptake of all tested purineand pyrimidine nucleosides while NupC has specificity towards thepyrimidine nucleosides and their deoxyderivatives. Both permeases arepowered by proton motive force. E. coli mutants defective in both thenupC and nupG genes cannot grow with nucleosides as their single carbonsource. Both permeases are proton-linked but they differ in theirselectivity. NupG is capable of transporting a wide range of nucleosidesand deoxynucleosides; in contrast, NupC does not transport guanosine ordeoxyguanosine. Homologs of NupG from E. coli are found in a wide rangeof bacteria, including human gut pathogens such as Salmonellatyphimurium, organisms associated with periodontal disease such asPorphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, and plant pathogensof the genus Erwinia (see, e.g., Vaziri et al. (2013) Mol. Membr. Biol.30(1-2): 114-128, the contents of which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety).

An additional nucleoside transporter, the xanthosine permease, XapB,having 58% identity to NupG was identified in Escherichia coli Norholmand Dandanell (2001) J. Bacteriol. 183(16): 4900-4. XapB exhibitssimilar specificity to NupG, since it appears to be able to transportall nucelosides except guanosine. Putative bacterial transporters fromthe CNT superfamily and transporters from the NupG/XapB family includethose listed in the tables 2 and 3 below. In addition, codB (GenBankP25525, Escherichia coli) was identified based on homology to a yeasttransporter family termed the uracil/allantoin transportor family(Cabrita et al. (2002)).

TABLE 2 Putative CNT family transporters Name GenBank Accession No.Organism BH1446 BAB05165 Bacillus halodurans BsNupC CAA57663 Bacillussubtilis BsyutK CAB15208 B. subtilis BsyxjA CAB15938 B. subtilis CcCNT(CC2089) AAK24060 Caulobacter crescentus yeiJ AAC75222 E. coli yeiMAAC75225 E. coli HI0519 AAC22177 Haemophilus influenzae HP1180 (NupC)AAD08224 Helicobacter pylori SA0600 (NupC) BAB41833 Staphylococcusaureus SAV0645 (NupC) BAB56807 S. aureus SpNupC AAK34582 Streptococcuspyogenes VC2352 (NupC) AAF95495 Vibrio cholerae VC1953 (NupC) AAF95101V. cholera VCA0179 AAF96092 V. cholera

TABLE 3 Bacterial transporters from the NupG/XapB family Protein (genename) GenBank Accession No. Organism yegT P76417 Escherichia coli NupGP09452 E. coli XapB P45562 E. coli CC1628 AAK23606 Caulobactercrescentus

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is a nucleoside permease(e.g., NupC or NupG). In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is aadenosine permease. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is aguanosine permease. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is auridine permease. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is ainosine permease. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is axanthosine permease. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is athymidine permease. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is acytidine permease.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is a nucleoside porin(e.g., Tsx). In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is asodium-dependent nucleoside transporter. In one embodiment, thenucleoside transporter is a xanthosine transporter (e.g., XapB).

Nucleoside transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance nucleoside transport into the cell. Specifically, whenthe nucleoside transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells, the bacterial cells import more nucleoside(s) into the cell whenthe transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a nucleosidetransporter. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a nucleoside transporter and a geneticmodification that reduces export of a nucleoside, e.g., a geneticmutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a nucleoside transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a nucleoside transporter. Insome embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a nucleosidetransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding anucleoside transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native nucleosidetransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding annucleoside transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding a nucleoside transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell comprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous geneencoding a nucleoside transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a nucleoside transporter, wherein saidnucleoside transporter comprises a nucleoside sequence that has at least70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to thenucleoside sequence of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleoside transportergene disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by anucleoside transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species,including but not limited to, Bacillus halodurans, Bacillus subtilis,Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli, Haemoophilus influenzae,Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,Prevotella intermedia, Porphytomonas gingivalis, Salmonella typhimurium,Salmonella enterica, or Vibrio cholera. In some embodiments, thebacterial species is Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, thebacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a nucleoside transporter or functional variants of anucleoside transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragmentthereof” or “functional variant thereof” of a nucleoside transporterrelates to an element having qualitative biological activity in commonwith the wild-type nucleoside transporter from which the fragment orvariant was derived. For example, a functional fragment or a functionalvariant of a mutated nucleoside transporter is one which retainsessentially the same ability to import a nucleoside into the bacterialcell as does the nucleoside transporter protein from which thefunctional fragment or functional variant was derived. In oneembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least oneheterologous gene encoding a functional fragment of a nucleosidetransporter. In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a functional variant of anucleoside transporter.

Assays for testing the activity of a nucleoside transporter, afunctional variant of a nucleoside transporter, or a functional fragmentof a nucleoside transporter are well known to one of ordinary skill inthe art. For example, import of a nucleoside may be determined using,e.g., a ¹⁴C-labeled nucleoside uptake assay as described in Norholm andDandanell (2001) J. Bacteriol. 183(16): 4900-4, the entire contents ofeach of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the nucleoside transporter havebeen codon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterialcell disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding thenucleoside transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichiacoli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a nucleosidetransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a nucleosidetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased nucleosideimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding anucleoside transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a nucleosidetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased nucleosideimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding anucleoside transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.The transporter modifications described herein may be present on aplasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a nucleoside transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a nucleoside transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a nucleoside transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a nucleoside transporter in nature. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the nucleoside transporteris controlled by its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at leastone gene encoding the nucleoside transporter is controlled by aninducible promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe nucleoside transporter is controlled by a promoter that is strongerthan its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one geneencoding the nucleoside transporter is controlled by a constitutivepromoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a nucleosidetransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a low copy number plasmid. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a nucleoside transporter islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet anotherembodiment, a native copy of the at least one gene encoding a nucleosidetransporter is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and acopy of at least one gene encoding a nucleoside transporter from adifferent species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterialcell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at least one geneencoding a nucleoside transporter is located on a plasmid in thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a nucleosidetransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a nucleoside transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a nucleoside transporter from a different species of bacteriais located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thenucleoside transporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is notmodified, and one or more additional copies of the native transporterare inserted into the genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least onenative gene encoding the transporter is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of the transporter from a different bacterial speciesis inserted into the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the nucleosidetransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of the native transporter are inserted into thegenome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encodingthe transporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the nucleosidetransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding thenucleoside transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of at least one native gene encoding thetransporter are present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a tsx gene,e.g., a tsx gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the tsx gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:107.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tsx gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:107. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the tsx gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:107. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tsx genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:107. In another embodiment, the tsx gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:107. In yet another embodiment the tsx geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:107.

In one embodiment, the tsx gene has at least about 80% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:108. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tsx genehas at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:108.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tsx gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:108. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the tsx gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:108. In another embodiment, thetsx gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:108. In yet anotherembodiment the tsx gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:108.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a BH1446gene, e.g., a BH1446 gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, theBH1446 gene has at least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ IDNO:109. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the BH1446 gene has at leastabout 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:109. Accordingly, inone embodiment, the BH1446 gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:109. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the BH1446gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:109. In another embodiment, the BH1446 genecomprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:109. In yet another embodiment theBH1446 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:109.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a nupC gene,e.g., a nupC gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the nupC gene isa nupC gene from Bacillus subtilis. In one embodiment, the nupC gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:110.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:110. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:110. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:110. In another embodiment, the nupC gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:110. In yet another embodiment the nupC geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:110.

In one embodiment, the nupC gene is a nupC gene from Helicobacterpylori. In one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 80% identitywith the sequence of SEQ ID NO:117. Accordingly, in one embodiment, thenupC gene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ IDNO:117. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about95% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:117. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:117. In another embodiment, thenupC gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:117. In yet anotherembodiment the nupC gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:117.

In one embodiment, the nupC (also referred to herein as SA0600) gene isa nupC gene from Staphylococcus aureus. In one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:118.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:118. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:118. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:118. In another embodiment, the nupC gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:118. In yet another embodiment the nupC geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:118.

In one embodiment, the nupC (also referred to herein as SAV0645) gene isa nupC gene from Staphylococcus aureus. In one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:119.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:119. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:119. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:119. In another embodiment, the nupC gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:119. In yet another embodiment the nupC geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:119.

In one embodiment, the nupC (also referred to herein as spNupC) gene isa nupC gene from Streptococcus pyogenes. In one embodiment, the nupCgene has at least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:120.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:120. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:120. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:120. In another embodiment, the nupC gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:120. In yet another embodiment the nupC geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:120.

In one embodiment, the nupC (also referred to herein as VC2352) gene isa nupC gene from Vibrio cholerae. In one embodiment, the nupC gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:121.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:121. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:121. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:121. In another embodiment, the nupC gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:121. In yet another embodiment the nupC geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:121.

In one embodiment, the nupC (also referred to herein as VC1953) gene isa nupC gene from Vibrio cholerae. In one embodiment, the nupC gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:122.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:122. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:122. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:122. In another embodiment, the nupC gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:122. In yet another embodiment the nupC geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:122.

In one embodiment, the nupC (also referred to herein as VCA0179) gene isa nupC gene from Vibrio cholerae. In one embodiment, the nupC gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:123.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:123. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupC gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:123. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupC genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:123. In another embodiment, the nupC gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:123. In yet another embodiment the nupC geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:123.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a yutK gene,e.g., a yutK gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the yutK gene isa yutK gene from Bacillus subtilis. In one embodiment, the yutK gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:111.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yutK gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:111. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the yutK gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:111. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yutK genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:111. In another embodiment, the yutK gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:111. In yet another embodiment the yutK geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:111.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a yxjA gene,e.g., a yxjA gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the yxjA gene isa yxjA gene from Bacillus subtilis. In one embodiment, the yxjA gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:112.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yxjA gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:112. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the yxjA gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:112. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yxjA genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:112. In another embodiment, the yxjA gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:112. In yet another embodiment the yxjA geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:112.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by asodium-dependent nucleoside transporter gene, e.g., a sodium-dependentnucleoside transporter gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, thesodium-dependent nucleoside transporter gene is a CC2089 (also referredto herein as CcCNT) gene. In one embodiment, the sodium-dependentnucleoside transporter gene is a CC2089 gene from Caulobactercrescentus. In one embodiment, the sodium-dependent nucleosidetransporter gene has at least about 80% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:113. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the sodium-dependentnucleoside transporter gene has at least about 90% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:113. Accordingly, in one embodiment, thesodium-dependent nucleoside transporter gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:113. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the sodium-dependent nucleoside transporter gene has atleast about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ IDNO:113. In another embodiment, the sodium-dependent nucleosidetransporter gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:113. In yet anotherembodiment the sodium-dependent nucleoside transporter gene consists ofthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:113.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a yeiJ gene,e.g., a yeiJ gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the yeiJ gene isa yeiJ gene from Escherichia coli. In one embodiment, the yeiJ gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:114.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yeiJ gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:114. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the yeiJ gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:114. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yeiJ genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:114. In another embodiment, the yeiJ gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:114. In yet another embodiment the yeiJ geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:114.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a yeiM gene,e.g., a yeiM gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the yeiM gene isa yeiM gene from Escherichia coli. In one embodiment, the yeiM gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:115.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yeiM gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:115. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the yeiM gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:115. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yeiM genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:115. In another embodiment, the yeiM gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:115. In yet another embodiment the yeiM geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:115.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a HI0519gene, e.g., a HI0519 gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, theHI0519 gene is a HI0519 gene from Haemophilus influenzae. In oneembodiment, the HI0519 gene has at least about 80% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:116. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the HI0519gene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:116.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the HI0519 gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:116. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the HI0519 gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:116. In another embodiment, theHI0519 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:116. In yet anotherembodiment the HI0519 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:116.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a yegT gene,e.g., a yegT gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the yegT gene isa yegT gene from Escherichia coli. In one embodiment, the yegT gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:124.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yegT gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:124. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the yegT gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:124. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the yegT genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:124. In another embodiment, the yegT gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:124. In yet another embodiment the yegT geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:124.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a nupG gene,e.g., a nupG gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the nupG gene isa nupG gene from Escherichia coli. In one embodiment, the nupG gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:125.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupG gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:125. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the nupG gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:125. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nupG genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:125. In another embodiment, the nupG gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:125. In yet another embodiment the nupG geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:125.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a xapB gene,e.g., a xapB gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the xapB gene isa xapB gene from Escherichia coli. In one embodiment, the xapB gene hasat least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:126.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the xapB gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:126. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the xapB gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:126. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the xapB genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:126. In another embodiment, the xapB gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:126. In yet another embodiment the xapB geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:126.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded by a CC1628gene, e.g., a CC1628 gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, theCC1628 gene is a CC1628 gene from Caulobacter crescentus. In oneembodiment, the CC1628 gene has at least about 80% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:127. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the CC1628gene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:127.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the CC1628 gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:127. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the CC1628 gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:127. In another embodiment, theCC1628 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:127. In yet anotherembodiment the CC1628 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:127.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is a cytosine permease,e.g., CodB. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is encoded bya codB gene, e.g., a codB gene disclosed herein. In one embodiment, thecodB gene is a codB gene from Escherichia coli. In one embodiment, thecodB gene has at least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ IDNO:128. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the codB gene has at least about90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:128. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the codB gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:128. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the codB genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:128. In another embodiment, the codB gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:128. In yet another embodiment the codB geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:128.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the nucleoside transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% morenucleosides into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the nucleoside transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more nucleosides, intothe bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the nucleoside transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold morenucleosides into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the nucleoside transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cellsimport three-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold,eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold more nucleoside into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous nucleoside transporter and a secondheterologous nucleoside transporter. For, example, in one embodiment,the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least one outer membrancenucleoside transporter, e.g., tsx, and at least one inner membranenucleoside transporter, e.g., nupC and/or nupG. In one embodiment, saidfirst nucleoside transporter is derived from a different organism thansaid second nucleoside transporter. In some embodiments, said firstnucleoside transporter is derived from the same organism as said secondnucleoside transporter. In some embodiments, said first nucleosidetransporter imports the same nucleoside as said second nucleosidetransporter. In other embodiment, said first nucleoside transporterimports a different nucleoside from said second nucleoside transporter.In some embodiments, said first nucleoside transporter is a wild-typenucleoside transporter and said second nucleoside transporter is amutagenized version of said first nucleoside transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least a third heterologous nucleoside transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least four heterologous nucleoside transporters. In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cells described herein comprise at least fiveheterologous nucleoside transporters or more.

In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter imports one nucleosideinto the bacterial cell. In another embodiment, the nucleosidetransporter imports two nucleosides into the bacterial cell. In yetanother embodiment, the nucleoside transporter imports three nucleosidesinto the bacterial cell. In another embodiment, the nucleosidetransporter imports four or more nucleosides into the cell. In oneembodiment, the nucleoside transporter is an outer membrane nucleosidetransporter. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter is an innermembrane nucleoside transporter. In one embodiment, the nucleosidetransporter is an adenosine transporter. In another embodiment, thenucleoside transporter is an guanosine transporter. In anotherembodiment, the nucleoside transporter is an uridine transporter. Inanother embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a inosine transporter.In another embodiment, the amino acid transporter is a xanthosinetransporter. In another embodiment, the amino acid transporter is athymidine transporter. In one embodiment, the nucleoside transporter isan cytidine transporter.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding a nucleoside transporter, e.g., an adenosinetransporter, may be used to treat a disease, condition, and/or symptomassociated with cancer, e.g., a cancer described herein. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein may beused to reduce, ameliorate, or eliminate one or more symptom(s)associated with a cancer.

For example, an important barrier to successful cancer immunotherapy isthat tumors employ a number of mechanisms to facilitate immune escape,including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the recruitmentof regulatory immune subsets, and the production of immunosuppressivemetabolites. One such immunosuppressive pathway is the production ofextracellular adenosine, a potent immunosuppressive molecule, by CD73.The purinergic system regulates and refines immune cell functions, suchas cell-to-cell interactions, cytokine and chemokine secretion, surfaceantigen shedding, intracellular pathogen removal, and generatingreactive oxygen species. Extracellular ATP, released by damaged or dyingcells and bacteria, promotes the recruitment of immune phagocytes andactivates P2X7R, a coactivator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which thentriggers the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β andIL-18. The catabolism of extracellular ATP into ADP, AMP and adenosineis controlled by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI-) anchoredectonucleotidases and membrane-bound kinases. CD39 (ecto-nucleosidetriphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, E-NTPDase1) hydrolyzes ATP into AMP,which is then dephosphorylated into adenosine by CD73(ecto-5′-nucleotidase, Ecto5′NTase). Thus, CD39 and CD73 act in concertto convert proinflammatory ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine.Notably, the activity of CD39 is reversible by the actions of NDP kinaseand adenylate kinase, whereas the activity of CD73 is virtuallyirreversible. Thus, CD73 represents a crucial checkpoint in theconversion of an ATP-driven proinflammatory environment to ananti-inflammatory milieu induced by adenosine. Stated another way, CD73negatively regulates the proinflammatory effects of extracellularadenosine triphosphate (ATP).

In the tumor setting, CD39 and CD73 generate increased adenosine levelscharacteristic of the tumor microenvironment. High expression andactivity of CD39 and CD73 has been observed in several blood or solidtumors. In addition, CD39- and CD73-expressing cancer exosomes can alsoraise adenosine levels within the tumor microenvironment. The CD39/CD73complex participates in the process of tumor immunoescape, by inhibitingthe activation, clonal expansion, and homing of tumor-specific T cells(in particular, T helper and cytotoxic T cells), impairing tumor cellkilling by cytolytic effector T lymphocytes, and inducing thesuppressive capabilities of Treg and Th17 cells, and enhancing theconversion of type 1 macrophages into tumor-promoting type 2 macrophages(reviewed in Antonioli et al., Trends Mol Med. 2013 Jun; 19(6): 355-367.CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation). Myeloid-derived suppressorcells (MDSCs), also appear to promote tumor growth by a CD39-mediatedmechanism.

Beside its immunoregulatory roles, the ectonucleotidase pathwaycontributes directly to the modulation of cancer cell growth,differentiation, invasion, migration, metastasis, and tumorangiogenesis. Agents targeting these enzymes show anti-tumor efficacyand a favorable tolerability profile in several murine models ofmalignancy (Anonioli et al., 2013). In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria comprise a means for removing excess adenosine fromthe tumor microenvironment. Many bacteria scavenge low concentrations ofnucleosides from the environment for synthesis of nucleotides anddeoxynucleotides by salvage pathways of synthesis. Additionally, inEscherichia coli, nucleosides can be used as the sole source of nitrogenand carbon for growth (Neuhard J, Nygaard P. Biosynthesis and conversionof nucleotides, purines and pyrimidines. In: Neidhardt F C, Ingraham JL, Low K B, Magasanik B, Schaechter M, Umbarger H E, editors.Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and molecularbiology. Washington DC: ASM Press; 1987. pp. 445-473). Twoevolutionarily unrelated cation-linked transporter families, theConcentrative Nucleoside Transporter (CNT) family and the Nucleoside:H+Symporter (NHS) family, are responsible for nucleoside uptake (see e.g.,Cabrita et al., Biochem. Cell Biol. Vol. 80, 2002. Molecular biology andregulation of nucleoside and nucleobase transporter proteins ineukaryotes and prokaryotes), the contents of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety. NupC and NupG, are thetransporter family members in E. coli. Mutants defective in both thenupC and nupG genes cannot grow with nucleosides as a single carbonsource. Both of these transporters are proton-linked but they differ intheir selectivity. NupG is capable of transporting a wide range ofnucleosides and deoxynucleosides; in contrast, NupC does not transportguanosine or deoxyguanosine. Homologs of NupG from E. coli are found ina wide range of eubacteria, including human gut pathogens such asSalmonella typhimurium, organisms associated with periodontal diseasesuch as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, and plantpathogens in the genus Erwinia (As described in Vaziri et al., Mol MembrBiol. 2013 Mar; 30(1-2): 114-128. Use of molecular modelling to probethe mechanism of the nucleoside transporter NupG, the contents of whichis herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Putative bacterialtransporters from the CNT superfamily and transporters from theNupG/XapB family include those listed herein. In addition, codB (GenBankP25525, Escherichia coli) was identified based on homology to a yeasttransporter family termed the uracil/allantoin transpertor family(Cabrita et al., supra).

Thus, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a means formetabolizing or degrading adenosine. In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene sequencesencoding one or more enzymes that are capable of converting adenosine tourate. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprisesequence(s) encoding add, xapA, deoD, xdhA, xdhB, and xdhC genes from E.Coli. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria orgenetically engineered oncolytic virus further comprise a means forimporting adenosine into the engineered bacteria from the tumormicroenvironment. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprise sequence for encoding a nucleoside transporter. Insome embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria for encoding anadenosine transporter. In certain embodiments, genetically engineeredbacteria for encoding E. coli Nucleoside Permease nupG or nupC. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise sequence(s)encoding add, xapA, deoD, xdhA, xdhB, and xdhC genes from E. Coli andcomprise sequence encoding a nucleoside or adenosine transporter. Insome embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprisesequence(s) encoding add, xapA, deoD, xdhA, xdhB, and xdhC genes from E.Coli and comprise sequence encoding nupG or nupC. An exemplaryengineered bacteria is shown in FIG. 34.

C. Kynurenine Transporters

The catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan is a centralpathway maintaining the immunosuppressive microenvironment in many typesof cancers. Tumor cells or myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironmentexpress high levels of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which isthe first and rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of tryptophan.This enzymatic activity results in the depletion of tryptophan in thelocal microenvironment and subsequent inhibition of T cell responses,which results in immunosuppression (as T cells are particularlysensitive to low tryptophan levels). More recent preclinical studiessuggest an alternative route of tryptophan degradation in tumors via theenzyme TRP-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO). Thus, tumor cells may express andcatabolize tryptophan via TDO instead of or in addition to IDO1.

In addition, several studies have proposed that immunosuppression bytryptophan degradation is not solely a consequence of lowering localtryptophan levels but also of accumulating high levels of tryptophanmetabolites. Preclinical studies and analyses of human tumor tissue havedemonstrated that T cell responses are inhibited by tryptophanmetabolites, primarily by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AHR), a cytoplasmic transcription factor. These studies show thatbinding of the tryptophan metabolite kynurenine to the aryl hydrocarbonreceptor results in reprograming the differentiation of naïveCD4+T-helper (Th) cells favoring a regulatory T cells phenotype (Treg)while suppressing the differentiation into interleukin-17(IL-17)-producing Th (Th17) cells. Activation of the aryl hydrogenreceptor also results in promoting a tolerogenic phenotype on dendriticcells. As discussed above, studies have shown that the binding ofkynurenine to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor results in the production ofregulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, in some embodiments, the engineeredmicrobe has a mechanism for importing (transporting) Kynurenine from thelocal environment into the cell. Thus, in some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise gene sequence(s) encoding akynureninase transporter. In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria comprise one or more copies of aroP, tnaB or mtrgene.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a kynurenine transporter. In oneembodiment, the kynurenine transporter transports kynurenine into thecell.

The uptake of kynurenine into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding a transporter is a gene selected from the groupconsisting of mtr, aroP and tnaB. In one embodiment, the bacterial celldescribed herein has been genetically engineered to comprise at leastone heterologous gene selected from the group consisting of mtr, aroPand tnaB. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a kynureninetransporter is the Escherichia coli mtr gene. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a kynurenine transporter is the Escherichia coliaroP gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding akynurenine transporter is the Escherichia coli tnaB gene. In someembodiments, the kynurenine transporter is encoded by a kynureninetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Sacharomyces,Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Corynebacteriumglutamicum. In some embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichiacoli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia colistrain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a kynurenine transporter, afunctional variant of a kynurenine transporter, or a functional fragmentof transporter of kynurenine are well known to one of ordinary skill inthe art.

Kynurenine transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance kynurenine transport into the cell. Specifically, whenthe kynurenine transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells, the bacterial cells import more kynurenine(s) into the cell whenthe transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a kynureninetransporter. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a kynurenine transporter and a geneticmodification that reduces export of a kynurenine, e.g., a geneticmutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a kynurenine transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a kynurenine transporter. Insome embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a kynureninetransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding akynurenine transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native kynureninetransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding a kynurenine transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding a kynurenine transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell comprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous geneencoding a kynurenine transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a kynurenine transporter, wherein saidkynurenine transporter comprises a kynurenine sequence that has at least70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to thekynurenine sequence of a polypeptide encoded by a kynurenine transportergene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a kynurenine transporter or functional variants of akynurenine transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragmentthereof” or “functional variant thereof” of a kynurenine transporterrelates to an element having qualitative biological activity in commonwith the wild-type kynurenine transporter from which the fragment orvariant was derived. For example, a functional fragment or a functionalvariant of a mutated kynurenine transporter is one which retainsessentially the same ability to import a kynurenine into the bacterialcell as does the kynurenine transporter protein from which thefunctional fragment or functional variant was derived. In oneembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least oneheterologous gene encoding a functional fragment of a kynureninetransporter. In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a functional variant of akynurenine transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the kynurenine transporter havebeen codon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterialcell disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding thekynurenine transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichiacoli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a kynureninetransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a kynureninetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased kynurenineimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding akynurenine transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a kynureninetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased kynurenineimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding akynurenine transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.The transporter modifications described herein may be present on aplasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a kynurenine transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a kynurenine transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a kynurenine transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a kynurenine transporter in nature. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the kynurenine transporteris controlled by its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at leastone gene encoding the kynurenine transporter is controlled by aninducible promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe kynurenine transporter is controlled by a promoter that is strongerthan its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one geneencoding the kynurenine transporter is controlled by a constitutivepromoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a kynureninetransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a low copy number plasmid. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a kynurenine transporter islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet anotherembodiment, a native copy of the at least one gene encoding a kynureninetransporter is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and acopy of at least one gene encoding a kynurenine transporter from adifferent species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterialcell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at least one geneencoding a kynurenine transporter is located on a plasmid in thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a kynureninetransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a kynurenine transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a kynurenine transporter from a different species of bacteriais located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thekynurenine transporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is notmodified, and one or more additional copies of the native transporterare inserted into the genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least onenative gene encoding the transporter is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of the transporter from a different bacterial speciesis inserted into the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the kynureninetransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of the native transporter are inserted into thegenome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encodingthe transporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the kynureninetransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding thekynurenine transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of at least one native gene encoding thetransporter are present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In one embodiment, the mtr gene has at least about 80% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:46. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mtr genehas at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mtr gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the mtr gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. In another embodiment, themtr gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. In yet anotherembodiment the mtr gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46.

In one embodiment, the tnaB gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tnaBgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the tnaB gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the tnaB gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. In another embodiment, thetnaB gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. In yet anotherembodiment the tnaB gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.

In one embodiment, the aroP gene has at least about 80% identity withthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the aroPgene has at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the aroP gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the aroP gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. In another embodiment, thearoP gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. In yet anotherembodiment the aroP gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the kynurenine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% morekynurenine into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the kynurenine transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more kynurenine, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the kynurenine transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold morekynurenine into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the kynurenine transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cellsimport three-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold,eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold more kynurenine into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous kynurenine transporter and a secondheterologous kynurenine transporter. In one embodiment, said firstkynurenine transporter is derived from a different organism than saidsecond kynurenine transporter. In some embodiments, said firstkynurenine transporter is derived from the same organism as said secondkynurenine transporter. In some embodiments, said first kynureninetransporter imports the same kynurenine as said second kynureninetransporter. In other embodiment, said first kynurenine transporterimports a different kynurenine from said second kynurenine transporter.In some embodiments, said first kynurenine transporter is a wild-typekynurenine transporter and said second kynurenine transporter is amutagenized version of said first kynurenine transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least a third heterologous kynurenine transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least four heterologous kynurenine transporters. In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cells described herein comprise at least fiveheterologous kynurenine transporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding a kynurenine transporter may be used to treata disease, condition, and/or symptom associated with cancer, e.g., acancer described herein. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterialcells described herein may be used to reduce, ameliorate, or eliminateone or more symptom(s) associated with a cancer.

Means for optimizing kynurenine uptake are provided in the Examplesection.

D. Prostaglandin E2 Transporters

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is overproduced in many tumors, where it aids incancer progression. PGE2 is a pleiotropic molecule involved in numerousbiological processes, including angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation,and immune suppression. PGE2 is synthesized from arachidonic acid bycyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). COX-2, converts arachidonic acid (AA) toprostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2). PHG2 is then converted to PHE2 byprostaglandin E synthase (PGES), of which there are three forms. PGE2can be catabolized into biologically inactive 15-keto-PGs by 15-PGDH andcarbonyl reductase or secreted by the transporter MRP4.

MDSCs are thought to play a key role in the PGE2 production in the tumorenvironment. Tumor derived factors induce COX2, PGES1, and MRP4 anddownregulate the expression of 15-PGDH in MDSCs, and is associated withMDSC suppressive activity. Inhibition of PGE2 through COX-2 inhibitorsshow promise as cancer treatments, but systemic administration isassociated with serious side effects, and in the case of the COX-2inhibitor celecoxib, resistance to tumor prevention has been observed.

In addition to inhibition of PGE production, the degradation of PGE2 by15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is another way to reducePGE2 levels in tumors. A lack of prostaglandin dehydrogenase preventscatabolism of prostaglandin E2, which helps cancer cells both to evadethe immune system and circumvent drug treatment. Recent studies havedemonstrated that 15-PGDH delivered locally to the tumormicroenvironment can effect an antitumor immune response. For example,injection of an adenovirus encoding 15-PGDH into mouse tumors comprisingnon-lymphocyte white blood cells expressing CD1 1b (which have increasedPGE2 levels, higher COX-2 expression and significantly reducedexpression of 15-PGDH as compared with cells from outside the tumor),resulted in significantly slowed tumor growth. These studies furthershowed that 15-PGDH expression was highest in tumor cells but alsosignificant in tumor-associated CD1 1b cells, where it produced afour-fold reduction in PGE2 secretion. This was associated with reducedsecretion of immunosuppressive cytokines by the CD1 1b cells whichresulted in a switch in their fate, promoting their differentiation intodendritic cells. These studies show that overproduction of PGE2 intumors contributes to immune evasion by preventing maturation ofantigen-presenting cells, and that evasion can be overcome by enforcedexpression of 15-PGDH. (Eruslanov et al., Volume 88, November 2010Journal of Leukocyte Biology; Tumor-mediated induction ofmyeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2-polarized macrophages byaltering intracellular PGE2 catabolism in myeloid cells).

Other studies confirm the benefit of local PGE2 catabolism in cancertreatment. Celecoxib, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitorused to treat pain and inflammation, reduces the recurrence of colonadenomas but does not work in some patients who have low levels of15-PGDH. These results correspond with studies which show that in mice,gene knockout of 15-PGDH confers near-complete resistance to the abilityof celecoxib to prevent colon tumors. These and other studies highlightthe potential importance of reducing PGE2 levels in cancer, eitherthrough inhibition of synthesis or promotion of catalysis or both.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) transporter. Inone embodiment, the PGE2 transporter transports PGE2 into the cell.

The uptake of PGE2 into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the PGE2 transporter is encoded by a PGE2transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Escherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Corynebacterium glutamicum. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a PGE2 transporter, a functionalvariant of a PGE2 transporter, or a functional fragment of transporterof PGE2 are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example,import of PGE2 may be determined using the methods as described in, theentire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

PGE2 transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria in orderto enhance PGE2 transport into the cell. Specifically, when the PGE2transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, thebacterial cells import more PGE2 into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a PGE2 transporter. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a PGE2 transporterand a genetic modification that reduces export of a PGE2, e.g., agenetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a PGE2 transporter from a different organism, e.g., a differentspecies of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises atleast one native gene encoding a PGE2 transporter. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding a PGE2 transporter is notmodified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises more thanone copy of at least one native gene encoding a PGE2 transporter. In yetanother embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises a copy of at least onegene encoding a native PGE2 transporter, as well as at least one copy ofat least one heterologous gene encoding a PGE2 transporter from adifferent bacterial species. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one, two, three, four, five, or six copies of the atleast one heterologous gene encoding a PGE2 transporter. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises multiple copies of the at leastone heterologous gene encoding a PGE2 transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a PGE2 transporter, wherein said PGE2transporter comprises a PGE2 sequence that has at least 70%, 75%, 80%,81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the PGE2 sequence of apolypeptide encoded by a PGE2 transporter gene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a PGE2 transporter or functional variants of a PGE2transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragment thereof” or“functional variant thereof” of a PGE2 transporter relates to an elementhaving qualitative biological activity in common with the wild-type PGE2transporter from which the fragment or variant was derived. For example,a functional fragment or a functional variant of a mutated PGE2transporter is one which retains essentially the same ability to importPGE2 into the bacterial cell as does the PGE2 transporter protein fromwhich the functional fragment or functional variant was derived. In oneembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least oneheterologous gene encoding a functional fragment of a PGE2 transporter.In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a functional variant of a PGE2 transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the PGE2 transporter have beencodon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterial celldisclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the PGE2transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a PGE2transporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a PGE2 transporteris mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased PGE2 import are selected;and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter isisolated and inserted into the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theat least one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter is mutagenized; mutantsexhibiting decreased PGE2 import are selected; and the mutagenized atleast one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter is isolated and inserted intothe bacterial cell. The transporter modifications described herein maybe present on a plasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a PGE2 transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter is indirectly operably linkedto the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a PGE2 transporter in nature. In some embodiments, theat least one gene encoding the PGE2 transporter is controlled by itsnative promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding thePGE2 transporter is controlled by an inducible promoter. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the PGE2 transporter iscontrolled by a promoter that is stronger than its native promoter. Insome embodiments, the at least one gene encoding the PGE2 transporter iscontrolled by a constitutive promoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter islocated on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theplasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In some embodiments, the plasmidis a low copy number plasmid. In another embodiment, the at least onegene encoding a PGE2 transporter is located in the chromosome of thebacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at leastone gene encoding a PGE2 transporter is located in the chromosome of thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a PGE2transporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter is located on a plasmid inthe bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a PGE2transporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a PGE2 transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a PGE2 transporter from a different species of bacteria islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the PGE2transporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, and oneor more additional copies of the native transporter are inserted intothe genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the PGE2 transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the PGE2transporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the PGE2transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the PGE2 transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more PGE2into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the PGE2 transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more PGE2, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the PGE2 transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold morePGE2 into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the PGE2 transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold more PGE2 into the cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous PGE2 transporter and a second heterologousPGE2 transporter. In one embodiment, said first PGE2 transporter isderived from a different organism than said second PGE2 transporter. Insome embodiments, said first PGE2 transporter is derived from the sameorganism as said second PGE2 transporter. In some embodiments, saidfirst PGE2 transporter is a wild-type PGE2 transporter and said secondPGE2 transporter is a mutagenized version of said first PGE2transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least a third heterologous PGE2transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least four heterologous PGE2 transporters.In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise at least five heterologous PGE2 transporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding a PGE2 transporter may be used to treat adisease, condition, and/or symptom associated with cancer, e.g., acancer described herein. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterialcells described herein may be used to reduce, ameliorate, or eliminateone or more symptom(s) associated with a cancer.

E. Lactic Acid Transporters

The anti-cancer immune response is influenced by the environmental pH;an acidic pH has been shown to inhibit the function of immune cells.Lowering the environmental pH to 6.0-6.5, as can be found in tumourmasses, has been reported to lead to loss of T-cell function of humanand murine tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (eg impairment of cytolyticactivity and cytokine secretion); the T-cell function could becompletely restored by buffering the pH at physiological values. Theprimary cause responsible for the acidic pH and pH-dependent T-cellfunction-suppressive effect in a tumour micro-environment has beenidentified as lactic acid (as reviewed in Chio et al., J Pathol. 2013Aug; 230(4): 350-355. Cancer-generated lactic acid: a regulatory,immunosuppressive metabolite?), the contents of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety. It has also been demonstratedthat cancer-generated lactic acid and the resultant acidification of themicro-environment increase the expression of ARG1 in tumour-associatedmacrophages, characteristic of the M2 helper phenotype.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium are able toimport lactic acid from the tumor microenvironment. In one embodiment,the recombinant bacterial cell of the invention comprises a heterologousgene encoding a substrate transporter, wherein the substrate transporteris a lactic acid transporter. In one embodiment, the lactic acidtransporter transports lactic acid into the cell.

The uptake of lactic acid into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the lactic acid transporter is encoded by a lacticacid transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species,including but not limited to, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Escherichiacoli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Corynebacterium glutamicum. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a lactic acid transporter, afunctional variant of a lactic acid transporter, or a functionalfragment of transporter of lactic acid are well known to one of ordinaryskill in the art.

lactic acid transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance lactic acid transport into the cell. Specifically, whenthe lactic acid transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells, the bacterial cells import more lactic acid into the cell whenthe transporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the samebacterial subtype under the same conditions. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a lactic acidtransporter. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a lactic acid transporter and a geneticmodification that reduces export of a lactic acid, e.g., a geneticmutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a lactic acid transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a lactic acid transporter.In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a lactic acidtransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding alactic acid transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native lactic acidtransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding a lactic acid transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding a lactic acid transporter. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises multiple copies of the at least oneheterologous gene encoding a lactic acid transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a lactic acid transporter, wherein saidlactic acid transporter comprises a lactic acid sequence that has atleast 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to thelactic acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded by a lactic acidtransporter gene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a lactic acid transporter or functional variants of alactic acid transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragmentthereof” or “functional variant thereof” of a lactic acid transporterrelates to an element having qualitative biological activity in commonwith the wild-type lactic acid transporter from which the fragment orvariant was derived. For example, a functional fragment or a functionalvariant of a mutated lactic acid transporter is one which retainsessentially the same ability to import lactic acid into the bacterialcell as does the lactic acid transporter protein from which thefunctional fragment or functional variant was derived. In oneembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least oneheterologous gene encoding a functional fragment of a lactic acidtransporter. In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a functional variant of a lacticacid transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the lactic acid transporter havebeen codon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterialcell disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the lacticacid transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a lactic acidtransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a lactic acidtransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased lactic acidimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding alactic acid transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterialcell. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a lactic acidtransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased lactic acidimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding alactic acid transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterialcell. The transporter modifications described herein may be present on aplasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a lactic acid transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lactic acid transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a lactic acid transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a lactic acid transporter in nature. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the lactic acid transporteris controlled by its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at leastone gene encoding the lactic acid transporter is controlled by aninducible promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe lactic acid transporter is controlled by a promoter that is strongerthan its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one geneencoding the lactic acid transporter is controlled by a constitutivepromoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lactic acidtransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a low copy number plasmid. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a lactic acid transporter islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet anotherembodiment, a native copy of the at least one gene encoding a lacticacid transporter is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, anda copy of at least one gene encoding a lactic acid transporter from adifferent species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterialcell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at least one geneencoding a lactic acid transporter is located on a plasmid in thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a lactic acidtransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a lactic acid transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a lactic acid transporter from a different species of bacteriais located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the lacticacid transporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, andone or more additional copies of the native transporter are insertedinto the genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the lactic acid transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the lactic acidtransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding thelactic acid transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of at least one native gene encoding thetransporter are present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the lactic acid transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more lacticacid into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the lactic acid transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more lactic acid, intothe bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the lactic acid transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold morelactic acid into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the lactic acid transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cellsimport three-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold,eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold more lactic acid into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous lactic acid transporter and a secondheterologous lactic acid transporter. In one embodiment, said firstlactic acid transporter is derived from a different organism than saidsecond lactic acid transporter. In some embodiments, said first lacticacid transporter is derived from the same organism as said second lacticacid transporter. In some embodiments, said first lactic acidtransporter is a wild-type lactic acid transporter and said secondlactic acid transporter is a mutagenized version of said first lacticacid transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least a third heterologous lactic acidtransporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least four heterologous lactic acidtransporters. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least five heterologous lactic acidtransporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding a lactic acid transporter may be used totreat a disease, condition, and/or symptom associated with cancer, e.g.,a cancer described herein. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cells described herein may be used to reduce, ameliorate, oreliminate one or more symptom(s) associated with a cancer.

E. Propionate Transporters

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a propionate transporter. In oneembodiment, the propionate transporter transports propionate into thecell.

The uptake of propionate into bacterial cells typically occurs viapassive diffusion (see, for example, Kell et al., 1981, Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun., 9981-8). However, the active import of propionateis also mediated by proteins well known to those of skill in the art.For example, a bacterial transport system for the update of propionatein Corynebacterium glutamicum named MctC (monocarboxylic acidtransporter) is known (see, for example, Jolkver et al. (2009) J.Bacteriol. 191(3): 940-8). The putP_6 propionate transporter fromVirgibacillus species (UniProt A0A024QGU1) has also been identified.

Propionate transporters, may be expressed or modified in the bacteria ofthe invention in order to enhance propionate transport into the cell.Specifically, when the propionate transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells of the invention, the bacterial cells importmore propionate into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. Thus, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding an propionate transporter may be used toimport propionate into the bacteria and can be used to treat diseasesassociated with the catabolism of propionate, such as organic acidurias(including PA and MMA) and vitamin B₁₂ deficiencies. In one embodiment,the bacterial cell of the invention comprises a heterologous geneencoding an propionate transporter.

The uptake of propionate into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the at leastone gene encoding a propionate transporter is a gene selected from thegroup consisting of metC, PutP_6, mctB, mctC, dip0780, dip0791, ce0909,ce0910, ce1091, ce1092, sco 1822, sco1823, sco1218, sco1219, ce1091,sco5827, m_5160, m_5161, m_5165, m_5166, nfa 17930, nfa 17940, nfa17950, nfa 17960, actP, yjcH, ywcB, and ywcA. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell described herein has been genetically engineered tocomprise at least one heterologous gene selected from the groupconsisting of metC, PutP_6, mctB, mctC, dip0780, dip0791, ce0909,ce0910, ce1091, ce1092, sco1822, sco1823, sco1218, sco1219, ce 1091,sco5827, m_5160, m_5161, m_5165, m_5166, nfa 17930, nfa 17940, nfa17950, nfa 17960, actP, yjcH, ywcB, and ywcA. In one embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a propionate transporter is the metC gene. Inone embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a propionate transporteris the putP_6 gene.

In some embodiments, the propionate transporter is encoded by apropionate transporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species,including but not limited to, Bacillus, Campylobacter, Clostridium,Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas,Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Bacillus subtilis,Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli,Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Nocardia farcinica,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Virgibacillus, orStaphylococcus aureus. In some embodiments, the propionate transportergene is derived from Virgibacillus. In some embodiments, the propionatetransporter gene is derived from Corynebacterium. In one embodiment, thepropionate transporter gene is derived from Corynebacterium glutamicum.In another embodiment, the propionate transporter gene is derived fromCorynebacterium diphtheria. In another embodiment, the propionatetransporter gene is derived from Corynebacterium efficiens. In anotherembodiment, the propionate transporter gene is derived from Streptomycescoelicolor. In another embodiment, the propionate transporter gene isderived from Mycobacterium smegmatis. In another embodiment, thepropionate transporter gene is derived from Nocardia farcinica. Inanother embodiment, the propionate transporter gene is derived from E.coli. In another embodiment, the propionate transporter gene is derivedfrom B. subtilis. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a propionate transporter, afunctional variant of a propionate transporter, or a functional fragmentof transporter of propionate are well known to one of ordinary skill inthe art. For example, propionate import can be assessed by expressingthe protein, functional variant, or fragment thereof, in a recombinantbacterial cell that lacks an endogenous propionate transporter.Propionate import can also be assessed using mass spectrometry.Propionate import can also be expressed using gas chromatography. Forexample, samples can be injected into a Perkin Elmer Autosystem XL GasChromatograph containing a Supelco packed column, and the analysis canbe performed according to manufacturing instructions (see, for example,Supelco I (1998) Analyzing fatty acids by packed column gaschromatography, Bulletin 856B:2014). Alternatively, samples can beanalyzed for propionate import using high-pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC). For example, a computer-controlled Waters HPLC system equippedwith a model 600 quaternary solvent delivery system, and a model 996photodiode array detector, and components of the sample can be resolvedwith an Aminex HPX-87H (300 by 7.8 mm) organic acid analysis column(Bio-Rad Laboratories) (see, for example, Palacios et al., 2003, J.Bacteriol., 185(9):2802-2810).

Propionate transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance propionate transport into the cell. Specifically, whenthe propionate transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells, the bacterial cells import more propionate into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a propionate transporter. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding apropionate transporter and a genetic modification that reduces export ofa propionate, e.g., a genetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a propionate transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a propionate transporter. Insome embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a propionatetransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding apropionate transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native propionatetransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding a propionate transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding a propionate transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell comprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous geneencoding a propionate transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a propionate transporter, wherein saidpropionate transporter comprises a propionate sequence that has at least70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to thepropionate sequence of a polypeptide encoded by a propionate transportergene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a propionate transporter or functional variants of apropionate transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragmentthereof” or “functional variant thereof” of a propionate transporterrelates to an element having qualitative biological activity in commonwith the wild-type propionate transporter from which the fragment orvariant was derived. For example, a functional fragment or a functionalvariant of a mutated propionate transporter is one which retainsessentially the same ability to import propionate into the bacterialcell as does the propionate transporter protein from which thefunctional fragment or functional variant was derived. In oneembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least oneheterologous gene encoding a functional fragment of a propionatetransporter. In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a functional variant of apropionate transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the propionate transporter havebeen codon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterialcell disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding thepropionate transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichiacoli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a propionatetransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a propionatetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased propionateimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding apropionate transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a propionatetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased propionateimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding apropionate transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.The transporter modifications described herein may be present on aplasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a propionate transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a propionate transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a propionate transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a propionate transporter in nature. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the propionate transporteris controlled by its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at leastone gene encoding the propionate transporter is controlled by aninducible promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe propionate transporter is controlled by a promoter that is strongerthan its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one geneencoding the propionate transporter is controlled by a constitutivepromoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a propionatetransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a low copy number plasmid. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a propionate transporter islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet anotherembodiment, a native copy of the at least one gene encoding a propionatetransporter is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and acopy of at least one gene encoding a propionate transporter from adifferent species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterialcell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at least one geneencoding a propionate transporter is located on a plasmid in thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a propionatetransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a propionate transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a propionate transporter from a different species of bacteriais located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thepropionate transporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is notmodified, and one or more additional copies of the native transporterare inserted into the genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least onenative gene encoding the transporter is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of the transporter from a different bacterial speciesis inserted into the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the propionatetransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of the native transporter are inserted into thegenome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encodingthe transporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the propionatetransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding thepropionate transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one ormore additional copies of at least one native gene encoding thetransporter are present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In one embodiment, the propionate transporter is MctC. In oneembodiment, the mctC gene has at least about 80% identity to SEQ IDNO:129. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mctC gene has at least about90% identity to SEQ ID NO:129. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mctCgene has at least about 95% identity to SEQ ID NO:12. Accordingly, inone embodiment, the mctC gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO:129. In another embodiment, the mctC genecomprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:129. In yet another embodiment themctC gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:129.

In another embodiment, the propionate transporter is PutP_6. In oneembodiment, the putP_6 gene has at least about 80% identity to SEQ IDNO:130. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the putP_6 gene has at leastabout 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:130. Accordingly, in one embodiment, theputP_6 gene has at least about 95% identity to SEQ ID NO:130.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the putP_6 gene has at least about 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO:130. In another embodiment, theputP_6 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:130. In yet anotherembodiment the putP_6 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:130.

Other propionate transporter genes are known to those of ordinary skillin the art. See, for example, Jolker et al., J. Bacteriol., 2009,191(3):940-948. In one embodiment, the propionate transporter comprisesthe mctBC genes from C. glutamicum. In another embodiment, thepropionate transporter comprises the dip0780 and dip0791 genes from C.diphtheria. In another embodiment, the propionate transporter comprisesthe ce0909 and ce0910 genes from C. efficiens. In another embodiment,the propionate transporter comprises the ce1091 and ce1092 genes from C.efficiens. In another embodiment, the propionate transporter comprisesthe sco1822 and sco1823 genes from S. coelicolor. In another embodiment,the propionate transporter comprises the sco1218 and sco1219 genes fromS. coelicolor. In another embodiment, the propionate transportercomprises the ce1091 and sco5827 genes from S. coelicolor. In anotherembodiment, the propionate transporter comprises the m_5160, m_5161,m_5165, and m_5166 genes from M. smegmatis. In another embodiment, thepropionate transporter comprises the nfa 17930, nfa 17940, nfa 17950,and nfa 17960 genes from N. farcinica. In another embodiment, thepropionate transporter comprises the actP and yjcH genes from E. coli.In another embodiment, the propionate transporter comprises the ywcB andywcA genes from B. subtilis.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the propionate transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% morepropionate into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the propionate transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more propionate, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the propionate transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold morepropionate into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the propionate transporteris expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cellsimport three-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold,eight-fold, nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold more propionate into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous propionate transporter and a secondheterologous propionate transporter. In one embodiment, said firstpropionate transporter is derived from a different organism than saidsecond propionate transporter. In some embodiments, said firstpropionate transporter is derived from the same organism as said secondpropionate transporter. In some embodiments, said first propionatetransporter is a wild-type propionate transporter and said secondpropionate transporter is a mutagenized version of said first propionatetransporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least a third heterologous propionatetransporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least four heterologous propionatetransporters. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least five heterologous propionatetransporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding an propionate transporter may be used totreat a disease, condition, and/or symptom associated with thecatabolism of propionate in a subject. In some embodiments, therecombinant bacterial cells described herein may be used to reduce,ameliorate, or eliminate one or more symptom(s) associated with thesediseases or disorders. In one embodiment, the disorder associated withthe catabolism of propionate is a metabolic disorder involving theabnormal catabolism of propionate. Metabolic diseases associated withabnormal catabolism of propionate include propionic acidemia (PA) andmethylmalonic acidemia (MMA), as well as severe nutritional vitamin B₁₂deficiencies. In one embodiment, the disease associated with abnormalcatabolism of propionate is propionic acidemia. In one embodiment, thedisease associated with abnormal catabolism of propionate ismethylmalonic acidemia. In another embodiment, the disease associatedwith abnormal catabolism of propionate is a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

G. Bile Salt Acid Transporters

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a bile salt transporter. In one embodiment,the bile salt transporter transports bile salt into the cell.

The uptake of bile salt into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, the uptake of bilesalts into the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium has been found to occurvia the bile salt transporters CbsT1 and CbsT2 (see, e.g., Elkins etal., Microbiology, 147(Pt. 12):3403-3412 (2001), the entire contents ofwhich are expressly incorporated herein by reference). Other proteinsthat mediate the import of bile salts into cells are well known to thoseof skill in the art.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a bile salttransporter is a cbsT1 or a cbsT2 gene. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell described herein has been genetically engineered to comprise atleast one heterologous gene selected from a cbsT1 or a cbsT2 gene. Inone embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a bile salt transporteris the cbsT1 gene. In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding abile salt transporter is the cbsT2 gene. In one embodiment, the bileacid transporter is the bile acid sodium symporter ASBT_(NM) (NMB0705gene of Neisseria meningitides).

In some embodiments, the bile salt transporter is encoded by a bile salttransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Lactobacillus, for example, Lactobacillus johnsonni(e.g., Lactobacillus johnsonni strain 100-100). In some embodiments, thebacterial species is Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, thebacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of an transporter of a bile salt, afunctional variant of an transporter of a bile salt, or a functionalfragment of an transporter of a bile salt are well known to one ofordinary skill in the art. For example, bile salt import can be assessedas described in Elkins et al. (2001) Microbiology, 147:3403-3412, theentire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Bile salt transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance bile salt transport into the cell. Specifically, whenthe bile salt transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells, the bacterial cells import more bile salt into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt transporter. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding abile salt transporter and a genetic modification that reduces export ofa bile salt, e.g., a genetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a bile salt transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a bile salt transporter. Insome embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a bile salttransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding a bilesalt transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native bile salttransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding a bile salt transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding a bile salt transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell comprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous geneencoding a bile salt transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a bile salt transporter, wherein said bilesalt transporter comprises a bile salt sequence that has at least 70%,75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the bile saltsequence of a polypeptide encoded by a bile salt transporter genedisclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a bile salt transporter or functional variants of a bilesalt transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragment thereof”or “functional variant thereof” of a bile salt transporter relates to anelement having qualitative biological activity in common with thewild-type bile salt transporter from which the fragment or variant wasderived. For example, a functional fragment or a functional variant of amutated bile salt transporter is one which retains essentially the sameability to import bile salt into the bacterial cell as does the bilesalt transporter protein from which the functional fragment orfunctional variant was derived. In one embodiment, the recombinantbacterial cell comprises at least one heterologous gene encoding afunctional fragment of a bile salt transporter. In another embodiment,the recombinant bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding afunctional variant of a bile salt transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the bile salt transporter havebeen codon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterialcell disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the bilesalt transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a bile salttransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a bile salttransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased bile saltimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding abile salt transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a bile salttransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased bile saltimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding abile salt transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.The transporter modifications described herein may be present on aplasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a bile salt transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a bile salt transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a bile salt transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a bile salt transporter in nature. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the bile salt transporter iscontrolled by its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least onegene encoding the bile salt transporter is controlled by an induciblepromoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding the bilesalt transporter is controlled by a promoter that is stronger than itsnative promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding thebile salt transporter is controlled by a constitutive promoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a bile salttransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a low copy number plasmid. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a bile salt transporter islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet anotherembodiment, a native copy of the at least one gene encoding a bile salttransporter is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and acopy of at least one gene encoding a bile salt transporter from adifferent species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterialcell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at least one geneencoding a bile salt transporter is located on a plasmid in thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a bile salttransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a bile salt transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a bile salt transporter from a different species of bacteria islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the bile salttransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, and oneor more additional copies of the native transporter are inserted intothe genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the bile salt transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the bile salttransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the bilesalt transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.In one embodiment, the bile salt transporter is the bile salttransporter CbsT1. In one embodiment, the cbsT1 gene has at least about80% identity to SEQ ID NO:131. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the cbsT1gene has at least about 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:131. Accordingly, inone embodiment, the cbsT1 gene has at least about 95% identity to SEQ IDNO:131. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the cbsT1 gene has at leastabout 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO:131. In anotherembodiment, the cbsT1 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:131. Inyet another embodiment the cbsT1 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ IDNO:131.

In one embodiment, the bile salt transporter is the bile salttransporter CbsT2. In one embodiment, the cbsT2 gene has at least about80% identity to SEQ ID NO:132. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the cbsT2gene has at least about 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:132. Accordingly, inone embodiment, the cbsT2 gene has at least about 95% identity to SEQ IDNO:132. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the cbsT2 gene has at leastabout 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO:132. In anotherembodiment, the cbsT2 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:132. Inyet another embodiment the cbsT2 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ IDNO:132.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the bile salt transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more bilesalt into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the bile salt transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more bile salt, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the bile salt transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold morebile salt into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the bile salt transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells importthree-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold,nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold more bile salt into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous bile salt transporter and a secondheterologous bile salt transporter. In one embodiment, said first bilesalt transporter is derived from a different organism than said secondbile salt transporter. In some embodiments, said first bile salttransporter is derived from the same organism as said second bile salttransporter. In some embodiments, said first bile salt transporterimports the same bile salt as said second bile salt transporter. Inother embodiment, said first bile salt transporter imports a differentbile salt from said second bile salt transporter. In some embodiments,said first bile salt transporter is a wild-type bile salt transporterand said second bile salt transporter is a mutagenized version of saidfirst bile salt transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cells described herein comprise at least a third heterologousbile salt transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterialcells described herein comprise at least four heterologous bile salttransporters. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least five heterologous bile salttransporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding an bile salt transporter may be used to treata disease, condition, and/or symptom associated with bile salts. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein may beused to reduce, ameliorate, or eliminate one or more symptom(s)associated with these diseases or disorders. In some embodiments, thedisease or disorder associated with bile salts is cardiovasculardisease, metabolic disease, liver disease, such as cirrhosis or NASH,gastrointestinal cancer, and/or C. difficile infection. In someembodiments, the disclosure provides methods for reducing, ameliorating,or eliminating one or more symptom(s) associated with these diseases,including but not limited to chest pain, heart failure, or weight gain.In some embodiments, the disease is secondary to other conditions, e.g.,cardiovascular disease or liver disease.

H. Ammonia Transporters

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is an ammonia transporter. In one embodiment,the ammonia transporter transports ammonia into the cell.

The uptake of ammonia into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art. For example,theammonium/methylammonium transport B (AmtB) protein is a membranetransport protein that transports ammonia into bacterial cells. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an ammonia transporter is anamtB gene. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell described herein hasbeen genetically engineered to comprise at least one heterologous anamtB gene.

In some embodiments, the ammonia transporter is encoded by an ammoniatransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Corynebacterium, e.g., Corynebacterium glutamicum,Escherichia, e.g., Escherichia coli, Streptomyces, e.g., Streptomycescoelicolor, or Ruminococcus, e.g., Ruminococcus albus. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of an ammonia transporter, a functionalvariant of an ammonia transporter, or a functional fragment oftransporter of ammonia are well known to one of ordinary skill in theart. For example, import of ammonia may be determined using amethylammonium uptake assay, as described in Soupene et al. (1998) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.95(12): 7030-4, the entire contents of each ofwhich are expressly incorporated by reference herein.

Ammonia transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance ammonia transport into the cell. Specifically, when theammonia transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, thebacterial cells import more ammonia into the cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding an ammonia transporter. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding anammonia transporter and a genetic modification that reduces export of aammonia, e.g., a genetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding an ammonia transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding an ammonia transporter. Insome embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding an ammoniatransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding anammonia transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native ammoniatransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding an ammonia transporter from a different bacterial species.In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one, two,three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologous geneencoding an ammonia transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous gene encodingan ammonia transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding an ammonia transporter, wherein said ammoniatransporter comprises an ammonia sequence that has at least 70%, 75%,80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the ammonia sequenceof a polypeptide encoded by an ammonia transporter gene disclosedherein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of an ammonia transporter or functional variants of an ammoniatransporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragment thereof” or“functional variant thereof” of an ammonia transporter relates to anelement having qualitative biological activity in common with thewild-type ammonia transporter from which the fragment or variant wasderived. For example, a functional fragment or a functional variant of amutated ammonia transporter is one which retains essentially the sameability to import ammonia into the bacterial cell as does the ammoniatransporter protein from which the functional fragment or functionalvariant was derived. In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises at least one heterologous gene encoding a functional fragmentof an ammonia transporter. In another embodiment, the recombinantbacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a functionalvariant of an ammonia transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the ammonia transporter have beencodon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterial celldisclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the ammoniatransporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding an ammoniatransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding an ammoniatransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased ammonia importare selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding an ammoniatransporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding an ammonia transporter ismutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased ammonia import are selected;and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding an ammonia transporter isisolated and inserted into the bacterial cell. The transportermodifications described herein may be present on a plasmid orchromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding an ammonia transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding an ammonia transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding an ammonia transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding an ammonia transporter in nature. In some embodiments,the at least one gene encoding the ammonia transporter is controlled byits native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe ammonia transporter is controlled by an inducible promoter. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the ammonia transporter iscontrolled by a promoter that is stronger than its native promoter. Insome embodiments, the at least one gene encoding the ammonia transporteris controlled by a constitutive promoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding an ammonia transporteris located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theplasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In some embodiments, the plasmidis a low copy number plasmid. In another embodiment, the at least onegene encoding an ammonia transporter is located in the chromosome of thebacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at leastone gene encoding an ammonia transporter is located in the chromosome ofthe bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding an ammoniatransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding an ammonia transporter is located on aplasmid in the bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encodingan ammonia transporter from a different species of bacteria is locatedon a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a nativecopy of the at least one gene encoding an ammonia transporter is locatedin the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least onegene encoding an ammonia transporter from a different species ofbacteria is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the ammoniatransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, and oneor more additional copies of the native transporter are inserted intothe genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the ammonia transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the ammoniatransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding theammonia transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In one embodiment, the ammonia transporter is the ammonia transporterAmtB, for example the Escherichia coli AmtB. In one embodiment theammonia transporter is encoded by a amtB gene. In one embodiment, theamtB gene has at least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ IDNO:133. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the amtB gene has at least about90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:133. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the amtB gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:133. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the amtB genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:133. In another embodiment, the amtB gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:133. In yet another embodiment the amtB geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:133.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the ammonia transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more ammoniainto the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the ammonia transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more ammonia, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the ammonia transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold moreammonia into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the ammonia transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold more ammonia into the cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous ammonia transporter and a secondheterologous ammonia transporter. In one embodiment, said first ammoniatransporter is derived from a different organism than said secondammonia transporter. In some embodiments, said first ammonia transporteris derived from the same organism as said second ammonia transporter. Insome embodiments, said first ammonia transporter is a wild-type ammoniatransporter and said second ammonia transporter is a mutagenized versionof said first ammonia transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cells described herein comprise at least a third heterologousammonia transporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterialcells described herein comprise at least four heterologous ammoniatransporters. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least five heterologous ammoniatransporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding an ammonia transporter may be used to treat adisease, condition, and/or symptom associated with hyperammonenia. Insome embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein can beused to treat hepatic encephalopathy. In some embodiment, therecombinant bacterial cells described herein can be used to treatHuntington's disease. In some embodiments, the invention providesmethods for reducing, ameliorating, or eliminating one or moresymptom(s) associated with hepatic encephalopathy and Huntington'sdisease. In some embodiments, the symptom(s) associated thereof include,but are not limited to, seizures, ataxia, stroke-like lesions, coma,psychosis, vision loss, acute encephalopathy, cerebral edema, as well asvomiting, respiratory alkalosis, and hypothermia.

I. γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Transporters

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the predominant inhibitoryneurotransmitter (C₄H₉NO₂) in the mammalian central nervous system. Inhumans, GABA is also directly responsible for regulating muscle tone.GABA is capable of activating the GABAA receptor, which is part of aligand-gated ion channel complex, as well as the GABAs metabotropic Gprotein-coupled receptor. Neurons that produce GABA are known as“GABAergic” neurons, and activation of GABA receptors is described asGABAergic tone (i.e., increased activation of GABA receptors refers toincreased GABAergic tone).

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the predominant inhibitoryneurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. In humans,GABA activates the postsynaptic GABAA receptor, which is part of aligand-gated chloride-specific ion channel complex. Activation of thiscomplex on a post-synaptic neuron allows chloride ions to enter theneuron and exert an inhibitory effect. Alterations of such GABAergicneurotransmission have been implicated in the pathophysiology of severalneurological disorders, including epilepsy (Jones-Davis and MacDonald(2003) Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 3(1): 12-8), Huntington's disease(Krogsgaard-Larsen (1992) Pharmacol Toxicol. 70(2):95-104), and hepaticencephalopathy (Jones and Basile (1997) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 420:75-83). Neurons in the brain that are modulated by GABA are said to beunder inhibitory GABAergic tone. This inhibitory tone prevents neuronalfiring until a sufficiently potent stimulatory stimulus is received, oruntil the inhibitory tone is otherwise released. Increased GABAergictone in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) was initially described in the early1980s, based on a report of similar visual response patterns in rabbitswith galactosamine-induced liver failure and rabbits treated withallosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor (e.g., pentobarbital,diazepam) (Jones and Basile, 1997). Clinical improvements in hepaticencephalopathy patients treated with a highly selective benzodiazapeneantagonist at the GABAA receptor, flumazenil, further confirmed theseobservations (Banksy et al. (1985) Lancet 1: 1324-5 ; Scollo-Lavizzariand Steinmann (1985) Lancet 1: 1324. Increased GABAergic tone in HE hassince been proposed as a consequence of one or more of the following:(1) increased GABA concentrations in the brain, (2) altered integrity ofthe GABAA receptor, and/or (3) increased concentrations of endogenousmodulators of the GABAA receptor (Ahboucha and Butterworth (2004) Metab.Brain Dis.1 9(3-4):331-343).

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a GABA transporter. In one embodiment, theGABA transporter transports GABA into the cell.

The uptake of GABA into bacterial cells is mediated by proteins wellknown to those of skill in the art. For example, GABA uptake in E. coliis driven by membrane potential and facilitated by the membranetransport protein, GabP (Li et al. (2001) FEBS Lett. 494(3): 165-169.GabP is a member of the amino acid/polymaine/organocation (APC)transporter superfamily, one of the two largest families of secondaryactive transporters (Jack et al. (2000) Microbiology 146: 1797-1814).GabP protein, encoded by the gabP gene, consists of 466 amino acids and12 transmembrane alpha helices, wherein both N- and C-termini face thecytosol (Hu and King, (1998) Biochem J. 336(Pt 1): 69-76. The GabPresidue sequence also includes a consensus amphipathic region (CAR),which is conserved between members of the APC family from bacteria tomammals (Hu and King, 1998). Upon entry into the cell, GABA is convertedto succinyl semialdehyde (SSA) by GABA a-ketoglutarate transaminase(GSST). Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSDH) then catalyzes thesecond and only other specific step in GABA catabolism, the oxidation ofsuccinyl semialdehyde to succinate (Dover and Halpern (1972) J.Bacteriol. 109(2):835-43). Ultimately, succinate becomes a substrate forthe citric acid (TCA) cycle. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a GABA transporter is encoded by an gabP gene. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell described herein has been geneticallyengineered to comprise at least one heterologous an gabP gene.

In some embodiments, the GABA transporter is encoded by a GABAtransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Bacillus, e.g., Bacillus subtilis, or Escherichia,e.g., Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial species isEscherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a GABA transporter, a functionalvariant of a GABA transporter, or a functional fragment of transporterof GABA are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

GABA transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria in orderto enhance GABA transport into the cell. Specifically, when the GABAtransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, thebacterial cells import more GABA into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a GABA transporter. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a GABA transporterand a genetic modification that reduces export of a GABA, e.g., agenetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises at least one gene encoding a GABA transporterfrom a different organism, e.g., a different species of bacteria. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one native geneencoding a GABA transporter. In some embodiments, the at least onenative gene encoding a GABA transporter is not modified. In anotherembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises more than one copy of at leastone native gene encoding a GABA transporter. In yet another embodiment,the bacterial cell comprises a copy of at least one gene encoding anative GABA transporter, as well as at least one copy of at least oneheterologous gene encoding a GABA transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding a GABA transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous gene encodinga GABA transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a GABA transporter, wherein said GABAtransporter comprises a GABA sequence that has at least 70%, 75%, 80%,81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the GABA sequence of apolypeptide encoded by a GABA transporter gene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a GABA transporter or functional variants of a GABAtransporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragment thereof” or“functional variant thereof” of a GABA transporter relates to an elementhaving qualitative biological activity in common with the wild-type GABAtransporter from which the fragment or variant was derived. For example,a functional fragment or a functional variant of a mutated GABAtransporter is one which retains essentially the same ability to importGABA into the bacterial cell as does the GABA transporter protein fromwhich the functional fragment or functional variant was derived. In oneembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises at least oneheterologous gene encoding a functional fragment of a GABA transporter.In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a functional variant of a GABA transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the GABA transporter have beencodon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterial celldisclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the GABAtransporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a GABAtransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions. Insome embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a GABA transporter ismutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased GABA import are selected; andthe mutagenized at least one gene encoding a GABA transporter isisolated and inserted into the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theat least one gene encoding a GABA transporter is mutagenized; mutantsexhibiting decreased GABA import are selected; and the mutagenized atleast one gene encoding a GABA transporter is isolated and inserted intothe bacterial cell. The transporter modifications described herein maybe present on a plasmid or chromosome. In some embodiments, thebacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a GABA transporteroperably linked to a promoter. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a GABA transporter is directly operably linked to the promoter.In another embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a GABA transporteris indirectly operably linked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a GABA transporter in nature. In some embodiments, theat least one gene encoding the GABA transporter is controlled by itsnative promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding theGABA transporter is controlled by an inducible promoter. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the GABA transporter iscontrolled by a promoter that is stronger than its native promoter. Insome embodiments, the at least one gene encoding the GABA transporter iscontrolled by a constitutive promoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a GABA transporter islocated on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theplasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In some embodiments, the plasmidis a low copy number plasmid. In another embodiment, the at least onegene encoding a GABA transporter is located in the chromosome of thebacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at leastone gene encoding a GABA transporter is located in the chromosome of thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a GABAtransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a GABA transporter is located on a plasmid inthe bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a GABAtransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a GABA transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a GABA transporter from a different species of bacteria islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the GABAtransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, and oneor more additional copies of the native transporter are inserted intothe genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the GABA transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the GABAtransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the GABAtransporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In one embodiment, the GABA transporter is the GABA transporter GabP,for example the Escherichia coli GabP. In one embodiment the GABAtransporter is encoded by a amtB gene. In one embodiment, the gabP genehas at least about 80% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:134.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the gabP gene has at least about 90%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:134. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the gabP gene has at least about 95% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:134. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the gabP genehas at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:134. In another embodiment, the gabP gene comprises thesequence of SEQ ID NO:134. In yet another embodiment the gabP geneconsists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:134.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the GABA transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more GABAinto the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the GABA transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more GABA, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the GABA transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold moreGABA into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the GABA transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold more GABA into the cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous GABA transporter and a second heterologousGABA transporter. In one embodiment, said first GABA transporter isderived from a different organism than said second GABA transporter. Insome embodiments, said first GABA transporter is derived from the sameorganism as said second GABA transporter. In some embodiments, saidfirst GABA transporter is a wild-type GABA transporter and said secondGABA transporter is a mutagenized version of said first GABAtransporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least a third heterologous GABAtransporter. In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cellsdescribed herein comprise at least four heterologous GABA transporters.In some embodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise at least five heterologous GABA transporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding an GABA transporter may be used to treat adisease, condition, and/or symptom associated with hyperammonenia. Insome embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein can beused to treat hepatic encephalopathy. In some embodiment, therecombinant bacterial cells described herein can be used to treatHuntington's disease. In some embodiments, the invention providesmethods for reducing, ameliorating, or eliminating one or moresymptom(s) associated with hepatic encephalopathy and Huntington'sdisease. In some embodiments, the symptom(s) associated thereof include,but are not limited to, seizures, ataxia, stroke-like lesions, coma,psychosis, vision loss, acute encephalopathy, cerebral edema, as well asvomiting, respiratory alkalosis, and hypothermia.

J. Manganese Transporters

In biological systems, manganese (Mn²⁺) is an essential trace metal andplays an important role in enzyme-mediated catalysis, but can also havedeleterious effects. Manganese is a biologically important trace metaland is required for the survival of most living organisms. Cellsmaintain manganese under tight homeostatic control in order to avoidtoxicity. In mammals, manganese is excreted in the bile, but itsdisposal is affected by the impaired flow of bile from the liver to theduodenum (i.e., cholestasis) that accompanies liver failure Similar toammonia, elevated concentrations of manganese play a role in thedevelopment of hepatic encephalopathy (Rivera-Manda et al. (2012)Neurochem. Res. 37(5): 1074-1084). Astrocytes in the brain whichdetoxify ammonia in a reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase,require manganese as a cofactor and thus have a tendency to accumulatethis metal (Aschner et al. (1999) Neurotoxicology 20(2-3): 173-180). Invitro studies have demonstrated that manganese can result in theinhibition of glutamate transport (Hazell and Norenberg, 1997),abnormalities in astrocyte morphology (Hazell et al. (2006) Neurosci.Lett. 396(3): 167-71), and increased cell volume (Rama Rao et al.,2007). Some disorders associated with hyperammonemia may also becharacterized by elevated levels of manganese; manganese may contributeto disease pathogenesis (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy) (Rivera-Manda etal., 2012). Manganese and ammonia have also been shown to actsynergistically in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (Jayakumaret al. (2004) Neurochem. Res. 29(11): 2051-6).

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a manganese transporter. In one embodiment,the manganese transporter transports manganese into the cell.

The uptake of manganese into bacterial cells is mediated by proteinswell known to those of skill in the art. For example, the manganesetransporter MntH is a membrane transport protein capable of transportingmanganese into bacterial cells (see, e.g., Jensen and Jensen (2014)Chapter 1: Manganese transport, trafficking and function ininvertebrates. In: Manganese in Health and Disease, pp. 1-33). InEscherichia coli, the mntH gene encodes a proton-stimulated, divalentmetal cation uptake system involved in manganese transport (Porcheron etal. (2013) Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 3: 90). In one embodiment,the manganese transporter is selected from the group consisting of mntH,MntABCD, SitABCD, PsaABCD, YfeABCD. In one embodiment, the at least onegene encoding a manganese transporter is encoded by an mntH gene. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a manganese transporter isencoded by an MntABCD operon. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a manganese transporter is encoded by an sitABCD operon. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a manganese transporter isencoded by an PsaABCD operon. In one embodiment, the at least one geneencoding a manganese transporter is encoded by an YfeABCD operon. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell described herein has been geneticallyengineered to comprise at least one heterologous mntH gene.

Metal ion homeostasis in prokaryotic cells, which lack internalcompartmentalization, is maintained by the tight regulation of metal ionflux across in cytoplasmic membrane (Jensen and Jensen, 2014). Manganeseuptake in bacteria predominantly involves two major types oftransporters: proton-dependent Nramprelated transporters, and/orATP-dependent ABC transporters. The Nramp (Naturalresistance-§.ssociated macrophage Qrotein) transporter family was firstdescribed in plants, animals, and yeasts (Cellier et al. (1996) TrendsGenet. 12(6): 201-4), but MntH has since been characterized in severalbacterial species (Porcheron et al., 2013). Selectivity of the Nramp1transporter for manganese has been shown in metal accumulation studies,wherein overexpression of Staphylococcus aureus mntH resulted inincreased levels of cell-associated manganese, but no accumulation ofcalcium, copper, iron, magnesium, or zinc (Horsburgh et al. (2002) Mol.Microbiol. 44(5): 1269-86). Additionally, Bacillus subtilis strainscomprising a mutation in the mntH gene exhibited impaired growth inmetal-free medium that was rescued by the addition of manganese (Que andHeimann (2000) Mol. Microbiol. 35(6): 1454-68).

High-affinity manganese uptake may also be mediated by ABC (ATP-bindingcassette) transporters. Members of this transporter superfamily utilizethe hydrolysis of ATP to fuel the import or export of diversesubstrates, ranging from ions to macromolecules, and are wellcharacterized for their role in multi-drug resistance in bothprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Non-limiting examples of bacterial ABCtransporters involved in manganese import include MntABCD (Bacilissubtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), SitABCD (Salmonella typhimurium,Shigella flexneri), PsaABCD (Streptococcus pneumoniae), and YfeABCD(Yersinia pestis) (Bearden and Perry (1999) Mol. Microbiol.32(2):403-14; Kehres et al. (2002) J. Bacteriol. 184(12): 3159-66;McAllister et al. (2004) Mol. Microbiol. 53(3): 889-901; Zhou et al.(1999) Infect. Immun. 67(4): 1974-81). The MntABCD transporter complexconsists of three subunits, wherein MntC and MntD are integral membraneproteins that comprise the permease subunit mediate cation transport,MntB is the ATPase, and MntA binds and delivers manganese to thepermease submit. Other ABC transporter operons, such as sitABCD,psaABCD, and yfeABCD, exhibit similar subunit organization and function(Higgins, 1992; Rees et al. (2009) Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10(3):218-227).

In some embodiments, the manganese transporter is encoded by a manganesetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Bacillus, e.g., Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus,e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium,Shigella, e.g., Shigella flexneri, Yersinia, e.g., Yersinia pestis, orEscherichia, e.g., Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterialspecies is Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the bacterial speciesis Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a manganese transporter, a functionalvariant of a manganese transporter, or a functional fragment oftransporter of manganese are well known to one of ordinary skill in theart.

Manganese transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance manganese transport into the cell. Specifically, whenthe manganese transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterialcells, the bacterial cells import more manganese into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a manganese transporter. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding amanganese transporter and a genetic modification that reduces export ofa manganese, e.g., a genetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a manganese transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a manganese transporter. Insome embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a manganesetransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding amanganese transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native manganesetransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding a manganese transporter from a different bacterialspecies. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one,two, three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologousgene encoding a manganese transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterialcell comprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous geneencoding a manganese transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a manganese transporter, wherein saidmanganese transporter comprises a manganese sequence that has at least70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to themanganese sequence of a polypeptide encoded by a manganese transportergene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a manganese transporter or functional variants of amanganese transporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragmentthereof” or “functional variant thereof” of a manganese transporterrelates to an element having qualitative biological activity in commonwith the wild-type manganese transporter from which the fragment orvariant was derived. For example, a functional fragment or a functionalvariant of a mutated manganese transporter is one which retainsessentially the same ability to import manganese into the bacterial cellas does the manganese transporter protein from which the functionalfragment or functional variant was derived. In one embodiment, therecombinant bacterial cell comprises at least one heterologous geneencoding a functional fragment of a manganese transporter. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a functional variant of a manganese transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the manganese transporter havebeen codon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterialcell disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding themanganese transporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichiacoli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a manganesetransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a manganesetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased manganeseimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding amanganese transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a manganesetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased manganeseimport are selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding amanganese transporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell.The transporter modifications described herein may be present on aplasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a manganese transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a manganese transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a manganese transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a manganese transporter in nature. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the manganese transporter iscontrolled by its native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least onegene encoding the manganese transporter is controlled by an induciblepromoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding themanganese transporter is controlled by a promoter that is stronger thanits native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe manganese transporter is controlled by a constitutive promoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a manganesetransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In someembodiments, the plasmid is a low copy number plasmid. In anotherembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a manganese transporter islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet anotherembodiment, a native copy of the at least one gene encoding a manganesetransporter is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and acopy of at least one gene encoding a manganese transporter from adifferent species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterialcell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at least one geneencoding a manganese transporter is located on a plasmid in thebacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a manganesetransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a manganese transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a manganese transporter from a different species of bacteria islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the manganesetransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, and oneor more additional copies of the native transporter are inserted intothe genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the manganese transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the manganesetransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding themanganese transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In one embodiment, the manganese transporter is the manganesetransporter GabP, for example the Escherichia coli mntH gene. In oneembodiment the manganese transporter is encoded by a mntH gene. In oneembodiment, the mntH gene has at least about 80% identity with thesequence of SEQ ID NO:135. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mntH genehas at least about 90% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:135.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the mntH gene has at least about 95%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:135. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the mntH gene has at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%,87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO:135. In another embodiment, themntH gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:135. In yet anotherembodiment the mntH gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:135.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the manganese transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% moremanganese into the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the manganese transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more manganese, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the manganese transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold moremanganese into the cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In yet another embodiment, when the manganese transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells importthree-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold,nine-fold, ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold,fourty-fold, or fifty-fold more manganese into the cell when thetransporter is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterialsubtype under the same conditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous manganese transporter and a secondheterologous manganese transporter. In one embodiment, said firstmanganese transporter is derived from a different organism than saidsecond manganese transporter. In some embodiments, said first manganesetransporter is derived from the same organism as said second manganesetransporter. In some embodiments, said first manganese transporter is awild-type manganese transporter and said second manganese transporter isa mutagenized version of said first manganese transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least a third heterologous manganese transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least four heterologous manganese transporters. In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cells described herein comprise at least fiveheterologous manganese transporters or more.

In some embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprising aheterologous gene encoding an manganese transporter may be used to treata disease, condition, and/or symptom associated with hyperammonenia. Insome embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein can beused to treat hepatic encephalopathy. In some embodiment, therecombinant bacterial cells described herein can be used to treatHuntington's disease. In some embodiments, the invention providesmethods for reducing, ameliorating, or eliminating one or moresymptom(s) associated with hepatic encephalopathy and Huntington'sdisease. In some embodiments, the symptom(s) associated thereof include,but are not limited to, seizures, ataxia, stroke-like lesions, coma,psychosis, vision loss, acute encephalopathy, cerebral edema, as well asvomiting, respiratory alkalosis, and hypothermia.

K. Toxin Transporters

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a toxin transporter. In one embodiment, thetoxin transporter transports toxin into the cell.

In some embodiments, the toxin transporter is encoded by a toxintransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Escherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Corynebacterium glutamicum. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a toxin transporter, a functionalvariant of a toxin transporter, or a functional fragment of transporterof toxin are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Toxin transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria in orderto enhance toxin transport into the cell. Specifically, when the toxintransporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, thebacterial cells import more toxin into the cell when the transporter isexpressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype underthe same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a toxin transporter. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a toxintransporter and a genetic modification that reduces export of a toxin,e.g., a genetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a toxin transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a toxin transporter. In someembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a toxin transporteris not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cell comprisesmore than one copy of at least one native gene encoding a toxintransporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises acopy of at least one gene encoding a native toxin transporter, as wellas at least one copy of at least one heterologous gene encoding a toxintransporter from a different bacterial species. In one embodiment, thebacterial cell comprises at least one, two, three, four, five, or sixcopies of the at least one heterologous gene encoding a toxintransporter. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises multiplecopies of the at least one heterologous gene encoding a toxintransporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a toxin transporter, wherein said toxintransporter comprises a toxin sequence that has at least 70%, 75%, 80%,81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the toxin sequence of apolypeptide encoded by a toxin transporter gene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a toxin transporter or functional variants of a toxintransporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragment thereof” or“functional variant thereof” of a toxin transporter relates to anelement having qualitative biological activity in common with thewild-type toxin transporter from which the fragment or variant wasderived. For example, a functional fragment or a functional variant of amutated toxin transporter is one which retains essentially the sameability to import toxin into the bacterial cell as does the toxintransporter protein from which the functional fragment or functionalvariant was derived. In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises at least one heterologous gene encoding a functional fragmentof a toxin transporter. In another embodiment, the recombinant bacterialcell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a functional variant of atoxin transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the toxin transporter have beencodon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterial celldisclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the toxintransporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a toxintransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a toxin transporteris mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased toxin import are selected;and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding a toxin transporter isisolated and inserted into the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theat least one gene encoding a toxin transporter is mutagenized; mutantsexhibiting decreased toxin import are selected; and the mutagenized atleast one gene encoding a toxin transporter is isolated and insertedinto the bacterial cell. The transporter modifications described hereinmay be present on a plasmid or chromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a toxin transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a toxin transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a toxin transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a toxin transporter in nature. In some embodiments,the at least one gene encoding the toxin transporter is controlled byits native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe toxin transporter is controlled by an inducible promoter. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the toxin transporter iscontrolled by a promoter that is stronger than its native promoter. Insome embodiments, the at least one gene encoding the toxin transporteris controlled by a constitutive promoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a toxin transporter islocated on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theplasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In some embodiments, the plasmidis a low copy number plasmid. In another embodiment, the at least onegene encoding a toxin transporter is located in the chromosome of thebacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at leastone gene encoding a toxin transporter is located in the chromosome ofthe bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a toxintransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a toxin transporter is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a toxintransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a toxin transporter is located in thechromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least one geneencoding a toxin transporter from a different species of bacteria islocated in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the toxintransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, and oneor more additional copies of the native transporter are inserted intothe genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the toxin transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the toxintransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding thetoxin transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the toxin transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more toxininto the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the toxin transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more PGE2, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the toxin transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold moretoxin into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the toxin transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold more toxin into the cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous toxin transporter and a secondheterologous toxin transporter. In one embodiment, said first toxintransporter is derived from a different organism than said second toxintransporter. In some embodiments, said first toxin transporter isderived from the same organism as said second toxin transporter. In someembodiments, said first toxin transporter imports the same toxin as saidsecond toxin transporter. In other embodiment, said first toxintransporter imports a different toxin from said second toxintransporter. In some embodiments, said first toxin transporter is awild-type toxin transporter and said second toxin transporter is amutagenized version of said first toxin transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least a third heterologous toxin transporter. In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cells described herein comprise at least fourheterologous toxin transporters. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cells described herein comprise at least five heterologoustoxin transporters or more.

L. Peptide Transporters

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell of the inventioncomprises a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe substrate transporter is a peptide transporter.

In some embodiments, the peptide transporter is encoded by a peptidetransporter gene derived from a bacterial genus or species, includingbut not limited to, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Escherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Corynebacterium glutamicum. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli. In someembodiments, the bacterial species is Escherichia coli strain Nissle.

Assays for testing the activity of a peptide transporter, a functionalvariant of a peptide transporter, or a functional fragment oftransporter of peptide are well known to one of ordinary skill in theart.

Peptide transporters may be expressed or modified in the bacteria inorder to enhance peptide transport into the cell. Specifically, when thepeptide transporter is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, thebacterial cells import more peptide into the cell when the transporteris expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtypeunder the same conditions. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a heterologous gene encoding a peptide transporter. In oneembodiment, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding apeptide transporter and a genetic modification that reduces export of apeptide, e.g., a genetic mutation in an exporter gene or promoter.

In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one geneencoding a peptide transporter from a different organism, e.g., adifferent species of bacteria. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises at least one native gene encoding a peptide transporter. Insome embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding a peptidetransporter is not modified. In another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises more than one copy of at least one native gene encoding apeptide transporter. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises a copy of at least one gene encoding a native peptidetransporter, as well as at least one copy of at least one heterologousgene encoding a peptide transporter from a different bacterial species.In one embodiment, the bacterial cell comprises at least one, two,three, four, five, or six copies of the at least one heterologous geneencoding a peptide transporter. In one embodiment, the bacterial cellcomprises multiple copies of the at least one heterologous gene encodinga peptide transporter.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cell comprises aheterologous gene encoding a peptide transporter, wherein said peptidetransporter comprises a peptide sequence that has at least 70%, 75%,80%, 81%, 82%, 83% 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the peptide sequenceof a polypeptide encoded by a peptide transporter gene disclosed herein.

The present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functionalfragments of a peptide transporter or functional variants of a peptidetransporter. As used herein, the term “functional fragment thereof” or“functional variant thereof” of a peptide transporter relates to anelement having qualitative biological activity in common with thewild-type peptide transporter from which the fragment or variant wasderived. For example, a functional fragment or a functional variant of amutated peptide transporter is one which retains essentially the sameability to import peptide into the bacterial cell as does the peptidetransporter protein from which the functional fragment or functionalvariant was derived. In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cellcomprises at least one heterologous gene encoding a functional fragmentof a peptide transporter. In another embodiment, the recombinantbacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a functionalvariant of a peptide transporter.

In one embodiment, the genes encoding the peptide transporter have beencodon-optimized for use in the host organism, e.g., a bacterial celldisclosed herein. In one embodiment, the genes encoding the peptidetransporter have been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli.

The present disclosure also encompasses genes encoding a peptidetransporter comprising amino acids in its sequence that aresubstantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein Aminoacid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequencesdescribed herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acidsubstitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.

In some embodiments, the at least one gene encoding a peptidetransporter is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased peptide importare selected; and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding a peptidetransporter is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding a peptide transporter ismutagenized; mutants exhibiting decreased peptide import are selected;and the mutagenized at least one gene encoding a peptide transporter isisolated and inserted into the bacterial cell. The transportermodifications described herein may be present on a plasmid orchromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous geneencoding a peptide transporter operably linked to a promoter. In oneembodiment, the at least one gene encoding a peptide transporter isdirectly operably linked to the promoter. In another embodiment, the atleast one gene encoding a peptide transporter is indirectly operablylinked to the promoter.

In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the at leastone gene encoding a peptide transporter in nature. In some embodiments,the at least one gene encoding the peptide transporter is controlled byits native promoter. In some embodiments, the at least one gene encodingthe peptide transporter is controlled by an inducible promoter. In someembodiments, the at least one gene encoding the peptide transporter iscontrolled by a promoter that is stronger than its native promoter. Insome embodiments, the at least one gene encoding the peptide transporteris controlled by a constitutive promoter.

In another embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter. Induciblepromoters are described in more detail infra.

In one embodiment, the at least one gene encoding a peptide transporteris located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In some embodiments, theplasmid is a high copy number plasmid. In some embodiments, the plasmidis a low copy number plasmid. In another embodiment, the at least onegene encoding a peptide transporter is located in the chromosome of thebacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the at leastone gene encoding a peptide transporter is located in the chromosome ofthe bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding a peptidetransporter from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of theat least one gene encoding a peptide transporter is located on a plasmidin the bacterial cell, and a copy of at least one gene encoding apeptide transporter from a different species of bacteria is located on aplasmid in the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copyof the at least one gene encoding a peptide transporter is located inthe chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a copy of the at least onegene encoding a peptide transporter from a different species of bacteriais located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the peptidetransporter in the recombinant bacterial cell is not modified, and oneor more additional copies of the native transporter are inserted intothe genome. In alternate embodiments, the at least one native geneencoding the transporter is not modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the transporter from a different bacterial species is insertedinto the genome of the recombinant bacterial cell. In some embodiments,the at least one native gene encoding the peptide transporter in therecombinant bacterial cell is modified, and one or more additionalcopies of the native transporter are inserted into the genome. Inalternate embodiments, the at least one native gene encoding thetransporter is modified, and one or more additional copies of thetransporter from a different bacterial species is inserted into thegenome of the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding the peptidetransporter in the bacterial cell is not modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter isnot modified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporterfrom a different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on aplasmid. In some embodiments, at least one native gene encoding thepeptide transporter in the bacterial cell is modified, and one or moreadditional copies of at least one native gene encoding the transporterare present in the bacterial cell on a plasmid. In alternateembodiments, the at least one native gene encoding the transporter ismodified, and a copy of at least one gene encoding the transporter froma different bacterial species is present in the bacteria on a plasmid.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli Nissle, and the at leastone native gene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is notmodified; one or more additional copies at least one native geneencoding the transporter from E. coli Nissle is inserted into the E.coli Nissle genome. In an alternate embodiment, the at least one nativegene encoding the transporter in E. coli Nissle is not modified, and acopy of at least one gene encoding the transporter from a differentbacterial species is inserted into the E. coli Nissle genome.

In one embodiment, when the peptide transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import 10% more peptideinto the bacterial cell when the transporter is expressed thanunmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions. In another embodiment, when the peptide transporter isexpressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% more PGE2, into thebacterial cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the peptide transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import two-fold morepeptide into the cell when the transporter is expressed than unmodifiedbacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions. In yetanother embodiment, when the peptide transporter is expressed in therecombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells import three-fold,four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, seven-fold, eight-fold, nine-fold,ten-fold, fifteen-fold, twenty-fold, thirty-fold, fourty-fold, orfifty-fold more peptide into the cell when the transporter is expressedthan unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the sameconditions.

In one embodiment, the recombinant bacterial cells described hereincomprise a first heterologous peptide transporter and a secondheterologous peptide transporter. In one embodiment, said first peptidetransporter is derived from a different organism than said secondpeptide transporter. In some embodiments, said first peptide transporteris derived from the same organism as said second peptide transporter. Insome embodiments, said first peptide transporter imports the samepeptide as said second peptide transporter. In other embodiment, saidfirst peptide transporter imports a different peptide from said secondpeptide transporter. In some embodiments, said first peptide transporteris a wild-type peptide transporter and said second peptide transporteris a mutagenized version of said first peptide transporter. In someembodiments, the recombinant bacterial cells described herein compriseat least a third heterologous peptide transporter. In some embodiments,the recombinant bacterial cells described herein comprise at least fourheterologous peptide transporters. In some embodiments, the recombinantbacterial cells described herein comprise at least five heterologouspeptide transporters or more.

Inducible Promoters

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a stably maintainedplasmid or chromosome carrying the gene(s) encoding the tranporter(s),such that the tranporter(s) can be expressed in the host cell, and thehost cell is capable of survival and/or growth in vitro, e.g., inmedium, and/or in vivo, e.g., in the gut. In some embodiments, bacterialcell comprises two or more distinct tranporters or operons, e.g., two ormore tranporter genes. In some embodiments, bacterial cell comprisesthree or more distinct transporters or operons, e.g., three or moretranporter genes. In some embodiments, bacterial cell comprises 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, or more distinct tranporters or operons, e.g., 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, or more tranporter genes.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprisemultiple copies of the same tranporter gene(s). In some embodiments, thegene encoding the tranporter is present on a plasmid and operably linkedto a directly or indirectly inducible promoter. In some embodiments, thegene encoding the tranporter is present on a plasmid and operably linkedto a promoter that is induced under low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions.In some embodiments, the gene encoding the tranporter is present on achromosome and operably linked to a directly or indirectly induciblepromoter. In some embodiments, the gene encoding the tranporter ispresent in the chromosome and operably linked to a promoter that isinduced under low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions. In some embodiments,the gene encoding the tranporter is present on a plasmid and operablylinked to a promoter that is induced by exposure to tetracycline orarabinose.

In some embodiments, the promoter that is operably linked to the geneencoding the tranporter is directly induced by exogenous environmentalconditions. In some embodiments, the promoter that is operably linked tothe gene encoding the tranporter is indirectly induced by exogenousenvironmental conditions. In some embodiments, the promoter is directlyor indirectly induced by exogenous environmental conditions specific tothe gut of a mammal. In some embodiments, the promoter is directly orindirectly induced by exogenous environmental conditions specific to thesmall intestine of a mammal In some embodiments, the promoter isdirectly or indirectly induced by low-oxygen or anaerobic conditionssuch as the environment of the mammalian gut. In some embodiments, thepromoter is directly or indirectly induced by molecules or metabolitesthat are specific to the gut of a mammal In some embodiments, thepromoter is directly or indirectly induced by a molecule that isco-administered with the bacterial cell.

In certain embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises a gene encoding antranporter expressed under the control of a fumarate and nitratereductase regulator (FNR) responsive promoter. In E. coli, FNR is amajor transcriptional activator that controls the switch from aerobic toanaerobic metabolism (Unden et al., 1997). In the anaerobic state, FNRdimerizes into an active DNA binding protein that activates hundreds ofgenes responsible for adapting to anaerobic growth. In the aerobicstate, FNR is prevented from dimerizing by oxygen and is inactive. FNRresponsive promoters include, but are not limited to, the FNR responsivepromoters listed in the chart, below. Underlined sequences are predictedribosome binding sites, and bolded sequences are restriction sites usedfor cloning.

FNR Responsive Promoter Sequence SEQ ID NO:GTCAGCATAACACCCTGACCTCTCATTAATTGTTCATGCCGGGCGGCACTATCGTCGTCCGGCCTTTTCCTCTCTTACTCTGCTACGTACATCTATTTCTATAAATCCGTTCAATTTGTCTGTTTTTTGCACAAACATGAAATATCAGACAATTCCGTGACTTAAGAAAATTTATACAAATCAGCAATATACCCCTTAAGGAGTATATAAAGGTGAATTTGATTTACATCAATAAGCGGGGTTGCTGAATCGTTAAGGTAGGCGGTAATAGAAAAGAAATCGAGGCAAAA SEQ ID NO:ATTTCCTCTCATCCCATCCGGGGTGAGAGTCTTTTCCCCCGACTTATGGCTCATGCATGCATCAAAAAAGATGTGAGCTTGATCAAAAACAAAAAATATTTCACTCGACAGGAGTATTTATATTGCGCCCGTTACGTGGGCTTCGACTGTAAATCAG AAAGGAGAAAACACCTSEQ ID NO: GTCAGCATAACACCCTGACCTCTCATTAATTGTTCATGCCGGGCGGCACTATCGTCGTCCGGCCTTTTCCTCTCTTACTCTGCTACGTACATCTATTTCTATAAATCCGTTCAATTTGTCTGTTTTTTGCACAAACATGAAATATCAGACAATTCCGTGACTTAAGAAAATTTATACAAATCAGCAATATACCCCTTAAGGAGTATATAAAGGTGAATTTGATTTACATCAATAAGCGGGGTTGCTGAATCGTTAAGGATCC CTCTAGAAATAATTTTGTTTAACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACAT SEQ ID NO:CATTTCCTCTCATCCCATCCGGGGTGAGAGTCTTTTCCCCCGACTTATGGCTCATGCATGCATCAAAAAAGATGTGAGCTTGATCAAAAACAAAAAATATTTCACTCGACAGGAGTATTTATATTGCGCCCGGATCC CTCTAGAAATAATTTTGTTTAACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACAT SEQ ID NO:AGTTGTTCTTATTGGTGGTGTTGCTTTATGGTTGCATCGTAGTAAATGGTTGTAACAAAAGCAATTTTTCCGGCTGTCTGTATACAAAAACGCCGTAAAGTTTGAGCGAAGTCAATAAACTCTCTACCCATTCAGGGCAATATCTCTCTTGGATCC CTCTAGAAATAATTTTGTTTAACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACAT

In one embodiment, the FNR responsive promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:1. Inanother embodiment, the FNR responsive promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:2.In another embodiment, the FNR responsive promoter comprises SEQ IDNO:3. In another embodiment, the FNR responsive promoter comprises SEQID NO:4. In yet another embodiment, the FNR responsive promotercomprises SEQ ID NO:5.

In some embodiments, multiple distinct FNR nucleic acid sequences areinserted in the genetically engineered bacteria. In alternateembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a geneencoding an tranporter expressed under the control of an alternateoxygen level-dependent promoter, e.g., DNR (Trunk et al., 2010) or ANR(Ray et al., 1997). In these embodiments, expression of the tranportergene is particularly activated in a low-oxygen or anaerobic environment,such as in the gut. In some embodiments, gene expression is furtheroptimized by methods known in the art, e.g., by optimizing ribosomalbinding sites and/or increasing mRNA stability. In one embodiment, themammalian gut is a human mammalian gut.

In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises an oxygen-leveldependent transcriptional regulator, e.g., FNR, ANR, or DNR, andcorresponding promoter from a different bacterial species. Theheterologous oxygen-level dependent transcriptional regulator andpromoter increase the transcription of genes operably linked to saidpromoter, e.g., the gene encoding the tranporter, in a low-oxygen oranaerobic environment, as compared to the native gene(s) and promoter inthe bacteria under the same conditions. In certain embodiments, thenon-native oxygen-level dependent transcriptional regulator is an FNRprotein from N. gonorrhoeae (see, e.g., Isabella et al., 2011). In someembodiments, the corresponding wild-type transcriptional regulator isleft intact and retains wild-type activity. In alternate embodiments,the corresponding wild-type transcriptional regulator is deleted ormutated to reduce or eliminate wild-type activity.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise awild-type oxygen-level dependent transcriptional regulator, e.g., FNR,ANR, or DNR, and corresponding promoter that is mutated relative to thewild-type promoter from bacteria of the same subtype. The mutatedpromoter enhances binding to the wild-type transcriptional regulator andincreases the transcription of genes operably linked to said promoter,e.g., the gene encoding the tranporter, in a low-oxygen or anaerobicenvironment, as compared to the wild-type promoter under the sameconditions. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteriacomprise a wild-type oxygen-level dependent promoter, e.g., FNR, ANR, orDNR promoter, and corresponding transcriptional regulator that ismutated relative to the wild-type transcriptional regulator frombacteria of the same subtype. The mutated transcriptional regulatorenhances binding to the wild-type promoter and increases thetranscription of genes operably linked to said promoter, e.g., the geneencoding the tranporter, in a low-oxygen or anaerobic environment, ascompared to the wild-type transcriptional regulator under the sameconditions. In certain embodiments, the mutant oxygen-level dependenttranscriptional regulator is an FNR protein comprising amino acidsubstitutions that enhance dimerization and FNR activity (see, e.g.,Moore et al., (2006).

In some embodiments, the bacterial cells comprise multiple copies of theendogenous gene encoding the oxygen level-sensing transcriptionalregulator, e.g., the FNR gene. In some embodiments, the gene encodingthe oxygen level-sensing transcriptional regulator is present on aplasmid. In some embodiments, the gene encoding the oxygen level-sensingtranscriptional regulator and the gene encoding the tranporter arepresent on different plasmids. In some embodiments, the gene encodingthe oxygen level-sensing transcriptional regulator and the gene encodingthe tranporter are present on the same plasmid. In some embodiments, thegene encoding the oxygen level-sensing transcriptional regulator ispresent on a chromosome. In some embodiments, the gene encoding theoxygen level-sensing transcriptional regulator and the gene encoding thetranporter are present on different chromosomes. In some embodiments,the gene encoding the oxygen level-sensing transcriptional regulator andthe gene encoding the tranporter are present on the same chromosome. Insome instances, it may be advantageous to express the oxygenlevel-sensing transcriptional regulator under the control of aninducible promoter in order to enhance expression stability. In someembodiments, expression of the transcriptional regulator is controlledby a different promoter than the promoter that controls expression ofthe gene encoding the tranporter. In some embodiments, expression of thetranscriptional regulator is controlled by the same promoter thatcontrols expression of the tranporter. In some embodiments, thetranscriptional regulator and the tranporter are divergently transcribedfrom a promoter region.

RNS-Dependent Regulation

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria or geneticallyengineered virus comprise a gene encoding an tranporter that isexpressed under the control of an inducible promoter. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium or geneticallyengineered virus that expresses an tranporter under the control of apromoter that is activated by inflammatory conditions. In oneembodiment, the gene for producing the tranporter is expressed under thecontrol of an inflammatory-dependent promoter that is activated ininflammatory environments, e.g., a reactive nitrogen species or RNSpromoter.

As used herein, “reactive nitrogen species” and “RNS” are usedinterchangeably to refer to highly active molecules, ions, and/orradicals derived from molecular nitrogen. RNS can cause deleteriouscellular effects such as nitrosative stress. RNS includes, but is notlimited to, nitric oxide (NO.), peroxynitrite or peroxynitrite anion(ONOO—), nitrogen dioxide (•NO2), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3),peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH—), and nitroperoxycarbonate (•ONOOCO2—)(unpaired electrons denoted by •). Bacteria have evolved transcriptionfactors that are capable of sensing RNS levels. Different RNS signalingpathways are triggered by different RNS levels and occur with differentkinetics.

As used herein, “RNS-inducible regulatory region” refers to a nucleicacid sequence to which one or more RNS-sensing transcription factors iscapable of binding, wherein the binding and/or activation of thecorresponding transcription factor activates downstream gene expression;in the presence of RNS, the transcription factor binds to and/oractivates the regulatory region. In some embodiments, the RNS-inducibleregulatory region comprises a promoter sequence. In some embodiments,the transcription factor senses RNS and subsequently binds to theRNS-inducible regulatory region, thereby activating downstream geneexpression. In alternate embodiments, the transcription factor is boundto the RNS-inducible regulatory region in the absence of RNS; in thepresence of RNS, the transcription factor undergoes a conformationalchange, thereby activating downstream gene expression. The RNS-inducibleregulatory region may be operatively linked to a gene or genes, e.g., antranporter gene sequence(s), e.g., any of the tranporters describedherein. For example, in the presence of RNS, a transcription factorsenses RNS and activates a corresponding RNS-inducible regulatoryregion, thereby driving expression of an operatively linked genesequence. Thus, RNS induces expression of the gene or gene sequences.

As used herein, “RNS-derepressible regulatory region” refers to anucleic acid sequence to which one or more RNS-sensing transcriptionfactors is capable of binding, wherein the binding of the correspondingtranscription factor represses downstream gene expression; in thepresence of RNS, the transcription factor does not bind to and does notrepress the regulatory region. In some embodiments, theRNS-derepressible regulatory region comprises a promoter sequence. TheRNS-derepressible regulatory region may be operatively linked to a geneor genes, e.g., an tranporter gene sequence(s). For example, in thepresence of RNS, a transcription factor senses RNS and no longer bindsto and/or represses the regulatory region, thereby derepressing anoperatively linked gene sequence or gene cassette. Thus, RNS derepressesexpression of the gene or genes.

As used herein, “RNS-repressible regulatory region” refers to a nucleicacid sequence to which one or more RNS-sensing transcription factors iscapable of binding, wherein the binding of the correspondingtranscription factor represses downstream gene expression; in thepresence of RNS, the transcription factor binds to and represses theregulatory region. In some embodiments, the RNS-repressible regulatoryregion comprises a promoter sequence. In some embodiments, thetranscription factor that senses RNS is capable of binding to aregulatory region that overlaps with part of the promoter sequence. Inalternate embodiments, the transcription factor that senses RNS iscapable of binding to a regulatory region that is upstream or downstreamof the promoter sequence. The RNS-repressible regulatory region may beoperatively linked to a gene sequence or gene cassette. For example, inthe presence of RNS, a transcription factor senses RNS and binds to acorresponding RNS-repressible regulatory region, thereby blockingexpression of an operatively linked gene sequence or gene sequences.Thus, RNS represses expression of the gene or gene sequences.

As used herein, a “RNS-responsive regulatory region” refers to aRNS-inducible regulatory region, a RNS-repressible regulatory region,and/or a RNS-derepressible regulatory region. In some embodiments, theRNS-responsive regulatory region comprises a promoter sequence. Eachregulatory region is capable of binding at least one correspondingRNS-sensing transcription factor. Examples of transcription factors thatsense RNS and their corresponding RNS-responsive genes, promoters,and/or regulatory regions include, but are not limited to, those shownin Table 3.

Examples of RNS-Sensing Transcription Factors and RNS-Responsive Genes

Primarily RNS-sensing capable of Examples of responsive genes,transcription factor: sensing: promoters, and/or regulatory regions:NsrR NO norB, aniA, nsrR, hmpA, ytfE, ygbA, hcp, hcr, nrfA, aox NorR NOnorVW, norR DNR NO norCB, nir, nor, nos

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise a tunable regulatory region that is directly orindirectly controlled by a transcription factor that is capable ofsensing at least one reactive nitrogen species. The tunable regulatoryregion is operatively linked to a gene or genes capable of directly orindirectly driving the expression of an tranporter, thus controllingexpression of the tranporter relative to RNS levels. For example, thetunable regulatory region is a RNS-inducible regulatory region, and thepayload is an tranporter, such as any of the tranporters providedherein; when RNS is present, e.g., in an inflamed tissue, a RNS-sensingtranscription factor binds to and/or activates the regulatory region anddrives expression of the tranporter gene or genes. Subsequently, wheninflammation is ameliorated, RNS levels are reduced, and production ofthe tranporter is decreased or eliminated.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a RNS-inducibleregulatory region; in the presence of RNS, a transcription factor sensesRNS and activates the RNS-inducible regulatory region, thereby drivingexpression of an operatively linked gene or genes. In some embodiments,the transcription factor senses RNS and subsequently binds to theRNS-inducible regulatory region, thereby activating downstream geneexpression. In alternate embodiments, the transcription factor is boundto the RNS-inducible regulatory region in the absence of RNS; when thetranscription factor senses RNS, it undergoes a conformational change,thereby inducing downstream gene expression.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a RNS-inducibleregulatory region, and the transcription factor that senses RNS is NorR.NorR “is an NO-responsive transcriptional activator that regulatesexpression of the norVW genes encoding flavorubredoxin and an associatedflavoprotein, which reduce NO to nitrous oxide” (Spiro 2006). Thegenetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise anysuitable RNS-responsive regulatory region from a gene that is activatedby NorR. Genes that are capable of being activated by NorR are known inthe art (see, e.g., Spiro 2006; Vine et al., 2011; Karlinsey et al.,2012; Table 1). In certain embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria of the invention comprise a RNS-inducible regulatory regionfrom norVW that is operatively linked to a gene or genes, e.g., one ormore tranporter gene sequence(s). In the presence of RNS, a NorRtranscription factor senses RNS and activates to the norVW regulatoryregion, thereby driving expression of the operatively linked gene(s) andproducing the tranporter.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a RNS-inducibleregulatory region, and the transcription factor that senses RNS is DNR.DNR (dissimilatory nitrate respiration regulator) “promotes theexpression of the nir, the nor and the nos genes” in the presence ofnitric oxide (Castiglione et al., 2009). The genetically engineeredbacteria of the invention may comprise any suitable RNS-responsiveregulatory region from a gene that is activated by DNR. Genes that arecapable of being activated by DNR are known in the art (see, e.g.,Castiglione et al., 2009; Giardina et al., 2008; Table 1). In certainembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the inventioncomprise a RNS-inducible regulatory region from norCB that isoperatively linked to a gene or gene cassette, e.g., a butyrogenic genecassette. In the presence of RNS, a DNR transcription factor senses RNSand activates to the norCB regulatory region, thereby driving expressionof the operatively linked gene or genes and producing one or moretranporters. In some embodiments, the DNR is Pseudomonas aeruginosa DNR.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is aRNS-derepressible regulatory region, and binding of a correspondingtranscription factor represses downstream gene expression; in thepresence of RNS, the transcription factor no longer binds to theregulatory region, thereby derepressing the operatively linked gene orgene cassette.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is aRNS-derepressible regulatory region, and the transcription factor thatsenses RNS is NsrR. NsrR is “an Rrf2-type transcriptional repressor[that] can sense NO and control the expression of genes responsible forNO metabolism” (Isabella et al., 2009). The genetically engineeredbacteria of the invention may comprise any suitable RNS-responsiveregulatory region from a gene that is repressed by NsrR. In someembodiments, the NsrR is Neisseria gonorrhoeae NsrR. Genes that arecapable of being repressed by NsrR are known in the art (see, e.g.,Isabella et al., 2009; Dunn et al., 2010; Table 1). In certainembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the inventioncomprise a RNS-derepressible regulatory region from norB that isoperatively linked to a gene or genes, e.g., an tranporter gene orgenes. In the presence of RNS, an NsrR transcription factor senses RNSand no longer binds to the norB regulatory region, thereby derepressingthe operatively linked an tranporter gene or genes and producing theencoding an tranporter(s).

In some embodiments, it is advantageous for the genetically engineeredbacteria to express a RNS-sensing transcription factor that does notregulate the expression of a significant number of native genes in thebacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium ofthe invention expresses a RNS-sensing transcription factor from adifferent species, strain, or substrain of bacteria, wherein thetranscription factor does not bind to regulatory sequences in thegenetically engineered bacterium of the invention. In some embodiments,the genetically engineered bacterium of the invention is Escherichiacoli, and the RNS-sensing transcription factor is NsrR, e.g., from isNeisseria gonorrhoeae, wherein the Escherichia coli does not comprisebinding sites for said NsrR. In some embodiments, the heterologoustranscription factor minimizes or eliminates off-target effects onendogenous regulatory regions and genes in the genetically engineeredbacteria.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a RNS-repressibleregulatory region, and binding of a corresponding transcription factorrepresses downstream gene expression; in the presence of RNS, thetranscription factor senses RNS and binds to the RNS-repressibleregulatory region, thereby repressing expression of the operativelylinked gene or gene cassette. In some embodiments, the RNS-sensingtranscription factor is capable of binding to a regulatory region thatoverlaps with part of the promoter sequence. In alternate embodiments,the RNS-sensing transcription factor is capable of binding to aregulatory region that is upstream or downstream of the promotersequence.

In these embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria may comprise atwo repressor activation regulatory circuit, which is used to express antranporter. The two repressor activation regulatory circuit comprises afirst RNS-sensing repressor and a second repressor, which is operativelylinked to a gene or gene cassette, e.g., encoding an tranporter. In oneaspect of these embodiments, the RNS-sensing repressor inhibitstranscription of the second repressor, which inhibits the transcriptionof the gene or gene cassette. Examples of second repressors useful inthese embodiments include, but are not limited to, TetR, Cl, and LexA.In the absence of binding by the first repressor (which occurs in theabsence of RNS), the second repressor is transcribed, which repressesexpression of the gene or genes. In the presence of binding by the firstrepressor (which occurs in the presence of RNS), expression of thesecond repressor is repressed, and the gene or genes, e.g., antranporter gene or genes is expressed.

RNS-responsive transcription factor may induce, derepress, or repressgene expression depending upon the regulatory region sequence used inthe genetically engineered bacteria. One or more types of RNS-sensingtranscription factors and corresponding regulatory region sequences maybe present in genetically engineered bacteria. In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise one type of RNS-sensingtranscription factor, e.g., NsrR, and one corresponding regulatoryregion sequence, e.g., from norB. In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria comprise one type of RNS-sensing transcriptionfactor, e.g., NsrR, and two or more different corresponding regulatoryregion sequences, e.g., from norB and aniA. In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise two or more types ofRNS-sensing transcription factors, e.g., NsrR and NorR, and two or morecorresponding regulatory region sequences, e.g., from norB and norR,respectively. One RNS-responsive regulatory region may be capable ofbinding more than one transcription factor. In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise two or more types ofRNS-sensing transcription factors and one corresponding regulatoryregion sequence. Nucleic acid sequences of several RNS-regulatedregulatory regions are known in the art (see, e.g., Spiro 2006; Isabellaet al., 2009; Dunn et al., 2010; Vine et al., 2011; Karlinsey et al.,2012).

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise a gene encoding a RNS-sensing transcription factor,e.g., the nsrR gene, that is controlled by its native promoter, aninducible promoter, a promoter that is stronger than the nativepromoter, e.g., the GlnRS promoter or the P(Bla) promoter, or aconstitutive promoter. In some instances, it may be advantageous toexpress the RNS-sensing transcription factor under the control of aninducible promoter in order to enhance expression stability. In someembodiments, expression of the RNS-sensing transcription factor iscontrolled by a different promoter than the promoter that controlsexpression of the therapeutic molecule. In some embodiments, expressionof the RNS-sensing transcription factor is controlled by the samepromoter that controls expression of the therapeutic molecule. In someembodiments, the RNS-sensing transcription factor and therapeuticmolecule are divergently transcribed from a promoter region.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise a gene for a RNS-sensing transcription factor from adifferent species, strain, or substrain of bacteria. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise aRNS-responsive regulatory region from a different species, strain, orsubstrain of bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprise a RNS-sensing transcription factor and correspondingRNS-responsive regulatory region from a different species, strain, orsubstrain of bacteria. The heterologous RNS-sensing transcription factorand regulatory region may increase the transcription of genesoperatively linked to said regulatory region in the presence of RNS, ascompared to the native transcription factor and regulatory region frombacteria of the same subtype under the same conditions.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise aRNS-sensing transcription factor, NsrR, and corresponding regulatoryregion, nsrR, from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In some embodiments, thenative RNS-sensing transcription factor, e.g., NsrR, is left intact andretains wild-type activity. In alternate embodiments, the nativeRNS-sensing transcription factor, e.g., NsrR, is deleted or mutated toreduce or eliminate wild-type activity.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise multiple copies of the endogenous gene encoding theRNS-sensing transcription factor, e.g., the nsrR gene. In someembodiments, the gene encoding the RNS-sensing transcription factor ispresent on a plasmid. In some embodiments, the gene encoding theRNS-sensing transcription factor and the gene or gene cassette forproducing the therapeutic molecule are present on different plasmids. Insome embodiments, the gene encoding the RNS-sensing transcription factorand the gene or gene cassette for producing the therapeutic molecule arepresent on the same plasmid. In some embodiments, the gene encoding theRNS-sensing transcription factor is present on a chromosome. In someembodiments, the gene encoding the RNS-sensing transcription factor andthe gene or gene cassette for producing the therapeutic molecule arepresent on different chromosomes. In some embodiments, the gene encodingthe RNS-sensing transcription factor and the gene or gene cassette forproducing the therapeutic molecule are present on the same chromosome.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise awild-type gene encoding a RNS-sensing transcription factor, e.g., theNsrR gene, and a corresponding regulatory region, e.g., a norBregulatory region, that is mutated relative to the wild-type regulatoryregion from bacteria of the same subtype. The mutated regulatory regionincreases the expression of the tranporter in the presence of RNS, ascompared to the wild-type regulatory region under the same conditions.In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise awild-type RNS-responsive regulatory region, e.g., the norB regulatoryregion, and a corresponding transcription factor, e.g., NsrR, that ismutated relative to the wild-type transcription factor from bacteria ofthe same subtype. The mutant transcription factor increases theexpression of the tranporter in the presence of RNS, as compared to thewild-type transcription factor under the same conditions. In someembodiments, both the RNS-sensing transcription factor and correspondingregulatory region are mutated relative to the wild-type sequences frombacteria of the same subtype in order to increase expression of thetranporter in the presence of RNS.

In some embodiments, the gene or gene cassette for producing theanti-inflammation and/or gut barrier function enhancer molecule ispresent on a plasmid and operably linked to a promoter that is inducedby RNS. In some embodiments, expression is further optimized by methodsknown in the art, e.g., by optimizing ribosomal binding sites,manipulating transcriptional regulators, and/or increasing mRNAstability.

In some embodiments, any of the gene(s) of the present disclosure may beintegrated into the bacterial chromosome at one or more integrationsites. For example, one or more copies of one or more encoding antranporter gene(s) may be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.Having multiple copies of the gene or gen(s) integrated into thechromosome allows for greater production of the tranporter(s) and alsopermits fine-tuning of the level of expression. Alternatively, differentcircuits described herein, such as any of the secretion or exportercircuits, in addition to the therapeutic gene(s) or gene cassette(s)could be integrated into the bacterial chromosome at one or moredifferent integration sites to perform multiple different functions.

ROS-Dependent Regulation

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria or geneticallyengineered virus comprise a gene for producing an tranporter that isexpressed under the control of an inducible promoter. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium or geneticallyengineered virus that expresses an tranporter under the control of apromoter that is activated by conditions of cellular damage. In oneembodiment, the gene for producing the tranporter is expressed under thecontrol of an cellular damaged-dependent promoter that is activated inenvironments in which there is cellular or tissue damage, e.g., areactive oxygen species or ROS promoter.

As used herein, “reactive oxygen species” and “ROS” are usedinterchangeably to refer to highly active molecules, ions, and/orradicals derived from molecular oxygen. ROS can be produced asbyproducts of aerobic respiration or metal-catalyzed oxidation and maycause deleterious cellular effects such as oxidative damage. ROSincludes, but is not limited to, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), organicperoxide (ROOH), hydroxyl ion (OH—), hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxideor superoxide anion (•O2—), singlet oxygen (1O2), ozone (O3), carbonateradical, peroxide or peroxyl radical (•O2-2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl),hypochlorite ion (OCl—), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), nitric oxide(NO•), and peroxynitrite or peroxynitrite anion (ONOO—) (unpairedelectrons denoted by •). Bacteria have evolved transcription factorsthat are capable of sensing ROS levels. Different ROS signaling pathwaysare triggered by different ROS levels and occur with different kinetics(Marinho et al., 2014).

As used herein, “ROS-inducible regulatory region” refers to a nucleicacid sequence to which one or more ROS-sensing transcription factors iscapable of binding, wherein the binding and/or activation of thecorresponding transcription factor activates downstream gene expression;in the presence of ROS, the transcription factor binds to and/oractivates the regulatory region. In some embodiments, the ROS-inducibleregulatory region comprises a promoter sequence. In some embodiments,the transcription factor senses ROS and subsequently binds to theROS-inducible regulatory region, thereby activating downstream geneexpression. In alternate embodiments, the transcription factor is boundto the ROS-inducible regulatory region in the absence of ROS; in thepresence of ROS, the transcription factor undergoes a conformationalchange, thereby activating downstream gene expression. The ROS-inducibleregulatory region may be operatively linked to a gene sequence or genesequence, e.g., a sequence or sequences encoding one or moretranporter(s). For example, in the presence of ROS, a transcriptionfactor, e.g., OxyR, senses ROS and activates a correspondingROS-inducible regulatory region, thereby driving expression of anoperatively linked gene sequence or gene sequences. Thus, ROS inducesexpression of the gene or genes.

As used herein, “ROS-derepressible regulatory region” refers to anucleic acid sequence to which one or more ROS-sensing transcriptionfactors is capable of binding, wherein the binding of the correspondingtranscription factor represses downstream gene expression; in thepresence of ROS, the transcription factor does not bind to and does notrepress the regulatory region. In some embodiments, theROS-derepressible regulatory region comprises a promoter sequence. TheROS-derepressible regulatory region may be operatively linked to a geneor genes, e.g., one or more genes encoding one or more tranporter(s).For example, in the presence of ROS, a transcription factor, e.g., OhrR,senses ROS and no longer binds to and/or represses the regulatoryregion, thereby derepressing an operatively linked gene sequence or genecassette. Thus, ROS derepresses expression of the gene or gene cassette.

As used herein, “ROS-repressible regulatory region” refers to a nucleicacid sequence to which one or more ROS-sensing transcription factors iscapable of binding, wherein the binding of the correspondingtranscription factor represses downstream gene expression; in thepresence of ROS, the transcription factor binds to and represses theregulatory region. In some embodiments, the ROS-repressible regulatoryregion comprises a promoter sequence. In some embodiments, thetranscription factor that senses ROS is capable of binding to aregulatory region that overlaps with part of the promoter sequence. Inalternate embodiments, the transcription factor that senses ROS iscapable of binding to a regulatory region that is upstream or downstreamof the promoter sequence. The ROS-repressible regulatory region may beoperatively linked to a gene sequence or gene sequences. For example, inthe presence of ROS, a transcription factor, e.g., PerR, senses ROS andbinds to a corresponding ROS-repressible regulatory region, therebyblocking expression of an operatively linked gene sequence or genesequences. Thus, ROS represses expression of the gene or genes.

As used herein, a “ROS-responsive regulatory region” refers to aROS-inducible regulatory region, a ROS-repressible regulatory region,and/or a ROS-derepressible regulatory region. In some embodiments, theROS-responsive regulatory region comprises a promoter sequence. Eachregulatory region is capable of binding at least one correspondingROS-sensing transcription factor. Examples of transcription factors thatsense ROS and their corresponding ROS-responsive genes, promoters,and/or regulatory regions include, but are not limited to, those shownin Table 4.

Examples of ROS-Sensing Transcription Factors and ROS-Responsive Genes

ROS-sensing Primarily transcription capable of Examples of responsivegenes, factor: sensing: promoters, and/or regulatory regions: OxyR H₂O₂ahpC; ahpF; dps; dsbG; fhuF; flu; fur; gor; grxA; hemH; katG; oxyS;sufA; sufB; sufC; sufD; sufE; sufS; trxC; uxuA; yaaA; yaeH; yaiA; ybjM;ydcH; ydeN; ygaQ; yljA; ytfK PerR H₂O₂ katA; ahpCF; mrgA; zoaA; fur;hemAXCDBL; srfA OhrR Organic ohrA peroxides NaOCl SoxR •O₂ ⁻ soxS NO•(also capable of sensing H₂O₂) RosR H₂O₂ rbtT; tnp16a; rluC1; tnp5a;mscL; tnp2d; phoD; tnp15b; pstA; tnp5b; xylC; gabD1; rluC2; cgtS9; azlC;narKGHJI; rosR

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise atunable regulatory region that is directly or indirectly controlled by atranscription factor that is capable of sensing at least one reactiveoxygen species. The tunable regulatory region is operatively linked to agene or gene cassette capable of directly or indirectly driving theexpression of an tranporter, thus controlling expression of thetranporter relative to ROS levels. For example, the tunable regulatoryregion is a ROS-inducible regulatory region, and the molecule is antranporter; when ROS is present, e.g., in an inflamed tissue, aROS-sensing transcription factor binds to and/or activates theregulatory region and drives expression of the gene sequence for thetranporter, thereby producing the tranporter. Subsequently, wheninflammation is ameliorated, ROS levels are reduced, and production ofthe tranporter is decreased or eliminated.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a ROS-inducibleregulatory region; in the presence of ROS, a transcription factor sensesROS and activates the ROS-inducible regulatory region, thereby drivingexpression of an operatively linked gene or gene cassette. In someembodiments, the transcription factor senses ROS and subsequently bindsto the ROS-inducible regulatory region, thereby activating downstreamgene expression. In alternate embodiments, the transcription factor isbound to the ROS-inducible regulatory region in the absence of ROS; whenthe transcription factor senses ROS, it undergoes a conformationalchange, thereby inducing downstream gene expression.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a ROS-inducibleregulatory region, and the transcription factor that senses ROS is OxyR.OxyR “functions primarily as a global regulator of the peroxide stressresponse” and is capable of regulating dozens of genes, e.g., “genesinvolved in H2O2 detoxification (katE, ahpCF), heme biosynthesis (hemH),reductant supply (grxA, gor, trxC), thiol-disulfide isomerization(dsbG), Fe—S center repair (sufA-E, sufS), iron binding (yaaA),repression of iron import systems (fur)” and “OxyS, a small regulatoryRNA” (Dubbs et al., 2012). The genetically engineered bacteria maycomprise any suitable ROS-responsive regulatory region from a gene thatis activated by OxyR. Genes that are capable of being activated by OxyRare known in the art (see, e.g., Zheng et al., 2001; Dubbs et al., 2012;Table 1). In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria ofthe invention comprise a ROS-inducible regulatory region from oxyS thatis operatively linked to a gene, e.g., an tranporter gene. In thepresence of ROS, e.g., H2O2, an OxyR transcription factor senses ROS andactivates to the oxyS regulatory region, thereby driving expression ofthe operatively linked tranporter gene and producing the tranporter. Insome embodiments, OxyR is encoded by an E. coli oxyR gene. In someembodiments, the oxyS regulatory region is an E. coli oxyS regulatoryregion. In some embodiments, the ROS-inducible regulatory region isselected from the regulatory region of katG, dps, and ahpC.

In alternate embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is aROS-inducible regulatory region, and the corresponding transcriptionfactor that senses ROS is SoxR. When SoxR is “activated by oxidation ofits [2Fe—2S ] cluster, it increases the synthesis of SoxS, which thenactivates its target gene expression” (Koo et al., 2003). “SoxR is knownto respond primarily to superoxide and nitric oxide” (Koo et al., 2003),and is also capable of responding to H2O2. The genetically engineeredbacteria of the invention may comprise any suitable ROS-responsiveregulatory region from a gene that is activated by SoxR. Genes that arecapable of being activated by SoxR are known in the art (see, e.g., Kooet al., 2003; Table 1). In certain embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria of the invention comprise a ROS-inducible regulatoryregion from soxS that is operatively linked to a gene, e.g., antranporter. In the presence of ROS, the SoxR transcription factor sensesROS and activates the soxS regulatory region, thereby driving expressionof the operatively linked an tranporter gene and producing the antranporter.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is aROS-derepressible regulatory region, and binding of a correspondingtranscription factor represses downstream gene expression; in thepresence of ROS, the transcription factor no longer binds to theregulatory region, thereby derepressing the operatively linked gene orgene cassette.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is aROS-derepressible regulatory region, and the transcription factor thatsenses ROS is OhrR. OhrR “binds to a pair of inverted repeat DNAsequences overlapping the ohrA promoter site and thereby represses thetranscription event,” but oxidized OhrR is “unable to bind its DNAtarget” (Duarte et al., 2010). OhrR is a “transcriptional repressor[that] . . . senses both organic peroxides and NaOCl” (Dubbs et al.,2012) and is “weakly activated by H2O2 but it shows much higherreactivity for organic hydroperoxides” (Duarte et al., 2010). Thegenetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise anysuitable ROS-responsive regulatory region from a gene that is repressedby OhrR. Genes that are capable of being repressed by OhrR are known inthe art (see, e.g., Dubbs et al., 2012; Table 1). In certainembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the inventioncomprise a ROS-derepressible regulatory region from ohrA that isoperatively linked to a gene or gene cassette, e.g., an tranporter gene.In the presence of ROS, e.g., NaOCl, an OhrR transcription factor sensesROS and no longer binds to the ohrA regulatory region, therebyderepressing the operatively linked tranporter gene and producing the antranporter.

OhrR is a member of the MarR family of ROS-responsive regulators. “Mostmembers of the MarR family are transcriptional repressors and often bindto the -10 or -35 region in the promoter causing a steric inhibition ofRNA polymerase binding” (Bussmann et al., 2010). Other members of thisfamily are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, OspR,MgrA, RosR, and SarZ. In some embodiments, the transcription factor thatsenses ROS is OspR, MgRA, RosR, and/or SarZ, and the geneticallyengineered bacteria of the invention comprises one or more correspondingregulatory region sequences from a gene that is repressed by OspR, MgRA,RosR, and/or SarZ. Genes that are capable of being repressed by OspR,MgRA, RosR, and/or SarZ are known in the art (see, e.g., Dubbs et al.,2012).

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is aROS-derepressible regulatory region, and the corresponding transcriptionfactor that senses ROS is RosR. RosR is “a MarR-type transcriptionalregulator” that binds to an “18-bp inverted repeat with the consensussequence TTGTTGAYRYRTCAACWA” and is “reversibly inhibited by the oxidantH2O2” (Bussmann et al., 2010). RosR is capable of repressing numerousgenes and putative genes, including but not limited to “a putativepolyisoprenoid-binding protein (cg1322, gene upstream of and divergentfrom rosR), a sensory histidine kinase (cgtS9), a putativetranscriptional regulator of the Crp/FNR family (cg3291), a protein ofthe glutathione S-transferase family (cg1426), two putative FMNreductases (cg1150 and cg1850), and four putative monooxygenases(cg0823, cg1848, cg2329, and cg3084)” (Bussmann et al., 2010). Thegenetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise anysuitable ROS-responsive regulatory region from a gene that is repressedby RosR. Genes that are capable of being repressed by RosR are known inthe art (see, e.g., Bussmann et al., 2010; Table 1). In certainembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the inventioncomprise a ROS-derepressible regulatory region from cgtS9 that isoperatively linked to a gene or gene cassette, e.g., an tranporter. Inthe presence of ROS, e.g., H2O2, a RosR transcription factor senses ROSand no longer binds to the cgtS9 regulatory region, thereby derepressingthe operatively linked tranporter gene and producing the tranporter.

In some embodiments, it is advantageous for the genetically engineeredbacteria to express a ROS-sensing transcription factor that does notregulate the expression of a significant number of native genes in thebacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium ofthe invention expresses a ROS-sensing transcription factor from adifferent species, strain, or substrain of bacteria, wherein thetranscription factor does not bind to regulatory sequences in thegenetically engineered bacterium of the invention. In some embodiments,the genetically engineered bacterium of the invention is Escherichiacoli, and the ROS-sensing transcription factor is RosR, e.g., fromCorynebacterium glutamicum, wherein the Escherichia coli does notcomprise binding sites for said RosR. In some embodiments, theheterologous transcription factor minimizes or eliminates off-targeteffects on endogenous regulatory regions and genes in the geneticallyengineered bacteria.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a ROS-repressibleregulatory region, and binding of a corresponding transcription factorrepresses downstream gene expression; in the presence of ROS, thetranscription factor senses ROS and binds to the ROS-repressibleregulatory region, thereby repressing expression of the operativelylinked gene or gene cassette. In some embodiments, the ROS-sensingtranscription factor is capable of binding to a regulatory region thatoverlaps with part of the promoter sequence. In alternate embodiments,the ROS-sensing transcription factor is capable of binding to aregulatory region that is upstream or downstream of the promotersequence.

In some embodiments, the tunable regulatory region is a ROS-repressibleregulatory region, and the transcription factor that senses ROS is PerR.In Bacillus subtilis, PerR “when bound to DNA, represses the genescoding for proteins involved in the oxidative stress response (katA,ahpC, and mrgA), metal homeostasis (hemAXCDBL, fur, and zoaA) and itsown synthesis (perR)” (Marinho et al., 2014). PerR is a “globalregulator that responds primarily to H2O2” (Dubbs et al., 2012) and“interacts with DNA at the per box, a specific palindromic consensussequence (TTATAATNATTATAA) residing within and near the promotersequences of PerR-controlled genes” (Marinho et al., 2014). PerR iscapable of binding a regulatory region that “overlaps part of thepromoter or is immediately downstream from it” (Dubbs et al., 2012). Thegenetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise anysuitable ROS-responsive regulatory region from a gene that is repressedby PerR. Genes that are capable of being repressed by PerR are known inthe art (see, e.g., Dubbs et al., 2012; Table 1).

In these embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria may comprise atwo repressor activation regulatory circuit, which is used to express antranporter. The two repressor activation regulatory circuit comprises afirst ROS-sensing repressor, e.g., PerR, and a second repressor, e.g.,TetR, which is operatively linked to a gene or gene cassette, e.g., antranporter. In one aspect of these embodiments, the ROS-sensingrepressor inhibits transcription of the second repressor, which inhibitsthe transcription of the gene or gene cassette. Examples of secondrepressors useful in these embodiments include, but are not limited to,TetR, Cl, and LexA. In some embodiments, the ROS-sensing repressor isPerR. In some embodiments, the second repressor is TetR. In thisembodiment, a PerR-repressible regulatory region drives expression ofTetR, and a TetR-repressible regulatory region drives expression of thegene or gene cassette, e.g., an tranporter. In the absence of PerRbinding (which occurs in the absence of ROS), tetR is transcribed, andTetR represses expression of the gene or gene cassette, e.g., antranporter. In the presence of PerR binding (which occurs in thepresence of ROS), tetR expression is repressed, and the gene or genecassette, e.g., an tranporter, is expressed.

A ROS-responsive transcription factor may induce, derepress, or repressgene expression depending upon the regulatory region sequence used inthe genetically engineered bacteria. For example, although “OxyR isprimarily thought of as a transcriptional activator under oxidizingconditions . . . OxyR can function as either a repressor or activatorunder both oxidizing and reducing conditions” (Dubbs et al., 2012), andOxyR “has been shown to be a repressor of its own expression as well asthat of fhuF (encoding a ferric ion reductase) and flu (encoding theantigen 43 outer membrane protein)” (Zheng et al., 2001). Thegenetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise anysuitable ROS-responsive regulatory region from a gene that is repressedby OxyR. In some embodiments, OxyR is used in a two repressor activationregulatory circuit, as described above. Genes that are capable of beingrepressed by OxyR are known in the art (see, e.g., Zheng et al., 2001;Table 1). Or, for example, although RosR is capable of repressing anumber of genes, it is also capable of activating certain genes, e.g.,the narKGHJI operon. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprise any suitable ROS-responsive regulatory region from agene that is activated by RosR. In addition, “PerR-mediated positiveregulation has also been observed . . . and appears to involve PerRbinding to distant upstream sites” (Dubbs et al., 2012). In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise any suitableROS-responsive regulatory region from a gene that is activated by PerR.

One or more types of ROS-sensing transcription factors and correspondingregulatory region sequences may be present in genetically engineeredbacteria. For example, “OhrR is found in both Gram-positive andGram-negative bacteria and can coreside with either OxyR or PerR orboth” (Dubbs et al., 2012). In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria comprise one type of ROS-sensing transcriptionfactor, e.g., OxyR, and one corresponding regulatory region sequence,e.g., from oxyS. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprise one type of ROS-sensing transcription factor, e.g.,OxyR, and two or more different corresponding regulatory regionsequences, e.g., from oxyS and katG. In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise two or more types ofROS-sensing transcription factors, e.g., OxyR and PerR, and two or morecorresponding regulatory region sequences, e.g., from oxyS and katA,respectively. One ROS-responsive regulatory region may be capable ofbinding more than one transcription factor. In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise two or more types ofROS-sensing transcription factors and one corresponding regulatoryregion sequence.

Nucleic acid sequences of several exemplary OxyR-regulated regulatoryregions are shown in Table 5. OxyR binding sites are underlined andbolded. In some embodiments, genetically engineered bacteria comprise anucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, atleast about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% homologous tothe DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, 47, 48, or 49, or a functionalfragment thereof.

Nucleotide Sequences of Exemplary OxyR-Regulated Regulatory Regions

Regulatory sequence 01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789katG TGTGGCTTTTATGAAAATCACACAGTGATCACAAATTTTAAACA (SEQ ID NO:)GAGCACAAAATGCTGCCTCGAAATGAGGGCGGGAAAATAAGGTTATCAGCCTTGTTTTCTCCCTCATTACTTGAAGGATATGAAGCTAAAACCCTTTTTTATAAAGCATTTGTCCGAATTCGGACATAATCAAAAAAGCTTAATTAAGATCAATTTGATCTACATCTCTTTAACCA ACAATAT GTAAGATCTCAACTATCGCATC CGTGGATTAATTC AATT ATAACTTCTCTCTAACGCTGTGTATCGTAACGGTAACACTGTAGAGGGGAGCACATTGATGCGAATTCATTAAAGAGGAGAAA GGTACC dpsTTCCGAAAATTCCTGGCGAGCAGATAAATAAGAATTGTTCTTAT (SEQ ID NO:)CAATATATCTAACTCATTGAATCTTTATTAGTTTTGTTTTTCA CG CTTGTTACCACTATT AGTGTGATAGGAACAGCCAGAA TAGCG GAACACATAGCCGGTGCTATACTTAATCTCGTTAATTACTGGGACATAACATCAAGAGGATATGAAATTCGAATTCATTAAAGAGGA GAAAGGTACC ahpCGCTTAGATCAGGTGATTGCCCTTTGTTTATGAGGGTGTTGTAATC (SEQ ID NO:)CATGTCGTTGTTGCATTTGTAAGGGCAACACCTCAGCCTGCAGGCAGGCACTGAAGATACCAAAGGGTAGTTCAGATTACACGGTCACCTGGAAAGGGGGCCATTTTACTTTTTATCGCCGCTGGCGGTGCAAAGTTCACAAAGTTGTCTTACGAAGGTT GTAAGGTAAAACTT ATC GATTT GATAATGGAAACGCATTAGCCGAATCGGCAAAAAT TGGTTACCTTACATCTCATCGAAAACACGGAGGAAGTATAGATGCGAATTCATTAAAGAGGAGAAAGGTACC oxyS CTCGAGTTCATTATCCATCCTCCATCGCCACGATAGTTCATGGC (SEQ ID NO:) GATA GGTAG AATAGCAATGAACGATTATCCCTATCAAGCATTC TGACTGATAATTGCTCACACGAATTCATTAAAGAGGAGAAAGGT ACC

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise a gene encoding a ROS-sensing transcription factor,e.g., the oxyR gene, that is controlled by its native promoter, aninducible promoter, a promoter that is stronger than the nativepromoter, e.g., the GlnRS promoter or the P(Bla) promoter, or aconstitutive promoter. In some instances, it may be advantageous toexpress the ROS-sensing transcription factor under the control of aninducible promoter in order to enhance expression stability. In someembodiments, expression of the ROS-sensing transcription factor iscontrolled by a different promoter than the promoter that controlsexpression of the therapeutic molecule. In some embodiments, expressionof the ROS-sensing transcription factor is controlled by the samepromoter that controls expression of the therapeutic molecule. In someembodiments, the ROS-sensing transcription factor and therapeuticmolecule are divergently transcribed from a promoter region.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise a gene for a ROS-sensing transcription factor from adifferent species, strain, or substrain of bacteria. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise aROS-responsive regulatory region from a different species, strain, orsubstrain of bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria comprise a ROS-sensing transcription factor and correspondingROS-responsive regulatory region from a different species, strain, orsubstrain of bacteria. The heterologous ROS-sensing transcription factorand regulatory region may increase the transcription of genesoperatively linked to said regulatory region in the presence of ROS, ascompared to the native transcription factor and regulatory region frombacteria of the same subtype under the same conditions.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise aROS-sensing transcription factor, OxyR, and corresponding regulatoryregion, oxyS, from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the nativeROS-sensing transcription factor, e.g., OxyR, is left intact and retainswild-type activity. In alternate embodiments, the native ROS-sensingtranscription factor, e.g., OxyR, is deleted or mutated to reduce oreliminate wild-type activity.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention comprise multiple copies of the endogenous gene encoding theROS-sensing transcription factor, e.g., the oxyR gene. In someembodiments, the gene encoding the ROS-sensing transcription factor ispresent on a plasmid. In some embodiments, the gene encoding theROS-sensing transcription factor and the gene or gene cassette forproducing the therapeutic molecule are present on different plasmids. Insome embodiments, the gene encoding the ROS-sensing transcription factorand the gene or gene cassette for producing the therapeutic molecule arepresent on the same. In some embodiments, the gene encoding theROS-sensing transcription factor is present on a chromosome. In someembodiments, the gene encoding the ROS-sensing transcription factor andthe gene or gene cassette for producing the therapeutic molecule arepresent on different chromosomes. In some embodiments, the gene encodingthe ROS-sensing transcription factor and the gene or gene cassette forproducing the therapeutic molecule are present on the same chromosome.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise awild-type gene encoding a ROS-sensing transcription factor, e.g., thesoxR gene, and a corresponding regulatory region, e.g., a soxSregulatory region, that is mutated relative to the wild-type regulatoryregion from bacteria of the same subtype. The mutated regulatory regionincreases the expression of the tranporter in the presence of ROS, ascompared to the wild-type regulatory region under the same conditions.In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise awild-type ROS-responsive regulatory region, e.g., the oxyS regulatoryregion, and a corresponding transcription factor, e.g., OxyR, that ismutated relative to the wild-type transcription factor from bacteria ofthe same subtype. The mutant transcription factor increases theexpression of the tranporter in the presence of ROS, as compared to thewild-type transcription factor under the same conditions. In someembodiments, both the ROS-sensing transcription factor and correspondingregulatory region are mutated relative to the wild-type sequences frombacteria of the same subtype in order to increase expression of thetranporter in the presence of ROS.

In some embodiments, the gene or gene cassette for producing thetranporter is present on a plasmid and operably linked to a promoterthat is induced by ROS. In some embodiments, the gene or gene cassettefor producing the tranporter is present in the chromosome and operablylinked to a promoter that is induced by ROS. In some embodiments, thegene or gene cassette for producing the tranporter is present on achromosome and operably linked to a promoter that is induced by exposureto tetracycline. In some embodiments, the gene or gene cassette forproducing the tranporter is present on a plasmid and operably linked toa promoter that is induced by exposure to tetracycline. In someembodiments, expression is further optimized by methods known in theart, e.g., by optimizing ribosomal binding sites, manipulatingtranscriptional regulators, and/or increasing mRNA stability.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria may comprisemultiple copies of the gene(s) capable of producing an tranporter(s). Insome embodiments, the gene(s) capable of producing an tranporter(s) ispresent on a plasmid and operatively linked to a ROS-responsiveregulatory region. In some embodiments, the gene(s) capable of producingan tranporter is present in a chromosome and operatively linked to aROS-responsive regulatory region.

Thus, in some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria orgenetically engineered virus produce one or more tranporters under thecontrol of an oxygen level-dependent promoter, a reactive oxygen species(ROS)-dependent promoter, or a reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-dependentpromoter, and a corresponding transcription factor.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise astably maintained plasmid or chromosome carrying a gene for producing antranporter, such that the tranporter can be expressed in the host cell,and the host cell is capable of survival and/or growth in vitro, e.g.,in medium, and/or in vivo. In some embodiments, a bacterium may comprisemultiple copies of the gene encoding the tranporter. In someembodiments, the gene encoding the tranporter is expressed on a low-copyplasmid. In some embodiments, the low-copy plasmid may be useful forincreasing stability of expression. In some embodiments, the low-copyplasmid may be useful for decreasing leaky expression under non-inducingconditions. In some embodiments, the gene encoding the tranporter isexpressed on a high-copy plasmid. In some embodiments, the high-copyplasmid may be useful for increasing expression of the tranporter. Insome embodiments, the gene encoding the tranporter is expressed on achromosome.

In some embodiments, the bacteria are genetically engineered to includemultiple mechanisms of action (MOAs), e.g., circuits producing multiplecopies of the same product (e.g., to enhance copy number) or circuitsperforming multiple different functions. For example, the geneticallyengineered bacteria may include four copies of the gene encoding aparticular tranporter inserted at four different insertion sites.Alternatively, the genetically engineered bacteria may include threecopies of the gene encoding a particular tranporter inserted at threedifferent insertion sites and three copies of the gene encoding adifferent tranporter inserted at three different insertion sites.

In some embodiments, under conditions where the tranporter is expressed,the genetically engineered bacteria of the disclosure produce at leastabout 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 10-fold, at leastabout 15-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 30-fold, at leastabout 50-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 200-fold, atleast about 300-fold, at least about 400-fold, at least about 500-fold,at least about 600-fold, at least about 700-fold, at least about800-fold, at least about 900-fold, at least about 1,000-fold, or atleast about 1,500-fold more of the tranporter, and/or transcript of thegene(s) in the operon as compared to unmodified bacteria of the samesubtype under the same conditions.

In some embodiments, quantitative PCR (qPCR) is used to amplify, detect,and/or quantify mRNA expression levels of the tranporter gene(s).Primers specific for tranporter the gene(s) may be designed and used todetect mRNA in a sample according to methods known in the art. In someembodiments, a fluorophore is added to a sample reaction mixture thatmay contain tranporter mRNA, and a thermal cycler is used to illuminatethe sample reaction mixture with a specific wavelength of light anddetect the subsequent emission by the fluorophore. The reaction mixtureis heated and cooled to predetermined temperatures for predeterminedtime periods. In certain embodiments, the heating and cooling isrepeated for a predetermined number of cycles. In some embodiments, thereaction mixture is heated and cooled to 90-100° C., 60-70° C., and30-50° C. for a predetermined number of cycles. In a certain embodiment,the reaction mixture is heated and cooled to 93-97° C., 55-65° C., and35-45° C. for a predetermined number of cycles. In some embodiments, theaccumulating amplicon is quantified after each cycle of the qPCR. Thenumber of cycles at which fluorescence exceeds the threshold is thethreshold cycle (CT). At least one CT result for each sample isgenerated, and the CT result(s) may be used to determine mRNA expressionlevels of the tranporter gene(s).

In some embodiments, quantitative PCR (qPCR) is used to amplify, detect,and/or quantify mRNA expression levels of the tranporter gene(s).Primers specific for tranporter the gene(s) may be designed and used todetect mRNA in a sample according to methods known in the art. In someembodiments, a fluorophore is added to a sample reaction mixture thatmay contain tranporter mRNA, and a thermal cycler is used to illuminatethe sample reaction mixture with a specific wavelength of light anddetect the subsequent emission by the fluorophore. The reaction mixtureis heated and cooled to predetermined temperatures for predeterminedtime periods. In certain embodiments, the heating and cooling isrepeated for a predetermined number of cycles. In some embodiments, thereaction mixture is heated and cooled to 90-100° C., 60-70° C., and30-50° C. for a predetermined number of cycles. In a certain embodiment,the reaction mixture is heated and cooled to 93-97° C., 55-65° C., and35-45° C. for a predetermined number of cycles. In some embodiments, theaccumulating amplicon is quantified after each cycle of the qPCR. Thenumber of cycles at which fluorescence exceeds the threshold is thethreshold cycle (CT). At least one CT result for each sample isgenerated, and the CT result(s) may be used to determine mRNA expressionlevels of the tranporter gene(s).

Essential Genes and Auxotrophs

As used herein, the term “essential gene” refers to a gene that isnecessary to for cell growth and/or survival. Bacterial essential genesare well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and can beidentified by directed deletion of genes and/or random mutagenesis andscreening (see, for example, Zhang and Lin, 2009, DEG 5.0, a database ofessential genes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Nucl. Acids Res.,37:D455-D458 and Gerdes et al., Essential genes on metabolic maps, Curr.Opin. Biotechnol., 17(5):448-456, the entire contents of each of whichare expressly incorporated herein by reference).

An “essential gene” may be dependent on the circumstances andenvironment in which an organism lives. For example, a mutation of,modification of, or excision of an essential gene may result in therecombinant bacteria of the disclosure becoming an auxotroph. Anauxotrophic modification is intended to cause bacteria to die in theabsence of an exogenously added nutrient essential for survival orgrowth because they lack the gene(s) necessary to produce that essentialnutrient.

An auxotrophic modification is intended to cause bacteria to die in theabsence of an exogenously added nutrient essential for survival orgrowth because they lack the gene(s) necessary to produce that essentialnutrient. In some embodiments, any of the genetically engineeredbacteria described herein also comprise a deletion or mutation in a generequired for cell survival and/or growth. In one embodiment, theessential gene is a DNA synthesis gene, for example, thyA. In anotherembodiment, the essential gene is a cell wall synthesis gene, forexample, dapA. In yet another embodiment, the essential gene is an aminoacid gene, for example, serA or MetA. Any gene required for cellsurvival and/or growth may be targeted, including but not limited to,cysE, glnA, ilvD, leuB, lysA, serA, metA, glyA, hisB, ilvA, pheA, proA,thrC, trpC, tyrA, thyA, uraA, dapA, dapB, dapD, dapE, dapF, flhD, metB,metC, proAB, and thiI, as long as the corresponding wild-type geneproduct is not produced in the bacteria. For example, thymine is anucleic acid that is required for bacterial cell growth; in its absence,bacteria undergo cell death. The thyA gene encodes thimidylatesynthetase, an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in thymine synthesisby converting dUMP to dTMP (Sat et al. (2003) J Bacteriol. (2003)185(6):1803-7). In some embodiments, the bacterial cell of thedisclosure is a thyA auxotroph in which the thyA gene is deleted and/orreplaced with an unrelated gene. A thyA auxotroph can grow only whensufficient amounts of thymine are present, e.g., by adding thymine togrowth media in vitro. Without sufficient amounts of thymine, the thyAauxotroph dies. In some embodiments, the auxotrophic modification isused to ensure that the bacterial cell does not survive in the absenceof the auxotrophic gene product, e.g., outside of the hypoxic tumorenvironment.

Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid synthetized within the lysinebiosynthetic pathway and is required for bacterial cell wall growth(Meadow et al., 1959; Clarkson et al., 1971). In some embodiments, anyof the genetically engineered bacteria described herein is a dapDauxotroph in which the dapD gene is deleted and/or replaced with anunrelated gene. A dapD auxotroph can grow only when sufficient amountsof DAP are present, e.g., by adding DAP to growth media in vitro.Without sufficient amounts of DAP, the dapD auxotroph dies. In someembodiments, the auxotrophic modification is used to ensure that thebacterial cell does not survive in the absence of the auxotrophic geneproduct.

In other embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium of thepresent disclosure is a uraA auxotroph in which the uraA gene is deletedand/or replaced with an unrelated gene. The uraA gene codes for UraA, amembrane-bound transporter that facilitates the uptake and subsequentmetabolism of the pyrimidine uracil (Andersen et al., 1995). A uraAauxotroph can grow only when sufficient amounts of uracil are present,e.g., by adding uracil to growth media in vitro. Without sufficientamounts of uracil, the uraA auxotroph dies. In some embodiments,auxotrophic modifications are used to ensure that the bacteria do notsurvive in the absence of the auxotrophic gene product.

In complex communities, it is possible for bacteria to share DNA. Invery rare circumstances, an auxotrophic bacterial strain may receive DNAfrom a non-auxotrophic strain, which repairs the genomic deletion andpermanently rescues the auxotroph. Therefore, engineering a bacterialstrain with more than one auxotroph may greatly decrease the probabilitythat DNA transfer will occur enough times to rescue the auxotrophy. Insome embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the inventioncomprise a deletion or mutation in two or more genes required for cellsurvival and/or growth.

Other examples of essential genes include, but are not limited to yhbV,yagG, hemB, secD, secF, ribD, ribE, thiL, dxs, ispA, dnaX, adk, hemH,lpxH, cysS, fold, rplT, infC, thrS, nadE, gapA, yeaZ, aspS, argS, pgsA,yefM, metG, folE, yejM, gyrA, nrdA, nrdB, folC, accD, fabB, gltX, ligA,zipA, dapE, dapA, der, hisS, ispG, suhB, tadA, acpS, era, mc, ftsB, eno,pyrG, chpR, lgt, fbaA, pgk, yqgD, metK, yqgF, plsC, ygiT, pare, ribB,cca, ygjD, tdcF, yraL, yihA, ftsN, murl, murB, birA, secE, nusG, rplJ,rplL, rpoB, rpoC, ubiA, plsB, lexA, dnaB, ssb, alsK, groS, psd, orn,yjeE, rpsR, chpS, ppa, valS, yjgP, yjgQ, dnaC, ribF, lspA, ispH, dapB,folA, imp, yabQ, ftsL, ftsI, murE, murF, mraY, murD, ftsW, murG, murC,ftsQ, ftsA, ftsZ, lpxC, secM, secA, can, folK, hemL, yadR, dapD, map,rpsB, infB, nusA, ftsH, obgE, rpmA, rplU, ispB, murA, yrbB, yrbK, yhbN,rpsl, rplM, degS, mreD, mreC, mreB, accB, accC, yrdC, def fmt, rplQ,rpoA, rpsD, rpsK, rpsM, entD, mrdB, mrdA, nadD, hlepB, rpoE, pssA, yfiO,rplS, trmD, rpsP, ffh, grpE, yfjB, csrA, ispF, ispD, rplW, rplD, rplC,rpsJ, fusA, rpsG, rpsL, trpS, yrfF, asd, rpoH, ftsX, ftsE, ftsY, frr,dxr, ispU, rfaK, kdtA, coaD, rpmB, dfp, dut, gmk, spot, gyrB, dnaN,dnaA, rpmH, rnpA, yidC, tnaB, glmS, glmU, wzyE, hemD, hemC, yigP, ubiB,ubiD, hemG, secY, rplO, rpmD, rpsE, rplR, rplF, rpsH, rpsN, rplE, rplX,rplN, rpsQ, rpmC, rplP, rpsL, rplV, rpsS, rplB, cdsA, yaeL, yaeT, lpxD,fabZ, lpxA, lpxB, dnaE, accA, tilS, proS, yafF, tsf, pyrH, olA, rlpB,leuS, int, glnS, fldA, cydA, infA, cydC, ftsK, A, serS, rpsA, msbA,lpxK, kdsB, mukF, mukE, mukB, asnS, fabA, mviN, me, yceQ, fabD, fabG,acpP, tmk, holB, C, D, E, purB, ymfK, minE, mind, pth, rsA, ispE, lolB,hemA, prfA, prmC, kdsA, topA, ribA, fabI, racR, dicA, ydfB, tyrS, ribC,ydiL, pheT, pheS, yhhQ, bcsB, glyQ, yibJ, and gpsA. Other essentialgenes are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium of the presentdisclosure is a synthetic ligand-dependent essential gene (SLiDE)bacterial cell. SLiDE bacterial cells are synthetic auxotrophs with amutation in one or more essential genes that only grow in the presenceof a particular ligand (see Lopez and Anderson “Synthetic Auxotrophswith Ligand-Dependent Essential Genes for a BL21 (DE3 Biosafety Strain,“ACS Synthetic Biology (2015) DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00085, the entirecontents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference).

In some embodiments, the SLiDE bacterial cell comprises a mutation in anessential gene. In some embodiments, the essential gene is selected fromthe group consisting of pheS, dnaN, tyrS, metG, and adk. In someembodiments, the essential gene is dnaN comprising one or more of thefollowing mutations: H191N, R240C, 1317S, F319V, L340T, V347I, andS345C. In some embodiments, the essential gene is dnaN comprising themutations H191N, R240C, I317S, F319V, L340T, V347I, and S345C. In someembodiments, the essential gene is pheS comprising one or more of thefollowing mutations: F125G, P183T, P184A, R186A, and I188L. In someembodiments, the essential gene is pheS comprising the mutations F125G,P183T, P184A, R186A, and I188L. In some embodiments, the essential geneis tyrS comprising one or more of the following mutations: L36V, C38A,and F40G. In some embodiments, the essential gene is tyrS comprising themutations L36V, C38A, and F40G. In some embodiments, the essential geneis metG comprising one or more of the following mutations: E45Q, N47R,I49G, and A51C. In some embodiments, the essential gene is metGcomprising the mutations E45Q, N47R, I49G, and A51C. In someembodiments, the essential gene is adk comprising one or more of thefollowing mutations: I4L, L5I, and L6G. In some embodiments, theessential gene is adk comprising the mutations I4L, L5I, and L6G.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium iscomplemented by a ligand. In some embodiments, the ligand is selectedfrom the group consisting of benzothiazole, indole,2-aminobenzothiazole, indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-acetic acid, andL-histidine methyl ester. For example, bacterial cells comprisingmutations in metG (E45Q, N47R, I49G, and A51C) are complemented bybenzothiazole, indole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, indole-3-butyric acid,indole-3-acetic acid or L-histidine methyl ester. Bacterial cellscomprising mutations in dnaN (H191N, R240C, I317S, F319V, L340T, V347I,and S345C) are complemented by benzothiazole, indole or2-aminobenzothiazole. Bacterial cells comprising mutations in pheS(F125G, P183T, P184A, R186A, and I188L) are complemented bybenzothiazole or 2-aminobenzothiazole. Bacterial cells comprisingmutations in tyrS (L36V, C38A, and F40G) are complemented bybenzothiazole or 2-aminobenzothiazole. Bacterial cells comprisingmutations in adk (I4L, L5I, and L6G) are complemented by benzothiazoleor indole.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium comprises morethan one mutant essential gene that renders it auxotrophic to a ligand.In some embodiments, the bacterial cell comprises mutations in twoessential genes. For example, in some embodiments, the bacterial cellcomprises mutations in tyrS (L36V, C38A, and F40G) and metG (E45Q, N47R,I49G, and A51C). In other embodiments, the bacterial cell comprisesmutations in three essential genes. For example, in some embodiments,the bacterial cell comprises mutations in tyrS (L36V, C38A, and F40G),metG (E45Q, N47R, I49G, and A51C), and pheS (F125G, P183T, P184A, R186A,and I188L).

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium is aconditional auxotroph whose essential gene(s) is replaced using anarabinose system.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium of thedisclosure is an auxotroph and also comprises kill switch circuitry,such as any of the kill switch components and systems described herein.For example, the recombinant bacteria may comprise a deletion ormutation in an essential gene required for cell survival and/or growth,for example, in a DNA synthesis gene, for example, thyA, cell wallsynthesis gene, for example, dapA and/or an amino acid gene, forexample, serA or MetA and may also comprise a toxin gene that isregulated by one or more transcriptional activators that are expressedin response to an environmental condition(s) and/or signal(s) (such aslow oxygen levels) or regulated by one or more recombinases that areexpressed upon sensing an exogenous environmental condition(s) and/orsignal(s) (such as the recombinase systems described herein). Otherembodiments are described in Wright et al., “GeneGuard: A ModularPlasmid System Designed for Biosafety,” ACS Synthetic Biology (2015) 4:307-16, the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated hereinby reference). In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteriumof the disclosure is an auxotroph and also comprises kill switchcircuitry, such as any of the kill switch components and systemsdescribed herein, as well as another biosecurity system, such aconditional origin of replication (see Wright et al., supra). In otherembodiments, auxotrophic modifications may also be used to screen formutant bacteria that produce the substrate transporter.

Genetic Regulatory Circuits

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprisemulti-layered genetic regulatory circuits for expressing the constructsdescribed herein (see, e.g., U.S. Provisional Application No.62/184,811, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Thegenetic regulatory circuits are useful to screen for mutant bacteriathat produce a substrate transporter or rescue an auxotroph. In certainembodiments, the invention provides methods for selecting geneticallyengineered bacteria that produce one or more genes of interest.

In some embodiments, the invention provides genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a gene or gene cassette for producing a payload anda T7 polymerase-regulated genetic regulatory circuit. For example, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a first gene encoding a T7polymerase, wherein the first gene is operably linked to a fumarate andnitrate reductase regulator (FNR)-responsive promoter; a second gene orgene cassette for producing a payload, wherein the second gene or genecassette is operably linked to a T7 promoter that is induced by the T7polymerase; and a third gene encoding an inhibitory factor, lysY, thatis capable of inhibiting the T7 polymerase. In the presence of oxygen,FNR does not bind the FNR-responsive promoter, and the payload is notexpressed. LysY is expressed constitutively (P-lac constitutive) andfurther inhibits T7 polymerase. In the absence of oxygen, FNR dimerizesand binds to the FNR-responsive promoter, T7 polymerase is expressed ata level sufficient to overcome lysY inhibition, and the payload isexpressed. In some embodiments, the lysY gene is operably linked to anadditional FNR binding site. In the absence of oxygen, FNR dimerizes toactivate T7 polymerase expression as described above, and also inhibitslysY expression.

In some embodiments, the invention provides genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a gene or gene cassette for producing a payload, anda protease-regulated genetic regulatory circuit. For example, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a first gene encoding an mf-lonprotease, wherein the first gene is operably linked to a FNR-responsivepromoter; a second gene or gene cassette for producing a payloadoperably linked to a tet regulatory region (tetO); and a third geneencoding an mf-lon degradation signal linked to a tet repressor (tetR),wherein the tetR is capable of binding to the tet regulatory region andrepressing expression of the second gene or gene cassette. The mf-lonprotease is capable of recognizing the mf-lon degradation signal anddegrading the tetR. In the presence of oxygen, FNR does not bind theFNR-responsive promoter, the repressor is not degraded, and the payloadis not expressed. In the absence of oxygen, FNR dimerizes and binds theFNR-responsive promoter, thereby inducing expression of mf-lon protease.The mf-lon protease recognizes the mf-lon degradation signal anddegrades the tetR, and the payload is expressed.

In some embodiments, the invention provides genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a gene or gene cassette for producing a payload, anda repressor-regulated genetic regulatory circuit. For example, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a first gene encoding a firstrepressor, wherein the first gene is operably linked to a FNR-responsivepromoter; a second gene or gene cassette for producing a payloadoperably linked to a first regulatory region comprising a constitutivepromoter; and a third gene encoding a second repressor, wherein thesecond repressor is capable of binding to the first regulatory regionand repressing expression of the second gene or gene cassette. The thirdgene is operably linked to a second regulatory region comprising aconstitutive promoter, wherein the first repressor is capable of bindingto the second regulatory region and inhibiting expression of the secondrepressor. In the presence of oxygen, FNR does not bind theFNR-responsive promoter, the first repressor is not expressed, thesecond repressor is expressed, and the payload is not expressed. In theabsence of oxygen, FNR dimerizes and binds the FNR-responsive promoter,the first repressor is expressed, the second repressor is not expressed,and the payload is expressed.

Examples of repressors useful in these embodiments include, but are notlimited to, ArgR, TetR, ArsR, AscG, LacI, CscR, DeoR, DgoR, FruR, GalR,GatR, CI, LexA, RafR, QacR, and PtxS (US20030166191).

In some embodiments, the invention provides genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a gene or gene cassette for producing a payload anda regulatory RNA-regulated genetic regulatory circuit. For example, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a first gene encoding aregulatory RNA, wherein the first gene is operably linked to aFNR-responsive promoter, and a second gene or gene cassette forproducing a payload. The second gene or gene cassette is operably linkedto a constitutive promoter and further linked to a nucleotide sequencecapable of producing an mRNA hairpin that inhibits translation of thepayload. The regulatory RNA is capable of eliminating the mRNA hairpinand inducing payload translation via the ribosomal binding site. In thepresence of oxygen, FNR does not bind the FNR-responsive promoter, theregulatory RNA is not expressed, and the mRNA hairpin prevents thepayload from being translated. In the absence of oxygen, FNR dimerizesand binds the FNR-responsive promoter, the regulatory RNA is expressed,the mRNA hairpin is eliminated, and the payload is expressed.

In some embodiments, the invention provides genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a gene or gene cassette for producing a payload, anda CRISPR-regulated genetic regulatory circuit. For example, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a Cas9 protein; a first geneencoding a CRISPR guide RNA, wherein the first gene is operably linkedto a FNR-responsive promoter; a second gene or gene cassette forproducing a payload, wherein the second gene or gene cassette isoperably linked to a regulatory region comprising a constitutivepromoter; and a third gene encoding a repressor operably linked to aconstitutive promoter, wherein the repressor is capable of binding tothe regulatory region and repressing expression of the second gene orgene cassette. The third gene is further linked to a CRISPR targetsequence that is capable of binding to the CRISPR guide RNA, whereinsaid binding to the CRISPR guide RNA induces cleavage by the Cas9protein and inhibits expression of the repressor. In the presence ofoxygen, FNR does not bind the FNR-responsive promoter, the guide RNA isnot expressed, the repressor is expressed, and the payload is notexpressed. In the absence of oxygen, FNR dimerizes and binds theFNR-responsive promoter, the guide RNA is expressed, the repressor isnot expressed, and the payload is expressed.

In some embodiments, the invention provides genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a gene or gene cassette for producing a payload anda recombinase-regulated genetic regulatory circuit. For example, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a first gene encoding arecombinase, wherein the first gene is operably linked to aFNR-responsive promoter, and a second gene or gene cassette forproducing a payload operably linked to a constitutive promoter. Thesecond gene or gene cassette is inverted in orientation (3′ to 5′) andflanked by recombinase binding sites, and the recombinase is capable ofbinding to the recombinase binding sites to induce expression of thesecond gene or gene cassette by reverting its orientation (5′ to 3′). Inthe presence of oxygen, FNR does not bind the FNR-responsive promoter,the recombinase is not expressed, the payload remains in the 3′ to 5′orientation, and no functional payload is produced. In the absence ofoxygen, FNR dimerizes and binds the FNR-responsive promoter, therecombinase is expressed, the payload is reverted to the 5′ to 3′orientation, and functional payload is produced.

In some embodiments, the invention provides genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a gene or gene cassette for producing a payload anda polymerase- and recombinase-regulated genetic regulatory circuit. Forexample, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a first geneencoding a recombinase, wherein the first gene is operably linked to aFNR-responsive promoter; a second gene or gene cassette for producing apayload operably linked to a T7 promoter; a third gene encoding a T7polymerase, wherein the T7 polymerase is capable of binding to the T7promoter and inducing expression of the payload. The third gene encodingthe T7 polymerase is inverted in orientation (3′ to 5′) and flanked byrecombinase binding sites, and the recombinase is capable of binding tothe recombinase binding sites to induce expression of the T7 polymerasegene by reverting its orientation (5′ to 3′). In the presence of oxygen,FNR does not bind the FNR-responsive promoter, the recombinase is notexpressed, the T7 polymerase gene remains in the 3′ to 5′ orientation,and the payload is not expressed. In the absence of oxygen, FNRdimerizes and binds the FNR-responsive promoter, the recombinase isexpressed, the T7 polymerase gene is reverted to the 5′ to 3′orientation, and the payload is expressed.

Host-Plasmid Mutual Dependency

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention also comprise a plasmid that has been modified to create ahost-plasmid mutual dependency. In certain embodiments, the mutuallydependent host-plasmid platform is GeneGuard (Wright et al., 2015). Insome embodiments, the GeneGuard plasmid comprises (i) a conditionalorigin of replication, in which the requisite replication initiatorprotein is provided in trans; (ii) an auxotrophic modification that isrescued by the host via genomic translocation and is also compatible foruse in rich media; and/or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which encodes abroad-spectrum toxin. The toxin gene may be used to select againstplasmid spread by making the plasmid DNA itself disadvantageous forstrains not expressing the anti-toxin (e.g., a wild-type bacterium). Insome embodiments, the GeneGuard plasmid is stable for at least 100generations without antibiotic selection. In some embodiments, theGeneGuard plasmid does not disrupt growth of the host. The GeneGuardplasmid is used to greatly reduce unintentional plasmid propagation inthe genetically engineered bacteria of the invention.

The mutually dependent host-plasmid platform may be used alone or incombination with other biosafety mechanisms, such as those describedherein (e.g., kill switches, auxotrophies). In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a GeneGuard plasmid. In otherembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a GeneGuardplasmid and/or one or more kill switches. In other embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise a GeneGuard plasmid and/or oneor more auxotrophies. In still other embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria comprise a GeneGuard plasmid, one or more killswitches, and/or one or more auxotrophies.

Kill Switch

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of theinvention also comprise a kill switch (see, e.g., U.S. ProvisionalApplication Nos. 183,935 and 62/263,329 incorporated herein by referencein their entireties). The kill switch is intended to actively killengineered microbes in response to external stimuli. As opposed to anauxotrophic mutation where bacteria die because they lack an essentialnutrient for survival, the kill switch is triggered by a particularfactor in the environment that induces the production of toxic moleculeswithin the microbe that cause cell death.

Bacteria engineered with kill switches have been engineered for in vitroresearch purposes, e.g., to limit the spread of a biofuel-producingmicroorganism outside of a laboratory environment. Bacteria engineeredfor in vivo administration to treat a disease or disorder may also beprogrammed to die at a specific time after the expression and deliveryof a heterologous gene or genes, for example, a therapeutic gene(s) orafter the subject has experienced the therapeutic effect. For example,in some embodiments, the kill switch is activated to kill the bacteriaafter a period of time following oxygen level-dependent expression ofthe substrate transporter. In some embodiments, the kill switch isactivated in a delayed fashion following oxygen level-dependentexpression of the substrate transporter. Alternatively, the bacteria maybe engineered to die if the bacteria have spread outside of a targetsite (e.g., a tumor site). Specifically, it may be useful to prevent thespread of the microorganism outside the area of interest (for example,outside of the tumor site) within the subject, or spread of themicroorganism outside of the subject into the environment (for example,spread to the environment through the blood or stool of the subject).Examples of such toxins that can be used in kill switches include, butare not limited to, bacteriocins, lysins, and other molecules that causecell death by lysing cell membranes, degrading cellular DNA, or othermechanisms. Such toxins can be used individually or in combination. Theswitches that control their production can be based on, for example,transcriptional activation (toggle switches; see, e.g., Gardner et al.(2000) Nature 403: 339-42), translation (riboregulators), or DNArecombination (recombinase-based switches), and can sense environmentalstimuli such as anaerobiosis or reactive oxygen species. These switchescan be activated by a single environmental factor or may require severalactivators in AND, OR, NAND and NOR logic configurations to induce celldeath. For example, an AND riboregulator switch is activated bytetracycline, isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), andarabinose to induce the expression of lysins, which permeabilize thecell membrane and kill the cell. IPTG induces the expression of theendolysin and holin mRNAs, which are then derepressed by the addition ofarabinose and tetracycline. All three inducers must be present to causecell death. Examples of kill switches are known in the art (Callura etal. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107(36): 15898-903.). In someembodiments, the kill switch is activated to kill the bacteria after aperiod of time following oxygen level-dependent expression of thesubstrate transporter. In some embodiments, the kill switch is activatedin a delayed fashion following oxygen level-dependent expression of thesubstrate transporter.

Kill switches can be designed such that a toxin is produced in responseto an environmental condition or external signal (e.g., the bacteria iskilled in response to an external cue) or, alternatively designed suchthat a toxin is produced once an environmental condition no longerexists or an external signal is ceased.

Thus, in some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of thedisclosure are further programmed to die after sensing an exogenousenvironmental signal, for example, in a low oxygen environment. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria of the presentdisclosure comprise one or more genes encoding one or morerecombinase(s), whose expression is induced in response to anenvironmental condition or signal and causes one or more recombinationevents that ultimately leads to the expression of a toxin which killsthe cell. In some embodiments, the at least one recombination event isthe flipping of an inverted heterologous gene encoding a bacterial toxinwhich is then constitutively expressed after it is flipped by the firstrecombinase. In one embodiment, constitutive expression of the bacterialtoxin kills the genetically engineered bacterium. In these types of killswitch systems, once the engineered bacterial cell senses the exogenousenvironmental condition and expresses the heterologous gene of interest,the recombinant bacterial cell is no longer viable.

In another embodiment in which the genetically engineered bacteria ofthe present disclosure express one or more recombinase(s) in response toan environmental condition or signal causing at least one recombinationevent, the genetically engineered bacterium further expresses aheterologous gene encoding an anti-toxin in response to an exogenousenvironmental condition or signal. In one embodiment, the at least onerecombination event is flipping of an inverted heterologous geneencoding a bacterial toxin by a first recombinase. In one embodiment,the inverted heterologous gene encoding the bacterial toxin is locatedbetween a first forward recombinase recognition sequence and a firstreverse recombinase recognition sequence. In one embodiment, theheterologous gene encoding the bacterial toxin is constitutivelyexpressed after it is flipped by the first recombinase. In oneembodiment, the anti-toxin inhibits the activity of the toxin, therebydelaying death of the genetically engineered bacterium. In oneembodiment, the genetically engineered bacterium is killed by thebacterial toxin when the heterologous gene encoding the anti-toxin is nolonger expressed when the exogenous environmental condition is no longerpresent.

In another embodiment, the at least one recombination event is flippingof an inverted heterologous gene encoding a second recombinase by afirst recombinase, followed by the flipping of an inverted heterologousgene encoding a bacterial toxin by the second recombinase. In oneembodiment, the inverted heterologous gene encoding the secondrecombinase is located between a first forward recombinase recognitionsequence and a first reverse recombinase recognition sequence. In oneembodiment, the inverted heterologous gene encoding the bacterial toxinis located between a second forward recombinase recognition sequence anda second reverse recombinase recognition sequence. In one embodiment,the heterologous gene encoding the second recombinase is constitutivelyexpressed after it is flipped by the first recombinase. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the bacterial toxin isconstitutively expressed after it is flipped by the second recombinase.In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacterium is killed by thebacterial toxin. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteriumfurther expresses a heterologous gene encoding an anti-toxin in responseto the exogenous environmental condition. In one embodiment, theanti-toxin inhibits the activity of the toxin when the exogenousenvironmental condition is present, thereby delaying death of thegenetically engineered bacterium. In one embodiment, the geneticallyengineered bacterium is killed by the bacterial toxin when theheterologous gene encoding the anti-toxin is no longer expressed whenthe exogenous environmental condition is no longer present.

In one embodiment, the at least one recombination event is flipping ofan inverted heterologous gene encoding a second recombinase by a firstrecombinase, followed by flipping of an inverted heterologous geneencoding a third recombinase by the second recombinase, followed byflipping of an inverted heterologous gene encoding a bacterial toxin bythe third recombinase.

In one embodiment, the at least one recombination event is flipping ofan inverted heterologous gene encoding a first excision enzyme by afirst recombinase. In one embodiment, the inverted heterologous geneencoding the first excision enzyme is located between a first forwardrecombinase recognition sequence and a first reverse recombinaserecognition sequence. In one embodiment, the heterologous gene encodingthe first excision enzyme is constitutively expressed after it isflipped by the first recombinase. In one embodiment, the first excisionenzyme excises a first essential gene. In one embodiment, the programmedrecombinant bacterial cell is not viable after the first essential geneis excised.

In one embodiment, the first recombinase further flips an invertedheterologous gene encoding a second excision enzyme. In one embodiment,the wherein the inverted heterologous gene encoding the second excisionenzyme is located between a second forward recombinase recognitionsequence and a second reverse recombinase recognition sequence. In oneembodiment, the heterologous gene encoding the second excision enzyme isconstitutively expressed after it is flipped by the first recombinase.In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacterium dies or is nolonger viable when the first essential gene and the second essentialgene are both excised. In one embodiment, the genetically engineeredbacterium dies or is no longer viable when either the first essentialgene is excised or the second essential gene is excised by the firstrecombinase.

In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacterium dies after theat least one recombination event occurs. In another embodiment, thegenetically engineered bacterium is no longer viable after the at leastone recombination event occurs.

In any of these embodiment, the recombinase can be a recombinaseselected from the group consisting of: BxbI, PhiC31, TP901, BxbI,PhiC31, TP901, HK022, HP1, R4, Int1, Int2, Inti, Int4, Int5, Int6, Int1,Int8, Int9, Int10, Int11, Int12, Int13, Int14, Int15, Int16, Int17,Int18, Int19, Int20, Int21, Int22, Int23, Int24, Int25, Int26, Int27,Int28, Int29, Int30, Int31, Int32, Int33, and Int34, or a biologicallyactive fragment thereof.

In the above-described kill switch circuits, a toxin is produced in thepresence of an environmental factor or signal. In another aspect of killswitch circuitry, a toxin may be repressed in the presence of anenvironmental factor (not produced) and then produced once theenvironmental condition or external signal is no longer present. Suchkill switches are called repression-based kill switches and representsystems in which the bacterial cells are viable only in the presence ofan external factor or signal, such as arabinose or other sugar.Exemplary kill switch designs in which the toxin is repressed in thepresence of an external factor or signal (and activated once theexternal signal is removed) are shown in FIGS. 12-16. The disclosureprovides recombinant bacterial cells which express one or moreheterologous gene(s) upon sensing arabinose or other sugar in theexogenous environment. In this aspect, the recombinant bacterial cellscontain the araC gene, which encodes the AraC transcription factor, aswell as one or more genes under the control of the araBAD promoter. Inthe absence of arabinose, the AraC transcription factor adopts aconformation that represses transcription of genes under the control ofthe araBAD promoter. In the presence of arabinose, the AraCtranscription factor undergoes a conformational change that allows it tobind to and activate the AraBAD promoter, which induces expression ofthe desired gene, for example tetR, which represses expression of atoxin gene. In this embodiment, the toxing gene is repressed in thepresence of arabinose or other sugar. In an environment where arabinoseis not present, the tetR gene is not activated and the toxin isexpressed, thereby killing the bacteria. The arbinoase system can alsobe used to express an essential gene, in which the essential gene isonly expressed in the presence of arabinose or other sugar and is notexpressed when arabinose or other sugar is absent from the environment.

Thus, in some embodiments in which one or more heterologous gene(s) areexpressed upon sensing arabinose in the exogenous environment, the oneor more heterologous genes are directly or indirectly under the controlof the araBAD promoter. In some embodiments, the expressed heterologousgene is selected from one or more of the following: a heterologoustherapeutic gene, a heterologous gene encoding an antitoxin, aheterologous gene encoding a repressor protein or polypeptide, forexample, a TetR repressor, a heterologous gene encoding an essentialprotein not found in the bacterial cell, and/or a heterologous encodinga regulatory protein or polypeptide.

Arabinose inducible promoters are known in the art, including P_(ara),P_(araB), P_(araC), and P_(araBAD). In one embodiment, the arabinoseinducible promoter is from E. coli. In some embodiments, the P_(araC)promoter and the P_(araBAD) promoter operate as a bidirectionalpromoter, with the P_(araBAD) promoter controlling expression of aheterologous gene(s) in one direction, and the P_(araC) (in closeproximity to, and on the opposite strand from the P_(araBAD) promoter),controlling expression of a heterologous gene(s) in the other direction.In the presence of arabinose, transcription of both heterologous genesfrom both promoters is induced. However, in the absence of arabinose,transcription of both heterologous genes from both promoters is notinduced.

In one exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, the geneticallyengineered bacteria of the present disclosure contains a kill-switchhaving at least the following sequences: a P_(araBAD) promoter operablylinked to a heterologous gene encoding a Tetracycline Repressor Protein(TetR), a P_(araC) promoter operably linked to a heterologous geneencoding AraC transcription factor, and a heterologous gene encoding abacterial toxin operably linked to a promoter which is repressed by theTetracycline Repressor Protein (P_(TetR)). In the presence of arabinose,the AraC transcription factor activates the P_(araBAD) promoter, whichactivates transcription of the TetR protein, which, in turn, repressestranscription of the toxin. In the absence of arabinose, however, AraCsuppresses transcription from the the P_(araBAD) promoter and no TetRprotein is expressed. In this case, expression of the heterologous toxingene is activated, and the toxin is expressed. The toxin builds up inthe recombinant bacterial cell, and the recombinant bacterial cell iskilled. In one embodiment, the AraC gene encoding the AraC transcriptionfactor is under the control of a constitutive promoter and is thereforeconstitutively expressed.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, the genetically engineeredbacterium further comprises an antitoxin under the control of aconstitutive promoter. In this situation, in the presence of arabinose,the toxin is not expressed due to repression by TetR protein, and theantitoxin protein builds-up in the cell. However, in the absence ofarabinose, TetR protein is not expressed, and expression of the toxin isinduced. The toxin begins to build-up within the recombinant bacterialcell. The recombinant bacterial cell is no longer viable once the toxinprotein is present at either equal or greater amounts than that of theanti-toxin protein in the cell, and the recombinant bacterial cell willbe killed by the toxin.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the genetically engineeredbacterium further comprises an antitoxin under the control of theP_(araBAD) promoter. In this situation, in the presence of arabinose,TetR and the anti-toxin are expressed, the anti-toxin builds up in thecell, and the toxin is not expressed due to repression by TetR protein.However, in the absence of arabinose, both the TetR protein and theanti-toxin are not expressed, and expression of the toxin is induced.The toxin begins to build-up within the recombinant bacterial cell. Therecombinant bacterial cell is no longer viable once the toxin protein isexpressed, and the recombinant bacterial cell will be killed by thetoxin.

In another exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, the geneticallyengineered bacteria of the present disclosure contain a kill-switchhaving at least the following sequences: a P_(araBAD) promoter operablylinked to a heterologous gene encoding an essential polypeptide notfound in the recombinant bacterial cell (and required for survival), anda P_(araC) promoter operably linked to a heterologous gene encoding AraCtranscription factor. In the presence of arabinose, the AraCtranscription factor activates the P_(araBAD) promoter, which activatestranscription of the heterologous gene encoding the essentialpolypeptide, allowing the recombinant bacterial cell to survive. In theabsence of arabinose, however, AraC suppresses transcription from theP_(araBAD) promoter and the essential protein required for survival isnot expressed. In this case, the recombinant bacterial cell dies in theabsence of arabinose. In some embodiments, the sequence of P_(araBAD)promoter operably linked to a heterologous gene encoding an essentialpolypeptide not found in the recombinant bacterial cell can be presentin the bacterial cell in conjunction with the TetR/toxin kill-switchsystem described directly above. In some embodiments, the sequence ofP_(araBAD) promoter operably linked to a heterologous gene encoding anessential polypeptide not found in the recombinant bacterial cell can bepresent in the bacterial cell in conjunction with theTetR/toxin/anto-toxin kill-switch system described directly above.

In yet other embodiments, the bacteria may comprise a plasmid stabilitysystem with a plasmid that produces both a short-lived anti-toxin and along-lived toxin. In this system, the bacterial cell produces equalamounts of toxin and anti-toxin to neutralize the toxin. Howevere,if/when the cell loses the plasmid, the short-lived anti-toxin begins todecay. When the anti-toxin decays completely the cell dies as a resultof the longer-lived toxin killing it.

In some embodiments, the engineered bacteria of the present disclosurethat are capable of producing a substrate transporter further comprisethe gene(s) encoding the components of any of the above-described killswitch circuits.

In any of the above-described embodiments, the bacterial toxin isselected from the group consisting of a lysin, Hok, Fst, TisB, LdrD,Kid, SymE, MazF, FlmA, Ibs, XCV2162, dinJ, CcdB, MazF, ParE, YafO, Zeta,hicB, relB, yhaV, yoeB, chpBK, hipA, microcin B, microcin B17, microcinC, microcin C7-C51, microcin J25, microcin ColV, microcin 24, microcinL, microcin D93, microcin L, microcin E492, microcin H47, microcin 147,microcin M, colicin A, colicin E1, colicin K, colicin N, colicin U,colicin B, colicin Ia, colicin Ib, colicin 5, colicin10, colicin S4,colicin Y, colicin E2, colicin E7, colicin E8, colicin E9, colicin E3,colicin E4, colicin E6; colicin E5, colicin D, colicin M, and cloacinDF13, or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In any of the above-described embodiments, the anti-toxin is selectedfrom the group consisting of an anti-lysin, Sok, RNAII, IstR, Rd1D, Kis,SymR, MazE, FlmB, Sib, ptaRNA1, yafQ, CcdA, MazE, ParD, yafN, Epsilon,HicA, relE, prlF, yefM, chpBI, hipB, MccE, MccE^(CTD), MccF, Cai, ImmE1,Cki, Cni, Cui, Cbi, Iia, Imm, Cfi, Im10, Csi, Cyi, Im2, Im7, Im8, Im9,Im3, Im4, ImmE6, cloacin immunity protein (Cim), ImmE5, ImmD, and Cmi,or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In one embodiment, the bacterial toxin is bactericidal to thegenetically engineered bacterium. In one embodiment, the bacterial toxinis bacteriostatic to the genetically engineered bacterium.

In some embodiments, provided herein are genetically engineered bacteriacomprising a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter, whereinthe gene or gene cassette for producing the substrate transporter iscontrolled by a promoter that is induced under low-oxygen or anaerobicconditions. In some embodiments, the promoter is selected from thefumarate and nitrate reductase regulator (FNR) promoter, argininedeiminiase and nitrate reduction (ANR) promoter, and dissimilatorynitrate respiration regulator (DNR) promoter.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter is an auxotrophselected from a cysE, glnA, ilvD, leuB, lysA, serA, metA, glyA, hisB,ilvA, pheA, proA, thrC, trpC, tyrA, thyA, uraA, dapA, dapB, dapD, dapE,dapF, flhD, metB, metC, proAB, and thil1 auxotroph. In some embodiments,the engineered bacteria have more than one auxotrophy, for example, theymay be a ΔthyA and ΔdapA auxotroph.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter further comprises akill switch circuit, such as any of the kill switch circuits providedherein. For example, in some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria further comprise one or more genes encoding one or morerecombinase(s) under the control of an inducible promoter and aninverted toxin sequence. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria further comprise one or more genes encoding an anti-toxin. Insome embodiments, the engineered bacteria further comprise one or moregenes encoding one or more recombinase(s) under the control of aninducible promoter and one or more inverted excision genes, wherein theexcision gene(s) encode an enzyme that deletes an essential gene. Insome embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria further compriseone or more genes encoding an anti-toxin.

In some instances, basal or leaky expression from an inducible promotermay result in the activation of the kill switch, thereby creating strongselective pressure for one or more mutations that disable the switch andthus the ability to kill the cell. In some embodiments, an environmentalfactor, e.g. arabinose, is present during manufacturing, and activatesthe production of a repressor that shuts down toxin production.Mutations in this circuit, with the exception of the toxin gene itself,will result in death with reduced chance for negative selection. Whenthe environmental factor is absent, the repressor stops being made, andthe toxin is produced. When the toxin concentration overcomes that ofthe antitoxin, the cell dies. In some embodiments, variations in thepromoter and ribosome binding sequences of the antitoxin and the toxinallow for tuning of the circuit to produce variations in the timing ofcell death. In alternate embodiments, the circuit comprises recombinasesthat are repressed by tetR and produced in the absence of tetR. Theserecombinases are capable of flipping the toxin gene or its promoter intothe active configuration, thereby resulting in toxin production.

Synthetic gene circuits express on plasmids may function well in theshort term but lose ability and/or function in the long term, e.g., inthe stringent conditions found in a tumor microenvironment (Danino etal. (2015) Sci. Transl. Med. 7(289):289ra84). In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered bacteria comprise stable circuits for expressinggenes of interest, e.g., a substrate transporter, over prolongedperiods. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria arecapable of targeting cancerous cells and producing a substratetransporter and further comprise a toxin-antitoxin system thatsimultaneously produces a toxin (hok) and a short-lived antitoxin (sok),wherein loss of the plasmid causes the cell to be killed by thelong-lived toxin (Danino et al., 2015; FIG. 21). In some embodiments,the genetically engineered bacteria further comprise alp7 from B.subtilis plasmid pL20 and produces filaments that are capable of pushingplasmids to the poles of the cells in order to ensure equal segregationduring cell division (Danino et al., 2015).

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprising aheterologous gene encoding a substrate transporter is an auxotroph andfurther comprises a kill switch circuit, such as any of the kill switchcircuits described herein.

In some embodiments of the above described genetically engineeredbacteria, the gene encoding the substrate transporter is present on aplasmid in the bacterium and operatively linked on the plasmid to thepromoter that is induced under low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions. Thegenetically engineered bacteria are capable of local and tumor-specificdelivery of the substrate transporter, e.g., an amino acid transporter.In other embodiments, the gene encoding the substrate transporter ispresent in the bacterial chromosome and is operatively linked in thechromosome to the promoter that is induced under low-oxygen or anaerobicconditions. The genetically engineered bacteria are capable of local andtumor-specific delivery of the substrate transporter.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the genetically engineeredmicrorganisms of the invention may be used to treat, manage, ameliorate,and/or prevent a disease or condition disclosed herein. Pharmaceuticalcompositions of the invention comprising one or more geneticallyengineered bacteria with prophylactic agents, therapeutic agents, and/orpharmaceutically acceptable carriers are provided.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises onespecies, strain, or subtype of bacteria that are engineered to comprisethe genetic modifications described herein, e.g., one or more genesencoding one or more substrate transporters. In alternate embodiments,the pharmaceutical composition comprises two or more species, strains,and/or subtypes of bacteria that are each engineered to comprise thegenetic modifications described herein, e.g., one or more genes encodingone or more substrate transporters.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria areadministered systemically or intratumorally as spores. As a non-limitingexample, the genetically engineered bacteria are Clostridia, andadministration results in a selective colonization of hypoxic/necroticareas within a tumor. In some embodiments, the spores germinateexclusively in the hypoxic/necrotic regions present in solid tumours andnowhere else in the body.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated in aconventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptablecarriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitateprocessing of the active ingredients into compositions forpharmaceutical use. Methods of formulating pharmaceutical compositionsare known in the art (see, e.g., “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,”Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical compositions are subjected to tabletting, lyophilizing,direct compression, conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating,levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or spray drying toform tablets, granulates, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, microcapsules,microtablets, pellets, or powders, which may be enterically coated oruncoated. Appropriate formulation depends on the route ofadministration.

The genetically engineered microorganisms may be formulated intopharmaceutical compositions in any suitable dosage form (e.g., liquids,capsules, sachet, hard capsules, soft capsules, tablets, enteric coatedtablets, suspension powders, granules, or matrix sustained releaseformations for oral administration) and for any suitable type ofadministration (e.g., oral, topical, injectable, intravenous,sub-cutaneous, intratumoral, peritumor, immediate-release,pulsatile-release, delayed-release, or sustained release). Suitabledosage amounts for the genetically engineered bacteria may range fromabout 10⁴ to 10¹² bacteria. The composition may be administered once ormore daily, weekly, or monthly. The composition may be administeredbefore, during, or following a meal. In one embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition is administered before the subject eats ameal. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredcurrently with a meal. In on embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositionis administered after the subject eats a meal.

The genetically engineered bacteria or genetically engineered virus maybe formulated into pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers,buffering agents, surface active agents, neutral or cationic lipids,lipid complexes, liposomes, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds,and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or agents. For example,the pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, theaddition of calcium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate,various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin,vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, and surfactants, including, forexample, polysorbate 20. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria of the invention may be formulated in a solution of sodiumbicarbonate, e.g., 1 molar solution of sodium bicarbonate (to buffer anacidic cellular environment, such as the stomach, for example). Thegenetically engineered bacteria may be administered and formulated asneutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include thoseformed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric,acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations suchas those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferrichydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol,histidine, procaine, etc.

The genetically engineered microorganisms may be administeredintravenously, e.g., by infusion or injection. Alternatively, thegenetically engineered microorganisms may be administered intratumorallyand/or peritumorally. In other embodiments, the genetically engineeredmicroorganisms may be administered intra-arterially, intramuscularly, orintraperitoneally. In some embodiments, the genetically engineeredbacteria colonize about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or moreof the target site (e.g., a tumor). In some embodiments, the geneticallyengineered bacteria are co-administered with a PEGylated form of rHuPH20(PEGPH20) or other agent in order to destroy the tumor septae in orderto enhance penetration of the tumor capsule, collagen, and/or stroma. Insome embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are capable ofproducing a substrate transporter as well as one or more enzymes thatdegrade fibrous tissue.

The genetically engineered microroganisms of the disclosure may beadministered via intratumoral injection, resulting in bacterial cellsthat are directly deposited within the target tissue (e.g., a tumor).Intratumoral injection of the engineered bacteria may elicit a potentlocalized inflammatory response as well as an adaptive immune responseagainst tumor cells. Bacteria are suspended in solution before beingwithdrawn into a 1-ml syringe. In some embodiments, the tumor isinjected with an 18-gauge multipronged needle (Quadra-Fuse, RexMedical). The injection site is aseptically prepared. If available,ultrasound or CT may be used to identify a necrotic region of the tumorfor injection. If a necrotic region is not identified, the injection canbe directed to the center of the tumor. The needle is inserted once intoa predefined region, and dispensed with even pressure. The injectionneedle is removed slowly, and the injection site is sterilized.

Direct intratumoral injection of the genetically engineered bacteria ofthe invention into a target tissue (e.g., a solid tumor) may beadvantageous as compared to intravenous administration. Using anintravenous injection method, only a small proporation of the bacteriamay reach the target tumor. For example, following E. coli Nissleinjection into the tail vein of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, most bacteria(>99%) are quickly cleared from the animals and only a small percentageof the administered bacteria colonize the tumor (Stritzker et al.,2007). In particular, in large animals and human patients, which haverelatively large blood volumes and relatively small tumors compared tomice, intratumoral injection may be especially beneficial. Injectiondirectly into the tumor allows the delivery of a higher concentration oftherapeutic agent and avoids the toxicity, which can result fromsystemic administration. In addition, intratumoral injection of bacteriainduces robust and localized immune responses within the tumor.

Depending on the location, tumor type, and tumor size, differentadministration techniques may be used, including but not limited to,cutaneous, subcutaneous, and percutaneous injection, therapeuticendoscopic ultrasonography, or endobronchial intratumor delivery. Priorto the intratumor administration procedures, sedation in combinationwith a local anesthetic and standard cardiac, pressure, and oxygenmonitoring, or full anesthesia of the patient is performed.

For some tumors, percutaneous injection can be employed, which is theleast invasive administration method. Ultrasound, computed tomography(CT) or fluoroscopy can be used as guidance to introduce and positionthe needle. Percutaneous intratumoral injection is for example describedfor hepatocellular carcinoma in Lencioni et al. (2010) J. Vasc IntervRadiol. 21(10): 1533-8). Intratumoral injection of cutaneous,subcutaneous, and nodal tumors is for example described inWO/2014/036412 (Amgen) for late stage melanoma.

Single insertion points or multiple insertion points can be used inpercutaneous injection protocols. Using a single insertion point, thesolution may be injected percutaneously along multiple tracks, as far asthe radial reach of the needle allows. In other embodiments, multipleinjection points may be used if the tumor is larger than the radialreach of the needle. The needle can be pulled back without exiting, andredirected as often as necessary until the full dose is injected anddispersed. To maintain sterility, a separate needle is used for eachinjection. Needle size and length varies depending on the tumor type andsize.

In some embodiments, the tumor is injected percutaneously with an18-gauge multipronged needle (Quadra-Fuse, Rex Medical). The deviceconsists of an 18 gauge puncture needle 20 cm in length. The needle hasthree retractable prongs, each with four terminal side holes and aconnector with extension tubing clamp. The prongs are deployed from thelateral wall of the needle. The needle can be introduced percutaneouslyinto the center of the tumor and can be positioned at the deepest marginof the tumor. The prongs are deployed to the margins of the tumor. Theprongs are deployed at maximum length and then are retracted at definedintervals. Optionally, one or more rotation-injection-rotation maneuverscan be performed, in which the prongs are retracted, the needle isrotated by a 60 degrees, which is followed by repeat deployment of theprongs and additional injection.

Therapeutic endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is employed to overcome theanatomical constraints inherent in gaining access to certain othertumors (Shirley et al. (2013) Gastroenterol Res. Pract. 2013: 207129).EUS-guided fine needle injection (EUS-FNI) has been successfully usedfor antitumor therapies for the treatment of head and neck, esophageal,pancreatic, hepatic, and adrenal masses (Verna et al. (2008) Therap. AdvGastroenterol. 1(2): 103-9). EUS-FNI has been extensively used forpancreatic cancer injections. Fine-needle injection requires the use ofthe curvilinear echoendoscope. The esophagus is carefully intubated andthe echoendoscope is passed into the stomach and duodenum where thepancreatic examination occurs and the target tumor is identified. Thelargest plane is measured to estimate the tumor volume and to calculatethe injection volume. The appropriate volume is drawn into a syringe. Aprimed 22-gauge fine needle aspiration (FNA) needle is passed into theworking channel of the echoendoscope. Under ultrasound guidance, theneedle is passed into the tumor. Depending on the size of the tumor,administration can be performed by dividing the tumor into sections andthen injecting the corresponding fractions of the volume into eachsection. Use of an installed endoscopic ultrasound processor withDoppler technology assures there are no arterial or venous structuresthat may interfere with the needle passage into the tumor (Shirley etal., 2013). In some embodiments, ‘multiple injectable needle’ (MIN) forEUS-FNI can be used to improvement the injection distribution to thetumor in comparison with straight-type needles (Ohara et al. (2013) Mol.Clin. Oncol. 1(2): 231-4).

Intratumoral administration for lung cancer, such as non-small cell lungcancer, can be achieved through endobronchial intratumor deliverymethods, as described in Celikoglu et al., 2008. Bronchoscopy(trans-nasal or oral) is conducted to visualize the lesion to betreated. The tumor volume can be estimated visually from visiblelength-width height measurements over the bronchial surface. The needledevice is then introduced through the working channel of thebronchoscope. The needle catheter, which consists of a metallic needleattached to a plastic catheter, is placed within a sheath to preventdamage by the needle to the working channel during advancement. Theneedle size and length varies and is determined according to tumor typeand size of the tumor. Needles made from plastic are less rigid thanmetal needles and are ideal, since they can be passed around sharperbends in the working channel The needle is inserted into the lesion andthe genetically engineered bacteria of the invention are in injected.Needles are inserted repeatedly at several insertion points until thetumor mass is completely perfused. After each injection, the needle iswithdrawn entirely from the tumor and is then embedded at anotherlocation. At the end of the bronchoscopic injection session, removal ofany necrotic debris caused by the treatment may be removed usingmechanical dissection, or other ablation techniques accompanied byirrigation and aspiration.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria areadministrated directly into the tumor using methods, including but notlimited to, percutaneous injection, EUS-FNI, or endobronchial intratumordelivery methods. In some cases other techniques, such as laproscopic oropen surgical techniques are used to access the target tumor, however,these techniques are much more invasive and bring with them much greatermorbidity and longer hospital stays.

In some embodiments, bacteria, e.g., E. coli Nissle, or spores, e.g.,Clostridium novyi NT, are disolved in sterile phosphate buffered saline(PBS) for systemic or intratumor injection.

The dose to be injected is derived from the type and size of the tumor.The dose of a drug or the genetically engineered bacteria or virus ofthe invention is typically lower, e.g., orders of magniture lower, thana dose for systemic intravenous administration.

The volume injected into each lesion is based on the size of the tumor.To obtain the tumor volume, a measurement of the largest plane can beconducted. The estimated tumor volume can then inform the determinationof the injection volume as a percentage of the total volume. Forexample, an injection volume of approximately 20-40% of the total tumorvolume can be used.

For example, as is described, for example, in WO 2014/036412, for tumorslarger than 5 cm in their largest dimension, up to 4 ml can be injected.For tumors between 2.5 and 5 cm in their largest dimension, up to 2 mlcan be injected. For tumors between 2.5 and 5 cm in their largestdimension, up to 2 ml can be injected. For tumors between 1.5 and 2.5 cmin their largest dimension, up to 1 ml can be injected. For tumorsbetween 0.5 and 1.5 cm in their largest dimension, up to 0.5 ml can beinjected. For tumors equal or small than 0.5 in their largest dimension,up to 0.1 ml can be injected. Alternatively, ultrasound scan can be usedto determine the injection volume that can be taken up by the tumorwithout leakage into surrounding tissue.

In some embodiments, the treatment regimen will include one or moreintratumoral administrations. In some embodiments, a treatment regimenwill include an initial dose, which followed by at least one subsequentdose. One or more doses can be administered sequentially in two or morecycles.

For example a first dose may be administered at day 1, and a second dosemay be administered after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, days or 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeksor after a longer interval. Additional doses may be administered after1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, days or after 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks or longer intervals.In some embodiments, the first and subsequent administrations have thesame dosage. In other embodiments, different doses are administered. Insome embodiments, more than one dose is administered per day, forexample, two, three or more doses can be administered per day.

The routes of administration and dosages described are intended only asa guide. The optimum route of administration and dosage can be readilydetermined by a skilled practitioner. The dosage may be determinedaccording to various parameters, especially according to the location ofthe tumor, the size of the tumor, the age, weight and condition of thepatient to be treated and the route and method of administration.

In one embodiment, Clostridium spores are delivered systemically. Inanother embodiment, Clostridium spores are delivered via intratumorinjection. In one embodiment, E. coli Nissle are delivered viaintratumor injection In other embodiments, E. coli Nissle, which isknown to hone to tumors, is administered via intravenous injection ororally, as described in a mouse model in for example in Danino et al.2015, or Stritzker et al., 2007, the contents of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety. E. coli Nissle mutations toreduce toxicity include but are not limited to msbB mutants resulting innon-myristoylated LPS and reduced endotoxin activity, as described inStritzker et al., 2010 (Stritzker et al, Bioengineered Bugs 1:2,139-145; Myroystoation negative msbB-mutants of probiotic E. coli Nissle1917 retain tumor specific colonization properties but show less sideeffects in immunocompetent mice.

For intravenous injection a preferred dose of bacteria is the dose inwhich the greatest number of bacteria is found in the tumor and thelowest amount found in other tissues. In mice, Stritzker et al. (2007)Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297 (2007) 151-162) found that the lowest numberof bacteria needed for successful tumor colonization was 2×10⁴ CFU, inwhich half of the mice showed tumor colonization. Injection of 2×10⁵ and2×10⁶ CFU resulted in colonization of all tumors, and numbers ofbacteria in the tumors increased. However, at higher concentrations,bacterial counts became detectable in the liver and the spleen.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered microorganisms of theinvention may be administered orally. In some embodiments thegenetically engineered bacteria may be useful in the prevention,treatment or management of liver cancer or liver metastases. Forexample, Danino et al. showed that orally administered E. coli Nissle isable to colonize liver metastases by crossing the gastrointestinal tractin a mouse model of liver metastases (Danino et al., ScienceTranslational Medicine 7 (289): 1-10, the contents of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety).

Tumor types into which the engineered bacteria of the current inventionare intratumorally delivered include locally advanced and metastatictumors, including but not limited to, B, T, and NK cell lymphomas, colonand rectal cancers, melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, mycosisfungoides, Merkel carcinoma, liver cancer, including hepatocellularcarcinoma and liver metastasis secondary to colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, follicular lymphoma, prostate cancer,refractory liver cancer, and Merkel cell carcinoma.

The genetically engineered microorganisms disclosed herein may beadministered topically and formulated in the form of an ointment, cream,transdermal patch, lotion, gel, shampoo, spray, aerosol, solution,emulsion, or other form well known to one of skill in the art. See,e.g., “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co.,Easton, Pa. In an embodiment, for non-sprayable topical dosage forms,viscous to semi-solid or solid forms comprising a carrier or one or moreexcipients compatible with topical application and having a dynamicviscosity greater than water are employed. Suitable formulationsinclude, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, emulsions,creams, ointments, powders, liniments, salves, etc., which may besterilized or mixed with auxiliary agents (e.g., preservatives,stabilizers, wetting agents, buffers, or salts) for influencing variousproperties, e.g., osmotic pressure. Other suitable topical dosage formsinclude sprayable aerosol preparations wherein the active ingredient incombination with a solid or liquid inert carrier, is packaged in amixture with a pressurized volatile (e.g., a gaseous propellant, such asfreon) or in a squeeze bottle. Moisturizers or humectants can also beadded to pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms. Examples of suchadditional ingredients are well known in the art. In one embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant bacteria of theinvention may be formulated as a hygiene product. For example, thehygiene product may be an antibacterial formulation, or a fermentationproduct such as a fermentation broth. Hygiene products may be, forexample, shampoos, conditioners, creams, pastes, lotions, and lip balms.

The genetically engineered microorganisms disclosed herein may beadministered orally and formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules,liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc. Pharmacologicalcompositions for oral use can be made using a solid excipient,optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture ofgranules, after adding suitable auxiliaries if desired, to obtaintablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, but are notlimited to, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose,mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose compositions such as maize starch,wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth,methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodiumcarbomethylcellulose; and/or physiologically acceptable polymers such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Disintegratingagents may also be added, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone,agar, alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.

Tablets or capsules can be prepared by conventional means withpharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g.,pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, sucrose,glucose, sorbitol, starch, gum, kaolin, and tragacanth); fillers (e.g.,lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, or calcium hydrogen phosphate);lubricants (e.g., calcium, aluminum, zinc, stearic acid, polyethyleneglycol, sodium lauryl sulfate, starch, sodium benzoate, L-leucine,magnesium stearate, talc, or silica); disintegrants (e.g., starch,potato starch, sodium starch glycolate, sugars, cellulose derivatives,silica powders); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). Thetablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. A coating shellmay be present, and common membranes include, but are not limited to,polylactide, polyglycolic acid, polyanhydride, other biodegradablepolymers, alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA),alginate-polymethylene-co-guanidine-alginate (A-PMCG-A),hydroymethylacrylate-methyl methacrylate (HEMA-MMA), multilayeredHEMA-MMA-MAA, polyacrylonitrilevinylchloride (PAN-PVC),acrylonitrile/sodium methallylsulfonate (AN-69), polyethyleneglycol/poly pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane/polydimethylsiloxane(PEG/PD5/PDMS), poly N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (PDMAAm), siliceousencapsulates, cellulose sulphate/sodiumalginate/polymethylene-co-guanidine (CS/A/PMCG), cellulose acetatephthalate, calcium alginate, k-carrageenan-locust bean gum gel beads,gellan-xanthan beads, poly(lactide-co-glycolides), carrageenan, starchpoly-anhydrides, starch polymethacrylates, polyamino acids, and entericcoating polymers.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered microorganisms areenterically coated for release into the gut or a particular region ofthe gut, for example, the large intestine. The typical pH profile fromthe stomach to the colon is about 1-4 (stomach), 5.5-6 (duodenum),7.3-8.0 (ileum), and 5.5-6.5 (colon). In some diseases, the pH profilemay be modified. In some embodiments, the coating is degraded inspecific pH environments in order to specify the site of release. Insome embodiments, at least two coatings are used. In some embodiments,the outside coating and the inside coating are degraded at different pHlevels.

Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form ofsolutions, syrups, suspensions, or a dry product for constitution withwater or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations maybe prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptableagents such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulosederivatives, or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g.,lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oilyesters, ethyl alcohol, or fractionated vegetable oils); andpreservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbicacid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring,coloring, and sweetening agents as appropriate. Preparations for oraladministration may be suitably formulated for slow release, controlledrelease, or sustained release of the genetically engineeredmicroorganisms described herein.

In one embodiment, the genetically engineered microorganisms of thedisclosure may be formulated in a composition suitable foradministration to pediatric subjects. As is well known in the art,children differ from adults in many aspects, including different ratesof gastric emptying, pH, gastrointestinal permeability, etc. (Ivanovskaet al., Pediatrics, 134(2):361-372, 2014). Moreover, pediatricformulation acceptability and preferences, such as route ofadministration and taste attributes, are critical for achievingacceptable pediatric compliance. Thus, in one embodiment, thecomposition suitable for administration to pediatric subjects mayinclude easy-to-swallow or dissolvable dosage forms, or more palatablecompositions, such as compositions with added flavors, sweeteners, ortaste blockers. In one embodiment, a composition suitable foradministration to pediatric subjects may also be suitable foradministration to adults.

In one embodiment, the composition suitable for administration topediatric subjects may include a solution, syrup, suspension, elixir,powder for reconstitution as suspension or solution,dispersible/effervescent tablet, chewable tablet, gummy candy, lollipop,freezer pop, troche, chewing gum, oral thin strip, orally disintegratingtablet, sachet, soft gelatin capsule, sprinkle oral powder, or granules.In one embodiment, the composition is a gummy candy, which is made froma gelatin base, giving the candy elasticity, desired chewy consistency,and longer shelf-life. In some embodiments, the gummy candy may alsocomprise sweeteners or flavors.

In one embodiment, the composition suitable for administration topediatric subjects may include a flavor. As used herein, “flavor” is asubstance (liquid or solid) that provides a distinct taste and aroma tothe formulation. Flavors also help to improve the palatability of theformulation. Flavors include, but are not limited to, strawberry,vanilla, lemon, grape, bubble gum, and cherry.

In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered microorganisms may beorally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or anassimilable edible carrier. The compound may also be enclosed in a hardor soft shell gelatin capsule, compressed into tablets, or incorporateddirectly into the subject's diet. For oral therapeutic administration,the compounds may be incorporated with excipients and used in the formof ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs,suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. To administer a compound byother than parenteral administration, it may be necessary to coat thecompound with, or co-administer the compound with, a material to preventits inactivation.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising therecombinant bacteria of the invention may be a comestible product, forexample, a food product. In one embodiment, the food product is milk,concentrated milk, fermented milk (yogurt, sour milk, frozen yogurt,lactic acid bacteria-fermented beverages), milk powder, ice cream, creamcheeses, dry cheeses, soybean milk, fermented soybean milk,vegetable-fruit juices, fruit juices, sports drinks, confectionery,candies, infant foods (such as infant cakes), nutritional food products,animal feeds, or dietary supplements. In one embodiment, the foodproduct is a fermented food, such as a fermented dairy product. In oneembodiment, the fermented dairy product is yogurt. In anotherembodiment, the fermented dairy product is cheese, milk, cream, icecream, milk shake, or kefir. In another embodiment, the recombinantbacteria of the invention are combined in a preparation containing otherlive bacterial cells intended to serve as probiotics. In anotherembodiment, the food product is a beverage. In one embodiment, thebeverage is a fruit juice-based beverage or a beverage containing plantor herbal extracts. In another embodiment, the food product is a jellyor a pudding. Other food products suitable for administration of therecombinant bacteria of the invention are well known in the art. Forexample, see U.S. 2015/0359894 and US 2015/0238545, the entire contentsof each of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. In yetanother embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention isinjected into, sprayed onto, or sprinkled onto a food product, such asbread, yogurt, or cheese.

In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for intraintestinaladministration, intrajejunal administration, intraduodenaladministration, intraileal administration, gastric shunt administration,or intracolic administration, via nanoparticles, nanocapsules,microcapsules, or microtablets, which are enterically coated oruncoated. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated inrectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, using,e.g., conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or otherglycerides. The compositions may be suspensions, solutions, or emulsionsin oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain suspending, stabilizingand/or dispersing agents.

The genetically engineered microorganisms described herein may beadministered intranasally, formulated in an aerosol form, spray, mist,or in the form of drops, and conveniently delivered in the form of anaerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, withthe use of a suitable propellant (e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane,trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide orother suitable gas). Pressurized aerosol dosage units may be determinedby providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules andcartridges (e.g., of gelatin) for use in an inhaler or insufflator maybe formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitablepowder base such as lactose or starch.

The genetically engineered microorganisms may be administered andformulated as depot preparations. Such long acting formulations may beadministered by implantation or by injection, including intravenousinjection, subcutaneous injection, local injection, direct injection, orinfusion. For example, the compositions may be formulated with suitablepolymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g., as an emulsion in anacceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly solublederivatives (e.g., as a sparingly soluble salt).

In some embodiments, disclosed herein are pharmaceutically acceptablecompositions in single dosage forms. Single dosage forms may be in aliquid or a solid form. Single dosage forms may be administered directlyto a patient without modification or may be diluted or reconstitutedprior to administration. In certain embodiments, a single dosage formmay be administered in bolus form, e.g., single injection, single oraldose, including an oral dose that comprises multiple tablets, capsule,pills, etc. In alternate embodiments, a single dosage form may beadministered over a period of time, e.g., by infusion.

Single dosage forms of the pharmaceutical composition may be prepared byportioning the pharmaceutical composition into smaller aliquots, singledose containers, single dose liquid forms, or single dose solid forms,such as tablets, granulates, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, microcapsules,microtablets, pellets, or powders, which may be enterically coated oruncoated. A single dose in a solid form may be reconstituted by addingliquid, typically sterile water or saline solution, prior toadministration to a patient.

In other embodiments, the composition can be delivered in a controlledrelease or sustained release system. In one embodiment, a pump may beused to achieve controlled or sustained release. In another embodiment,polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled or sustainedrelease of the therapies of the present disclosure (see e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 5,989,463). Examples of polymers used in sustained releaseformulations include, but are not limited to, poly(2-hydroxy ethylmethacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid),poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(methacrylic acid), polyglycolides(PLG), polyanhydrides, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol),polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol), polylactides (PLA),poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), and polyorthoesters. The polymerused in a sustained release formulation may be inert, free of leachableimpurities, stable on storage, sterile, and biodegradable. In someembodiments, a controlled or sustained release system can be placed inproximity of the prophylactic or therapeutic target, thus requiring onlya fraction of the systemic dose. Any suitable technique known to one ofskill in the art may be used.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide a therapeutic response.Dosing can depend on several factors, including severity andresponsiveness of the disease, route of administration, time course oftreatment (days to months to years), and time to amelioration of thedisease. For example, a single bolus may be administered at one time,several divided doses may be administered over a predetermined period oftime, or the dose may be reduced or increased as indicated by thetherapeutic situation. The specification for the dosage is dictated bythe unique characteristics of the active compound and the particulartherapeutic effect to be achieved. Dosage values may vary with the typeand severity of the condition to be alleviated. For any particularsubject, specific dosage regimens may be adjusted over time according tothe individual need and the professional judgment of the treatingclinician. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compounds providedherein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cellculture or animal models. For example, LD₅₀, ED₅₀, EC₅₀, and IC₅₀ may bedetermined, and the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects(LD₅₀/ED₅₀) may be calculated as the therapeutic index. Compositionsthat exhibit toxic side effects may be used, with careful modificationsto minimize potential damage to reduce side effects. Dosing may beestimated initially from cell culture assays and animal models. The dataobtained from in vitro and in vivo assays and animal studies can be usedin formulating a range of dosage for use in humans

The ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unitdosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water-freeconcentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule orsachet indicating the quantity of active agent. If the mode ofadministration is by injection, an ampoule of sterile water forinjection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixedprior to administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be packaged in a hermetically sealedcontainer such as an ampoule or sachet indicating the quantity of theagent. In one embodiment, one or more of the pharmaceutical compositionsis supplied as a dry sterilized lyophilized powder or water-freeconcentrate in a hermetically sealed container and can be reconstituted(e.g., with water or saline) to the appropriate concentration foradministration to a subject. In an embodiment, one or more of theprophylactic or therapeutic agents or pharmaceutical compositions issupplied as a dry sterile lyophilized powder in a hermetically sealedcontainer stored between 2° C. and 8° C. and administered within 1 hour,within 3 hours, within 5 hours, within 6 hours, within 12 hours, within24 hours, within 48 hours, within 72 hours, or within one week afterbeing reconstituted. Cryoprotectants can be included for a lyophilizeddosage form, principally 0-10% sucrose (optimally 0.5-1.0%). Othersuitable cryoprotectants include trehalose and lactose. Other suitablebulking agents include glycine and arginine, either of which can beincluded at a concentration of 0-0.05%, and polysorbate-80 (optimallyincluded at a concentration of 0.005-0.01%). Additional surfactantsinclude but are not limited to polysorbate 20 and BRIJ surfactants. Thepharmaceutical composition may be prepared as an injectable solution andcan further comprise an agent useful as an adjuvant, such as those usedto increase absorption or dispersion, e.g., hyaluronidase.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered microorganisms andcomposition thereof is formulated for intravenous administration,intratumor administration, or peritumor administration. The geneticallyengineered microorganisms may be formulated as depot preparations. Suchlong acting formulations may be administered by implantation or byinjection. For example, the compositions may be formulated with suitablepolymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g., as an emulsion in anacceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly solublederivatives (e.g., as a sparingly soluble salt).

In another embodiment, the composition can be delivered in a controlledrelease or sustained release system. In one embodiment, a pump may beused to achieve controlled or sustained release. In another embodiment,polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled or sustainedrelease of the therapies of the present disclosure (see e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 5,989,463). Examples of polymers used in sustained releaseformulations include, but are not limited to, poly(2-hydroxy ethylmethacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid),poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(methacrylic acid), polyglycolides(PLG), polyanhydrides, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol),polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol), polylactides (PLA),poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), and polyorthoesters. The polymerused in a sustained release formulation may be inert, free of leachableimpurities, stable on storage, sterile, and biodegradable. In someembodiments, a controlled or sustained release system can be placed inproximity of the prophylactic or therapeutic target, thus requiring onlya fraction of the systemic dose. Any suitable technique known to one ofskill in the art may be used.

The genetically engineered bacteria of the invention may be administeredand formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include those formed with anions such as those derived fromhydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., andthose formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium,ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine,2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.

Methods of Treatment

In one aspect of the invention provides methods of treating a disease,disorder and/or a symptom of a disease or disorder described herein. Inone aspect aspect of the invention provides methods of treating cancer.In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for reducing,ameliorating, or eliminating one or more symptom(s) associated withcancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from adrenal cancer,adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, bile ductcancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer (e.g., Ewing sarcoma tumors,osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma), brain cancer (e.g.,astrocytomas, brain stem glioma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma),bronchial tumors, central nervous system tumors, breast cancer,Castleman disease, cervical cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer,colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, eye cancer,gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoidtumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gestational trophoblasticdisease, heart cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, largyngeal cancer,hypopharyngeal cancer, leukemia (e.g., acute lymphoblastic leukemia,acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronicmyelogenous leukemia), liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma (e.g.,AIDS-related lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma,Hogkin lymphoma, Non-Hogkin lymphoma, primary central nervous systemlymphoma), malignant mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasticsyndrome, nasal cavity cancer, paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngealcancer, neuroblastoma, oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer,osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer,pituitary tumors, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma,rhabdoid tumor, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer (e.g., basalcell carcinoma, melanoma), small intestine cancer, stomach cancer,teratoid tumor, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymus cancer, thyroidcancer, unusual childhood cancers, urethral cancer, uterine cancer,uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Waldenströmmacrogloblulinemia, and Wilms tumor. In some embodiments, the symptom(s)associated thereof include, but are not limited to, anemia, loss ofappetite, irritation of bladder lining, bleeding and bruising(thrombocytopenia), changes in taste or smell, constipation, diarrhea,dry mouth, dysphagia, edema, fatigue, hair loss (alopecia), infection,infertility, lymphedema, mouth sores, nausea, pain, peripheralneuropathy, tooth decay, urinary tract infections, and/or problems withmemory and concentration.

The method may comprise preparing a pharmaceutical composition with atleast one genetically engineered species, strain, or subtype of bacteriadescribed herein, and administering the pharmaceutical composition to asubject in a therapeutically effective amount. The geneticallyengineered microorganisms may be administered locally, e.g.,intratumorally or peritumorally into a tissue or supplying vessel, orsystemically, e.g., intravenously by infusion or injection. In someembodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria are administeredintravenously, intratumorally, intra-arterially, intramuscularly,intraperitoneally, orally, or topically. In some embodiments, thegenetically engineered microorganisms are administered intravenously,i.e., systemically.

In certain embodiments, administering the pharmaceutical composition tothe subject reduces cell proliferation, tumor growth, and/or tumorvolume in a subject. In some embodiments, the methods of the presentdisclosure may reduce cell proliferation, tumor growth, and/or tumorvolume by at least about 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more as compared to levels in an untreated orcontrol subject. In some embodiments, reduction is measured by comparingcell proliferation, tumor growth, and/or tumor volume in a subjectbefore and after administration of the pharmaceutical composition. Insome embodiments, the method of treating or ameliorating a cancer in asubject allows one or more symptoms of the cancer to improve by at leastabout 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or more.

Before, during, and after the administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition, cancerous cells and/or biomarkers in a subject may bemeasured in a biological sample, such as blood, serum, plasma, urine,peritoneal fluid, and/or a biopsy from a tissue or organ. In someembodiments, the methods may include administration of the compositionsof the invention to reduce tumor volume in a subject to an undetectablesize, or to less than about 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 90% of the subject's tumor volume prior totreatment. In other embodiments, the methods may include administrationof the compositions of the invention to reduce the cell proliferationrate or tumor growth rate in a subject to an undetectable rate, or toless than about 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%,80%, or 90% of the rate prior to treatment.

The genetically engineered bacteria may be destroyed, e.g., by defensefactors in tissues or blood serum (Sonnenborn et al. (2009) MicrobialEcology in Health and Disease 21: 122-58), or by activation of a killswitch, several hours or days after administration. Thus, thepharmaceutical composition comprising the genetically engineeredbacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding a substrate transportermay be re-administered at a therapeutically effective dose andfrequency. In alternate embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteriaare not destroyed within hours or days after administration and maypropagate and colonize the tumor.

The pharmaceutical composition may be administered alone or incombination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g., achemotherapeutic drug such a methotrexate. An important consideration inselecting the one or more additional therapeutic agents is that theagent(s) should be compatible with the genetically engineered bacteriaof the invention, e.g., the agent(s) must not kill the bacteria. In somestudies, the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapy, e.g., CTLA-4 or PD-1inhibitors, requires the presence of particular bacterial strains in themicrobiome (Ilda et al., 2013; Vetizou et al., 2015; Sivan et al.,2015). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition isadministered with one or more commensal or probiotic bacteria, e.g.,Bifidobacterium or Bacteroides.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered microorganisms may beadministered as part of a regimen, which includes other treatmentmodalities or combinations of other modalities. Non-limiting examples ofthese modalities or agents are conventional therapies (e.g.,radiotherapy, chemotherapy), other immunotherapies, stem cell therapies,and targeted therapies, (e.g., BRAF or vascular endothelial growthfactor inhibitors; antibodies or compounds), bacteria described herein,and oncolytic viruses. Therapies also include related to antibody-immuneengagement, including Fc-mediated ADCC therapies, therapies usingbispecific soluble scFvs linking cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells (e.g.,BiTE), and soluble TCRs with effector functions. Immunotherapies includevaccines (e.g., viral antigen, tumor associated antigen, neoantigen, orcombinations thereof), checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine therapies,adoptive cellular therapy (ACT). ACT includes but is not limited to,tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapies, native or engineered TCRor CAR-T therapies, natural killer cell therapies, and dendritic cellvaccines or other vaccines of other antigen presenting cells. Targetedtherapies include antibodies and chemical compounds, and include forexample antiangiogenic strategies and BRAF inhibition.

The immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA is mimicked by syntheticoligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) expressing unmethylated CpG motifs (see,e.g., Bode et al. (2011) Expert Rev Vaccines 10(4): 499-511). CpG DNA asa vaccine adjuvant. When used as vaccine adjuvants, CpG ODNs improve thefunction of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost thegeneration of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses. Insome embodiments, CpG can be administered in combination with thegenetically engineered baceteria of the invention.

In one embodiment, the genetically engineered micororganisms areadministered in combination with tumor cell lysates.

The dosage of the pharmaceutical composition and the frequency ofadministration may be selected based on the severity of the symptoms andthe progression of the cancer. The appropriate therapeutically effectivedose and/or frequency of administration can be selected by a treatingclinician.

Treatment In Vivo

The genetically engineered bacteria may be evaluated in vivo, e.g., inan animal model. Any suitable animal model of a disease or conditionassociated with cancer may be used, e.g., a tumor syngeneic or xenograftmouse models (see, e.g., Yu et al., 2015). The genetically engineeredbacteria may be administered to the animal systemically or locally,e.g., via oral administration (gavage), intravenous, or subcutaneousinjection or via intratumoral injection, and treatment efficacydetermined, e.g., by measuring tumor volume.

Non-limiting examples of animal models include mouse models, asdescribed in Dang et al., 2001, Heap et al., 2014 and Danino et al.,2015).

Pre-clinical mouse models determine which immunotherapies andcombination immunotherapies will generate the optimal therapeutic index(maximal anti-tumor efficacy and minimal immune related adverse events(irAEs)) in different cancers.

Implantation of cultured cells derived from various human cancer celltypes or a patient's tumor mass into mouse tissue sites has been widelyused for generations of cancer mouse models (xenograft modeling). Inxenograft modeling, human tumors or cell lines are implanted eithersubcutaneously or orthotopically into immune-compromised host animals(e.g., nude or SCID mice) to avoid graft rejection. Because the originalhuman tumor microenvironment is not recapitulated in such models, theactivity of anti-cancer agents that target immune modulators may not beaccurately measured in these models, making mouse models with an intactimmune system more desirable.

Accordingly, implantation of murine cancer cells in a syngeneicimmunocompetent host (allograft) are used to generate mouse models withtumor tissues derived from the same genetic background as a given mousestrain. In syngeneic models, the host immune system is normal, which maymore closely represent the real life situation of the tumor'smicro-environment. The tumor cells or cancer cell lines are implantedeither subcutaneously or orthotopically into the syngeneicimmunocompetent host animal (e.g., mouse). Representative murine tumorcell lines, which can be used in syngeneic mouse models for immunecheckpoint benchmarking include, but are not limited to the cell lineslisted in Table 32.

TABLE 32 Selected cell lines for use in syngeneic mouse models CancerTypes Cell LInes Bladder MBT-2 Breast 4T1, EMT6, JC Colon CT-26,Colon26, MC38 Kidney Renca Leukemia L1210, C1498 Mastocytoma P815 P815Neuroblastoma Neuro-2-A Neuro-2a Myeloma MPC-11 Liver H22 Lung LL/2,KLN205 Lymphoma A20, EL4, P388D1, L15178-R, E.G7- OVA Melanoma B16-BL6,B16-F10, S91 Pancreatic Pan02 Prostate RM-1 Fibrosarcom WHI-164Plasmacytoma J558

Additional cell lines include, but are not limited to those in Table 33,which are described with respect to CTLA-4 benchmarking in Joseph F.Grosso and Maria N. Jure-Kunkel et al., 2013, the contents of which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TABLE 33 Murine cell lines and CTLA-4 antibodies for syngenic mousemodels Murine Tumor type/Mouse Anti-CTLA-4 Ab/Tx Tumor strain regimenBrain SMA-560 9H10; d7* (100 μg), d10 Glioma/Vm/Dk) (50 μg), d13 (50 μg)post- implant GL-261 9H10; d0 (100 μg), d3 (50 μg), Glioma/C57BL/6) d6(50 μg), Ovarian OV-HM/C57BL/6 × UC10-4F10-11; 1 mg/mouse C3H/He)Bladder MB49/C57BL/6 9D9; d7, d10, d13 (200 μg each) SarcomaMeth-A/BALB/c 9H10; d6 (100 μg), d9 (50 μg), d12 (50 μg) MC38, 11A19H10; d14 (100 μg), d17 BALB/c, C57BL/6 (50 μg), d20 (50 μg) BreastTSA/BALB/c (62 9H10; d12, d14, d16 (200 μg each) 4T1 BALB/c 9H10; d14,d18, d21 (200 μg each) 4T1 BALB/c 9H10; d14, d18, d21 (200 μg each) 4T1BALB/c UC10-4F10-11; d7, d11, d15, d19 (100 μg each) SM1/BALB/c 9H10;d4, d7, d10 (100 μg each) EMT6/BALB/c UC10-4F10-11; d4, d8, d12 (400 μgeach) Ixa: d3, d7, d11 Colon MC38/C57BL/6 UC10-4F10-11; d7, d11, d16(100 μg each) MC38 K4G4, L1B11, L3D10 CT26 BALB/c 9H10; d10 (100 μg),d13 (50 μg), d15 (50 μg) CT26 BALB/c UC10-4F10-11; d5, d9, d13 (400 μgeach) Ixa: d4, d8, d12 MC38/C57BL/6 UC10-4F10-11; d14, d21, d28 (800 μgeach) Lymphoma BW5147.3/AKR UC10-4F10-11; d-1 (250 μg), d0 (250 μg), d4[100 μg), d8 (100 μg), dl2 (100 μg) EL4/C57BL/6 9H10; d3, d5 (100 μgeach) Fibrosarcoma SA1N/A/J 9H10; every 4 days (200 μg each) SA1NUC10-4F10-11; d12, d16, d20 (400 μg each) Ixa: d11, d15, d15 ProstataTRAMP 9H10; d7, d10, d13 (100 μg C1[pTC1]/C57BU6 each) TRAMP 9H10; d4,d7, d10 (100 μg C2/C57BL/6 each) TRAMP/C57BL 9H10; 14-16 week old miced7, d10, d16 post-tR tx (100 μg each) TRAMP 9H10; d29, d33, d40, d50C2/C57BL/6 (100 μg each) d29 = 1d post- cryoablation MelanomaB16/C57BL/6 9H10; d0, d3, d6 (200 μg each) B16/C57BL/6 9H10; d6 (100μg), d8 [50 μg), d10 (50 μg) B16/C57BL/6 9D9; d3, d6, d9 B16/C57BL/69H10; d3, d6, d9 (100 μg each) B16.F10/C57BL/6 9H10; d5 (100 μg), d7 (50μg), d9 (50 μg) Lung M109/BALB/c UC10-4F10-11; d4, d8, d12(400 μg each)Ixa: d3, d7, d11 Plasmacytoma MOPC-315/BALB/ UC10-4F10-11; 20 mmcANnCrlBr tumors tx daily for 10 days (100 μg each)

For tumors derived from certain cell lines, ovalbumin can be added tofurther stimulate the immune response, thereby increasing the responsebaseline level.

Examples of mouse strains that can be used in syngeneic mouse models,depending on the cell line include C57BL/6, FVB/N, Balb/c, C3H, HeJ,C3H/HeJ, NOD/ShiLT, A/J, 129S1/SvlmJ, NOD. Additionally, several furthergenetically engineered mouse strains have been reported to mimic humantumorigenesis at both molecular and histologic levels. These geneticallyengineered mouse models also provide excellent tools to the field andadditionally, the cancer cell lines derived from the invasive tumorsdeveloped in these models are also good resources for cell lines forsyngeneic tumor models Examples of genetically engineered strains areprovided in Table 34.

TABLE 34 Exemplary genetic engineered mouse strains of interest Animalstrain Strain background Predicted cancer type C57BL/6- C57BL/6 Prostatecancer Tg(TRAMP)8247Ng/JNju FVB/N-Tg□MMTV- FVB/N Breast cancerPyVT)634Mul/Jnju C57BL/6J-Apc^(Min)/JNju C57BL/6 Colorectal cancer STOCKPtch1^(tm1Mps)/JNju C57BL/6JNju MedulloblastomaNOD-Prkdc^(em26Cd52)Il2rg^(em26Cd22)Nju NOD/ShiLt Not specificC57BL/6J-Apc^(Min)/JNju C57BL/6 Colorectal cancer BALB/cJNju BALB/c Lungcancer C3H/HeJNju (Urethane C3H/HeJ Lung cancer induced lung cancermodel) A/JNju A/J Lung cancer A/Jnju (Urethane induced A/J Lung cancerlung cancer model) C3H/HeJSlac C3H/HeJ Lung cancer 129S1/SvImJNju(Urethane 129S1/SvImJ Lung cancer induced lung cancer model)Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT) C57BL/6 Lung cancer Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);P53^(KO/KO)C57BL/6 Lung cancer Pdx1-cre; Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);P53^(KO/KO) C57BL/6Pancreatic cancer Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);P16^(KO/KO) C57BL/6; Pancreaticccancer; FVB/N Lung cancer Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT); PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6Ovarian cancer; Prostate cancer; Brain cancerPbsn-cre;Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Prostate cancerP53^(KO/KO);PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Prostate cancerPbsn-cre;PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Prostate cancer NOD NOD Leukemia B6.Cg-C57BL/6 B cell Lymphoma Tg(IghMyc)22Bri/JNju PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6Ovarian cancer (Female); Prostate cancer (Male); Tes/s cancer (Male)NASH-HCC (Streptozotocin C57BL/6 Hepatocellular and high-fat dietinduced liver Carcinoma cancer model) BALB/c nude BALB/c Not specificC3H/He C3H/He Hepatocellular Carcinoma B6N C57BL/6 Not specificB6/N-Akr1c12^(tm1a)Nju C57BL/6 Not specific P53 null from VitalStarC57BL/6 Not specific P53 null from VitalStar C57BL/6 Not specific P53null from VitalStar C57BL/6 Not specificPdx1-cre;Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);p53^(KO/KO) C57BL/6 Pancrea/c cancerKras^(LSL-G12D/WT);P16^(KO/KO) C57BL/6; Pancrea/c cancer; FVB/N Lungcancer Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Ovarian cancer;Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Prostate cancer;Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Brain cancer Pbsn-cre;Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Prostate cancerP53^(KO/KO);PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Prostate cancerPbsn-cre;PTEN^(CKO/CKO) C57BL/6 Prostate cancer Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT)C57BL/6 Lung cancer NOD NOD Leukemia B6.Cg- C57BL/6 B cell LymphomaTg(IghMyc)22Bri/JNju PTENCKO/CKO C57BL/6 Ovarian cancer (Female);Prostate cancer (Male); Tes/s cancer (Male) NASH-HCC (StreptozotocinC57BL/6 Hepatocellular and high-fat diet induced Carcinoma liver cancermodel) BALB/c nude BALB/c Not specific C3H/He C3H/He HepatocellularCarcinoma B6N C57BL/6 Not specific B6/N-Akr1c12^(tm1a)Nju C57BL/6 Notspecific P53 null from VitalStar C57BL/6 Not specific P53 null fromVitalStar C57BL/6 Not specific P53 null from VitalStar C57BL/6 Notspecific Kras^(LSL-G12D/WT);P53^(KO/KO) C57BL/6 Not specific

Often antibodies directed against human proteins do not detect theirmurine counterparts. In studying antibodies, including those directedagainst human immune checkpoint molecules, it is necessary to take thisin consideration. For example, Ipilimumab did not show cross-reactivitywith or binding to CTLA-4 from rats, mice or rabbits.

In some cases, mice transgenic for the gene of interest can used toovercome this issue, as was done for ipilimumab. However, in syngeneicmouse models without a human transgene, mouse protein reactiveantibodies must be used to test therapeutic antibody strategies. Forexample, suitable CTLA-4 antibodies for expression by the geneticallyengineered bacteria of interest include, but are not limited to, 9H10,UC10-4F10-11, 9D9, and K4G4 (Table 33).

More recently, “humanized” mouse models have been developed, in whichimmunodeficient mice are reconstituted with a human immune system, andwhich have helped overcome issues relating to the differences betweenthe mouse and human immune systems, allowing the in vivo study of humanimmunity. Severely immunodeficient mice which combine the IL2receptornull and the severe combined immune deficiency mutation (scid) (NOD-scidIL2Rgnull mice) lack mature T cells, B cells, or functional NK cells,and are deficient in cytokine signaling. These mice can be engraftedwith human hematopoietic stem cells and peripheral-blood mononuclearcells. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (hu-CD34) are injected into theimmune deficient mice, resulting in multi-lineage engraftment of humanimmune cell populations including very good T cell maturation andfunction for long-term studies. This model has a research span of 12months with a functional human immune system displaying T-cell dependentinflammatory responses with no donor cell immune reactivity towards thehost. Patient derived xenografts can readily be implanted in thesemodels and the effects of immune modulatory agents studied in an in vivosetting more reflective of the human tumor microenvironment (both immuneand non-immune cell-based) (Baia et al., 2015).

Human cell lines of interest for use in the humanized mouse modelsinclude but are not limited to HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer celllines.

A rat F98 glioma model and the utility of spontaneous canine tumors, asdescribed in Roberts et al 2014, the contents of each of which areherein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Locally invasivetumors generated by implantation of F98 rat glioma cells engineered toexpress luciferase were intratumorally injected with C. novyi-NT spores,resulting in germination and a rapid fall in luciferase activity. C.novyi-NT germination was demonstrated by the appearance of vegetativeforms of the bacterium. In these studies, C. novyi-NT precisely honed tothe tumor sparing neighboring cells.

Canine soft tissue sarcomas for example are common in many breeds andhave clinical, histopathological, and genetically features similar tothose in humans (Roberts et al, 2014; Staedtke et al., 2015), inparticular, in terms of genetic alterations and spectrum of mutations.Roberts et al. conducted a study in dogs, in which C. novyi-NT sporeswere intrtatumorally injected (1×10⁸ C. novyi-NT spores) intospontaneously occurring solid tumors in one to 4 treatment cycles andfollowed for 90 days. A potent inflammatory response was observed,indicating that the intrattumoral injections mounted an innate immuneresponse.

In some embodiments, the genetically engineered microorganisms of theinvention are administered systemically, e.g., orally, subcutaneously,intraveneously or intratumorally into any of the models described hereinto assess anti-tumor efficacy and any treatment related adverse sideeffects.

EXAMPLES: Example 1 Phenylalanine Transporter—Integration of PheP intothe Bacterial Chromosome

In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to increase phenylalaninetransport into the cell, thereby enhancing phenylalanine metabolism.Therefore, a second copy of the native high affinity phenylalaninetransporter, PheP, driven by an inducible promoter, was inserted intothe Nissle genome through homologous recombination. Organization of theconstruct is shown in FIG. 4. The pheP gene was placed downstream of theP_(tet) promoter, and the tetracycline repressor, TetR, was divergentlytranscribed (see, e.g., FIG. 4). This sequence was synthesized byGenewiz (Cambridge, Mass.). To create a vector capable of integratingthe synthesized TetR-PheP construct into the chromosome, Gibson assemblywas first used to add 1000 bp sequences of DNA homologous to the NisslelacZ locus into the R6K origin plasmid pKD3. This targets DNA clonedbetween these homology arms to be integrated into the lacZ locus in theNissle genome. Gibson assembly was used to clone the TetR-PheP fragmentbetween these arms. PCR was used to amplify the region from this plasmidcontaining the entire sequence of the homology arms, as well as the phePsequence between them. This PCR fragment was used to transformelectrocompetent Nissle-pKD46, a strain that contains atemperature-sensitive plasmid encoding the lambda red recombinase genes.After transformation, cells were grown for 2 hrs before plating onchloramphenicol at 20 μg/mL at 37° C. Growth at 37° C. cures the pKD46plasmid. Transformants containing anhydrous tetracycline (ATC)-induciblepheP were lac-minus (lac-) and chloramphenicol resistant.

Example 2 Effect of the Phenylalanine Transporter on PhenylalanineDegradation

To determine the effect of the phenylalanine transporter onphenylalanine degradation, phenylalanine degradation and trans-cinnamateaccumulation achieved by genetically engineered bacteria expressing PAL1or PAL3 on low-copy (LC) or high-copy (HC) plasmids in the presence orabsence of a copy of pheP driven by the Tet promoter integrated into thechromosome was assessed.

For in vitro studies, all incubations were performed at 37° C. Culturesof E. coli Nissle transformed with a plasmid comprising the PAL genedriven by the Tet promoter were grown overnight and then diluted 1:100in LB. The cells were grown with shaking (200 rpm) to early log phase.Anhydrous tetracycline (ATC) was added to cultures at a concentration of100 ng/mL to induce expression of PAL, and bacteria were grown foranother 2 hrs. Bacteria were then pelleted, washed, and resuspended inminimal media, and supplemented with 4 mM phenylalanine. Aliquots wereremoved at 0 hrs, 2 hrs, and 4 hrs for phenylalanine quantification(FIG. 8A), and at 2 hrs and 4 hrs for cinnamate quantification (FIG.8B), by mass spectrometry, as described in Examples 24-26. As shown inFIG. 8, expression of pheP in conjunction with PAL significantlyenhances the degradation of phenylalanine as compared to PAL alone orpheP alone. Notably, the additional copy of pheP permitted the completedegradation of phenylalanine (4 mM) in 4 hrs (FIG. 8A). FIG. 8B depictscinnamate levels in samples at 2 hrs and 4 hrs post-induction. Sincecinnamate production is directly correlated with phenylalaninedegradation, these data suggest that phenylalanine disappearance is dueto phenylalanine catabolism, and that cinnamate may be used as analternative biomarker for strain activity. PheP overexpression improvesphenylalanine metabolism in engineered bacteria.

In conclusion, in conjunction with pheP, even low-copy PAL-expressingplasmids are capable of almost completely eliminating phenylalanine froma test sample (FIGS. 8A and 8B). Furthermore, without wishing to bebound by theory, in some embodiments, that incorporate pheP, there maybe additional advantages to using a low-copy PAL-expressing plasmid inconjunction in order to enhance the stability of PAL expression whilemaintaining high phenylalanine metabolism, and to reduce negativeselection pressure on the transformed bacterium. In alternateembodiments, the phenylalanine transporter is used in conjunction with ahigh-copy PAL-expressing plasmid.

Example 3 Phenylalanine Degradation in Recombinant E. Coli with andwithout pheP Overexpression

The SYN-PKU304 and SYN-PKU305 strains contain low-copy plasmidsharboring the PAL3 gene, and a copy of pheP integrated at the lacZlocus. The SYN-PKU308 and SYN-PKU307 strains also contain low-copyplasmids harboring the PAL3 gene, but lack a copy of pheP integrated atthe lacZ locus. In all four strains, expression of PAL3 and pheP (whenapplicable) is controlled by an oxygen level-dependent promoter.

To determine rates of phenylalanine degradation in engineered E. coliNissle with and without pheP on the chromosome, overnight cultures ofSYN-PKU304 and SYN-PKU307 were diluted 1:100 in LB containingampicillin, and overnight cultures of SYN-PKU308 and SYN-PKU305 werediluted 1:100 in LB containing kanamycin. All strains were grown for 1.5hrs before cultures were placed in a Coy anaerobic chamber supplying 90%N₂, 5% CO₂, and 5% H₂. After 4 hrs of induction, bacteria were pelleted,washed in PBS, and resuspended in 1 mL of assay buffer. Assay buffercontained M9 minimal media supplemented with 0.5% glucose, 8.4% sodiumbicarbonate, and 4 mM of phenylalanine.

For the activity assay, starting counts of colony-forming units (cfu)were quantified using serial dilution and plating. Aliquots were removedfrom each cell assay every 30 min for 3 hrs for phenylalaninequantification by mass spectrometry. Specifically, 150 μL of bacterialcells were pelleted and the supernatant was harvested for LC-MSanalysis, with assay media without cells used as the zero-time point.FIG. 10 shows the observed phenylalanine degradation for strains withpheP on the chromosome (SYN-PKU304 and SYN-PKU305; left), as well asstrains lacking pheP on the chromosome (SYN-PKU308 and SYN-PKU307;right). These data show that pheP overexpression is important in orderto increase rates of phenylalanine degradation in synthetic probiotics.

Strains Used in the Experiments

PAL Activity (umol/hr/10{circumflex over ( )}9 Strain Name Strain NameGenotype cells) SYN025 SYN-PKU101 Low copy pSC101- ND Ptet::PAL1,ampicillin resistant SYN026 SYN-PKU102 High copy pColE1- ND Ptet::PAL1,ampicillin resistant, SYN065 SYN-PKU201 Low copy pSC101- ND Ptet::PAL3,ampicillin resistant SYN063 SYN-PKU202 High copy pColE1- ND Ptet::PAL3,ampicillin resistant, SYN107 SYN-PKU203 lacZ::Ptet-pheP::cam 0 SYN108SYN-PKU401 Low copy pSC101- 1.1 Ptet::PAL1, ampicillin resistant,chromosomal lacZ::Ptet-pheP::cam SYN109 SYN-PKU402 High copy pColE1- 0.8Ptet::PAL1, ampicillin resistant, chromosomal lacZ::Ptet-pheP::camSYN110 SYN-PKU302 Low Copy pSC101- 2.2 Ptet::PAL3, ampicillin resistant;chromosomal lacZ::Ptet-pheP::cam SYN111 SYN-PKU303 High copy pColE1- 7.1Ptet::PAL3, ampicillin resistant, chromosomal lacZ::Ptet-pheP::camSYN340 SYN-PKU304 Low Copy pSC101- 3 PfnrS::PAL3, ampicillin resistant;chromosomal lacZ::PfnrS-pheP::cam SYN958 SYN-PKU305 Low Copy pSC101- 3PfnrS::PAL3, kanamycin resistant; chromosomal lacZ::PfnrS-pheP::camSYN959 SYN-PKU307 Low Copy pSC101- 0.3 PfnrS::PAL3, ampicillinresistant; SYN837 SYN-PKU308 Low Copy pSC101- 0.3 PfnrS::PAL3, kanamycinresistant;

Example 4 Construction of Plasmids Encoding Branched Chain Amino AcidImporters and Branched Chain Amino Acid Catabolism Enzyme

The kivD gene of lactococcus lactis IFPL730 was synthesized (Genewiz),fused to the Tet promoter, cloned into the high-copy plasmid pUC57-Kanby Gibson assembly and transformed into E. coli DH5α to generate theplasmid pTet-kivD. The bkd operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 fusedto the Tet promoter was synthesized (Genewiz) and cloned into thehigh-copy plasmid pUC57-Kan to generate the plasmid pTet-bkd. The bkdoperon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 fused to the ldh gene from PAO1and the Tet promoter was synthesized (Genewiz) and cloned into thehigh-copy plasmid pUC57-Kan to generate the plasmid pTet-ldh-bkd. ThelivKHMGF operon from E. coli Nissle fused to the Tet promoter wassynthesized (Genewiz), cloned into the pKIKO-lacZ plasmid by Gibsonassembly and transformed into E. coli PIR1 as described in Example 3 togenerate the pTet-livKHMGF.

Example 5 Generation of Recombinant Bacterial Cell Comprising a GeneticModification that Reduces Export of a Branched Chain Amino Acid

E. coli Nissle was transformed with the pKD46 plasmid encoding thelambda red proteins under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoteras follows. An overnight culture of E. coli Nissle grown at 37° C. wasdiluted 1:100 in 4 mL of lysogeny broth (LB) and grown at 37° C. untilit reached an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4-0.6. 1 mL of the culture was then centrifugedat 13,000 rpm for 1 min in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and thesupernatant was removed. The cells were then washed three times inpre-chilled 10% glycerol and resuspended in 40 uL pre-chilled 10%glycerol. The electroporator was set to 1.8 kV. 1 uL of a pKD46 miniprepwas added to the cells, mixed by pipetting, and pipetted into a sterile,chilled 1 mm cuvette. The cuvette was placed into the sample chamber,and the electric pulse was applied. 500 uL of room-temperature SOC mediawas immediately added, and the mixture was transferred to a culture tubeand incubated at 30° C. for 1 hr. The cells were spread out on an LBplate containing 100 ug/mL carbenicillin and incubated at 30° C.

ΔleuE deletion construct with 77 bp and a 100 bp flanking leuE homologyregions and a kanamycin resistant cassette flanked by FRT recombinationsite was generated by PCR, column-purified and transformed into E. coliNissle pKD46 as follows. An overnight culture of E. coli Nissle pKD46grown in 100 ug/mL carbenicillin at 30° C. was diluted 1:100 in 5 mL ofLB supplemented with 100 ug/mL carbenicillin, 0.15% arabinose and grownuntil it reaches an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4-0.6. The bacteria were aliquotedequally in five 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes, centrifuged at 13,000 rpmfor 1 min and the supernatant was removed. The cells were then washedthree times in pre-chilled 10% glycerol and combined in 50 uLpre-chilled 10% glycerol. The electroporator was set to 1.8 kV. 2 uL ofa the purified ΔleuE deletion PCR fragment are then added to the cells,mixed by pipetting, and pipetted into a sterile, chilled 1 mm cuvette.The cuvette was placed into the sample chamber, and the electric pulsewas applied. 500 uL of room-temperature SOC media was immediately added,and the mixture was transferred to a culture tube and incubated at 37°C. for 1 hr. The cells were spread out on an LB plate containing 50ug/mL kanamycin. Five kanamycin-resistant transformants were thenchecked by colony PCR for the deletion of the leuE locus.

The kanamycin cassette was then excised from the ΔleuE deletion strainas follows. ΔleuE was transformed with the pCP20 plasmid encoding theFlp recombinase gene. An overnight culture of ΔleuE grown at 37° C. inLB with 50 ug/mL kanamycin was diluted 1:100 in 4 mL of LB and grown at37° C. until it reaches an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4-0.6. 1 mL of the culture wasthen centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 1 min in a 1.5 mL microcentrifugetube and the supernatant was removed. The cells were then washed threetimes in pre-chilled 10% glycerol and resuspended in 40 uL pre-chilled10% glycerol. The electroporator was set to 1.8 kV. 1 uL of a pCP20miniprep was added to the cells, mixed by pipetting, and pipetted into asterile, chilled 1 mm cuvette. The dry cuvette was placed into thesample chamber, and the electric pulse was applied. 500 uL ofroom-temperature SOC media was immediately added, and the mixture wastransferred to a culture tube and incubated at 30° C. for 1 hr. Thecells were spread out on an LB plate containing 100 ug/mL carbenicillinand incubated at 30° C. Eight transformants were then streaked on an LBplate and were incubated overnight at 43° C. One colony per transformantwas picked and resuspended in 10 uL LB and 3 uL of the suspension werepipetted on LB, LB with 50 ug/mL Kanamycin or LB with 100 ug/mLcarbenicillin The LB and LB Kanamycin plates were incubated at 37° C.and the LB Carbenicillin plate was incubated at 30° C. Colonies showinggrowth on LB alone were selected and checked by PCR for the excision ofthe Kanamycin cassette.

Example 6 Generation of Recombinant Bacteria Comprising an Importer of aBranched Chain Amino Acid and/or a Branched Chain Amino Acid CatabolismEnzyme and Lacking an Exporter of a Branched Chain Amino Acid

pTet-kivD, pTet-bkd, pTet-ldh-bkd and pTet-livKHFGF plasmids describedabove were transformed into E. coli Nissle (pTet-kivD), Nissle(pTet-kivD, pTet-bkd, pTet-ldh-bkd), DH5α (pTet-kivD, pTet-bkd,pTet-ldh-bkd) or PIR1 (pTet-livKHMGF). All tubes, solutions, andcuvettes were pre-chilled to 4° C. An overnight culture of E. coli(Nissle, ΔleuE, DH5α or PIR1) was diluted 1:100 in 4 mL of LB and grownuntil it reached an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4-0.6. 1 mL of the culture was thencentrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 1 min in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube andthe supernatant was removed. The cells were then washed three times inpre-chilled 10% glycerol and resuspended in 40 uL pre-chilled 10%glycerol. The electroporator was set to 1.8 kV. 1 uL of a pTet-kivD,pTet-bkd, pTet-ldh-bkd or pTet-livKHMGF miniprep was added to the cells,mixed by pipetting, and pipetted into a sterile, chilled 1mm cuvette.The dry cuvette was placed into the sample chamber, and the electricpulse was applied. 500 uL of room-temperature SOC media was immediatelyadded, and the mixture was transferred to a culture tube and incubatedat 37° C. for 1 hr. The cells were spread out on an LB plate containing50 ug/mL Kanamycin for pTet-kivD, pTet-bkd and pTet-ldh-bkd or 100 ug/mLcarbenicillin for pTet-livKHMGF.

Example 7 Generation of Recombinant Bacteria Comprising an Importer of aBranched Chain Amino Acid and a Genetic Modification that Reduces Exportof a Branched Chain Amino Acid

E. coli Nissle ΔleuE was transformed with the pKD46 plasmid encoding thelambda red proteins under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoteras follows. An overnight culture of E. coli Nissle ΔleuE grown at 37° C.was diluted 1:100 in 4 mL of LB and grown at 37° C. until it reached anOD₆₀₀ of 0.4-0.6. 1 mL of the culture was then centrifuged at 13,000 rpmfor 1 min in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and the supernatant wasremoved. The cells were then washed three times in pre-chilled 10%glycerol and resuspended in 40 uL pre-chilled 10% glycerol. Theelectroporator was set to 1.8 kV. 1 uL of a pKD46 miniprep was added tothe cells, mixed by pipetting, and pipetted into a sterile, chilled 1 mmcuvette. The dry cuvette was placed into the sample chamber, and theelectric pulse was applied. 500 uL of room-temperature SOC media wasimmediately added, and the mixture was transferred to a culture tube andincubated at 30° C. for 1 hr. The cells were spread out on an LB platecontaining 100 ug/mL carbenicillin and incubated at 30° C.

The DNA fragment used to integrate Tet-livKHMGF into E. coli Nissle lacZwas amplified by PCR from the pTet-livKHMGF plasmid, column-purified andtransformed into ΔleuE pKD46 as follows. An overnight culture of the E.coli Nissle ΔleuE pKD46 strain grown in LB at 30° C. with 100 ug/mLcarbenicillin was diluted 1:100 in 5 mL of lysogeny broth (LB)supplemented with 100 ug/mL carbenicillin, 0.15% arabinose and grown at30° C. until it reached an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4-0.6. The bacteria were aliquotedequally in five 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes, centrifuged at 13,000 rpmfor 1 min and the supernatant was removed. The cells were then washedthree times in pre-chilled 10% glycerol and combined in 50 uLpre-chilled 10% glycerol. The electroporator was set to 1.8 kV. 2 uL ofa the purified Tet-livKHMGF PCR fragment were then added to the cells,mixed by pipetting, and pipetted into a sterile, chilled 1 mm cuvette.The dry cuvette was placed into the sample chamber, and the electricpulse was applied. 500 uL of room-temperature SOC media was immediatelyadded, and the mixture was transferred to a culture tube and incubatedat 37° C. for 1 hr. The cells were spread out on an LB plate containing20 ug/mL chloramphenicol, 40 ug/mL X-Gal and incubated overnight at 37°C. White chloramphenicol resistant transformants were then checked bycolony PCR for integration of Tet-livKHMGF into the lacZ locus.

Example 8 Functional Assay Demonstrating that the Recombinant BacterialCells Decrease Branched Chain Amino Acid Concentration

For in vitro studies, all incubations were performed at 37° C. Culturesof E. coli Nissle ΔleuE, ΔleuE+pTet-kivD, ΔleuE+pTet-bkd,ΔleuE+pTet-ldh-bkd, ΔleuE lacZ:Tet-livKHMGF, ΔleuElacZ:Tet-livKHMGF+pTet-kivD, ΔleuE lacZ:Tet-livKHMGF+pTet-bkd, ΔleuElacZ:Tet-livKHMGF+pTet-ldh-bkd were grown overnight in LB, LB 50 ug/mLKanamycin or LB 50 ug/mL Kanamycin 20 ug/mL chloramphenicol and thendiluted 1:100 in LB. The cells were grown with shaking (250 rpm) toearly log phase with the appropriate antibiotics. Anhydrous tetracycline(ATC) was added to cultures at a concentration of 100 ng/mL to induceexpression of KivD, Bkd, Ldh and LivKHFMG, and bacteria were grown foranother 3 hours. Bacteria were then pelleted, washed, and resuspended inminimal media, and supplemented with 0.5% glucose and 2 mM leucine.Aliquots were removed at 0 h, 1.5 h, 6 h and 18 h for leucinequantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) using aThermo TSQ Quantum Max triple quadrupole instrument. Briefly, 100 uLaliquots were centrifuged at 4,500 rpm for 10 min 10 uL of thesupernatant was resuspended in 90 uL water with 1 ug/mLL-leucine-5,5,5-d₃ (isotope used as internal standard). 10 uL of thesamples was then resuspended in 90 uL 10% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acidand placed in the LCMS autosampler. A C18 column 100×2mm, 3 um particleswas used (Luna, Phenomenex). The mobile phases used were water 0.1%formic acid (solvent A) and acetonitrile 0.1% (solvent B). The gradientused was:

0 min: 95%A, 5%B

0.5 min: 95%A, 5%B

1 min: 10%A, 90%B

2.5 min: 10%A, 90%B

2.51 min: 95%A, 5%B

3.5 min: 95%A, 5%B

The Q1/Q3 transitions used for leucine and L-leucine-5,5,5-d₃ were132.1/86.2 and 135.1/89.3 respectively.

Leucine was rapidly graded by the expression of kivD in the Nissle ΔleuEstrain. After 6 h of incubation, leucine concentration droped by over99% in the presence of ATC. This effect was even more pronounced in thecase of ΔleuE expressing both kivD and the leucine transporter livKHMGFwhere leucine is undetectable after 6 h of incubation. The expression ofthe bkd complex also leads rapidly to the degradation of leucine. After6 h of incubation, 99% of leucine was degraded. The expression of theleucine transporter livKHMGF, in parallel with the expression of ldh andbkd leads to the complete degradation of leucine after 18 h.

Example 9 Simultaneous Degradation of Branched Chain Amino Acids byRecombinant Bacteria Expressing a Branched Chain Amino Acid CatabolismEnzyme and an Importer of a Branched Chain Amino Acid

In these studies, all incubations were performed at 37° C. Cultures ofE. coli Nissle, Nissle+pTet-kivD, ΔleuE+pTet-kivD, ΔleuElacZ:Tet-livKHMGF+pTet-kivD were grown overnight in LB, LB 50 ug/mLKanamycin or LB 50 ug/mL Kanamycin 20 ug/mL chloramphenicol and thendiluted 1:100 in LB. The cells were grown with shaking (250 rpm) toearly log phase with the appropriate antibiotics. Anhydrous tetracycline(ATC) was added to cultures at a concentration of 100 ng/mL to induceexpression of KivD and LivKHFMG, and bacteria were grown for another 3hours. Bacteria were then pelleted, washed, and resuspended in minimalmedia, and supplemented with 0.5% glucose and the three branched chainamino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine, 2 mM each). Aliquots wereremoved at 0 h, 1.5 h, 6 h and 18 h for leucine, isoleucine and valinequantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) using aThermo TSQ Quantum Max triple quadrupole instrument. Briefly, 100 uLaliquots were centrifuged at 4,500 rpm for 10 min 10 uL of thesupernatant was resuspended in 90 uL water with lug/mLL-leucine-5,5,5-d₃ (isotope used as internal standard). 10 uL of thesamples was then resuspended in water, 0.1% formic acid and placed inthe LCMS autosampler. A C18 column 100×2mm, 3 um particles was used(Luna, Phenomenex). The mobile phases used were water 0.1% formic acid(solvent A) and acetonitrile 0.1% (solvent B). The gradient used was:

0 min: 100%A, 0%B

0.5 min: 100%A, 0%B

1.5 min: 10%A, 90%B

3.5 min: 10%A, 90%B

3.51 min: 100%A, 0%B

4.5 min: 100%A, 0%B

The Q1/Q3 transitions used are:

Leucine: 132.1/86.2

L-leucine-5,5,5-d₃: 135.1/89.3

Isoleucine: 132.1/86.2

Valine: 118.1/72

As shown in FIGS. 32A-32C, leucine, isoleucine and valine were alldegraded by the expression of kivD in E. coli Nissle. At 18 h, 96.8%,67.2% and 52.1% of leucine, isoleucine and valine respectively weredegraded in Nissle expressing kivD in the presence of ATC. Theefficiency of leucine and isoleucine degradation was further improved byexpressing kivD in the ΔleuE background strain with a 99.8% leucine and80.6% isoleucine degradation at 18 h Finally, an additional increase inleucine and isoleucine degradation was achieved by expressing theleucine transporter livKHMGF in the Nissle ΔleuE pTet-kivD strain with a99.98% leucine and 95.5% isoleucine degradation at 18 h. No significantimprovement in valine degradation was observed in the ΔleuE deletionstrain expressing livKHMGF.

Example 10 Increase of BCAA Import by Overexpressing the High AffinityBCAA Transporters livKHMGF and livJHMGF In Vitro Study Objective

-   -   BCAA accumulate to toxic levels in MSUT) patients    -   Different synthetic probiotic E. coli Nissle strains were        engineered to efficiently import BCAA into the bacterial cell to        be degraded    -   The objective of this study was to determine if expressing the        two BCAA transporters livKHMGF and livJHMGF increase the import        of valine, a BCAA naturally secreted to high levels by E. coli        Nissle.

Description of the Different Probiotic Strains

-   -   All strains are derived from the human probiotic: strain E. coli        Nissle 1917. A ΔleuE deletion strain (deleted for the leucine        exporter leuE) was generated by lambda red-recombination    -   A copy of the high-affinity leucine ABC transporter livKHMGF        under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter (Ptet)        was inserted into the lacZ locus of the ΔleuE deletion strain by        lambda-red recombination to generate the ΔleuE,        lacZ:Ptet-livKHMGF strain. In this strain, the BCAA transporter        livKHMGF can get induced in the presence of anhydrotetracycline        (ATC)    -   Finally, the endogenous promoter of livJ was swapped with the        constitutive promoter Ptac by lambda-red recombination to        generate the ΔleuE, lacZ:Ptet-livKHMGF, Ptac-livJ strain. In        this strain, livJ is constitutively induced. In the presence of        ATC, both BCAA transporters livKHMGF and livJHMGF are expressed

Experimental Procedure

-   -   The three strains tested (ΔleuE; ΔleuE, lacZ:Ptet-livKHMGF;        ΔleuE, lacZ:Ptet-livKHMGF, Ptac-livJ) were grown overnight at        37° C. and 250 rpm in 4 mL of LB    -   Cells were diluted 100 fold in 4 mL LB and grown for 2 h at        37° C. and 250 rpm    -   Cells were split in two 2 mL culture tubes    -   One 2 mL culture tube was induced with 100ng/mL        anhydrotetracycline (ATC) to activate the Ptet promoter    -   After 1 h induction, 1 mL of cells was spun down at maximum        speed for 30 seconds in a microcentrifuge    -   The supernatant was removed and the pellet re-suspended in 1 mL        M9 medium 0.5% glucose    -   The cells were spun down again at maximum speed for 30 seconds        and resuspended in 1 mL M9 medium 0.5% glucose    -   The cells were transferred to a culture tube and incubated at at        37° C. and 250 rpm for 5.5 h    -   150 μL of cells were collected at 0 h, 2 h and 5.5 h    -   The concentration of valine in the cell supernatant at the        different time points was determined by LC-MS/MS.

Results

The natural secretion of valine by E. coli Nissle is observed for theΔleuE strain. The secretion of valine is strongly reduced for ΔleuE,lacZ:Ptet-livKHMGF in the presence of ATC. This strongly suggests thatthe secreted valine is efficiently imported back into the cell bylivKHMGF. The secretion of valine is abolished in the ΔleuE,lacZ:Ptet-livKHMGF, Ptac-livJ strain, with or without ATC. This stronglysuggests that the constitutive expression of livJ is sufficient toimport back the entire amount of valine secreted by the cell via thelivJHMGF transporter. E. coli Nissle was engineered to efficientlyimport BCAA, in this case valine, using both an inducible promoter(Ptet), and a constitutive promoter (Ptac), controlling the expressionof livKHMGF and livJ respectively.

Example 11 Generation of Bacterial Strains with Enhance Ability toTransport Biomolecules

Due to their ease of culture, short generation times, very highpopulation densities and small genomes, microbes can be evolved tounique phenotypes in abbreviated timescales. Adaptive laboratoryevolution (ALE) is the process of passaging microbes under selectivepressure to evolve a strain with a preferred phenotype. Most commonly,this is applied to increase utilization of carbon/energy sources oradapting a strain to environmental stresses (e.g., temperature, pH),whereby mutant strains more capable of growth on the carbon substrate orunder stress will outcompete the less adapted strains in the populationand will eventually come to dominate the population.

This same process can be extended to any essential metabolite bycreating an auxotroph. An auxotroph is a strain incapable ofsynthesizing an essential metabolite and must therefore have themetabolite provided in the media to grow. In this scenario, by making anauxotroph and passaging it on decreasing amounts of the metabolite, theresulting dominant strains should be more capable of obtaining andincorporating this essential metabolite.

For example, if the biosynthetic pathway for producing an amino acid isdisrupted a strain capable of high-affinity capture of said amino acidcan be evolved via ALE. First, the strain is grown in varyingconcentrations of the auxotrophic amino acid, until a minimumconcentration to support growth is established. The strain is thenpassaged at that concentration, and diluted into lowering concentrationsof the amino acid at regular intervals. Over time, cells that are mostcompetitive for the amino acid—at growth-limiting concentrations—willcome to dominate the population. These strains will likely havemutations in their amino acid-transporters resulting in increasedability to import the essential and limiting amino acid.

Similarly, by using an auxotroph that cannot use an upstream metaboliteto form an amino acid, a strain can be evolved that not only can moreefficiently import the upstream metabolite, but also convert themetabolite into the essential downstream metabolite. These strains willalso evolve mutations to increase import of the upstream metabolite, butmay also contain mutations which increase expression or reactionkinetics of downstream enzymes, or that reduce competitive substrateutilization pathways.

In the previous examples, a metabolite innate to the microbe was madeessential via mutational auxotrophy and selection was applied withgrowth-limiting supplementation of the endogenous metabolite. However,phenotypes capable of consuming non-native compounds can be evolved bytying their consumption to the production of an essential compound. Forexample, if a gene from a different organism is isolated which canproduce an essential compound or a precursor to an essential compoundthis gene can be recombinantly introduced and expressed in theheterologous host. This new host strain will now have the ability tosynthesize an essential nutrient from a previously non-metabolizablesubstrate. Hereby, a similar ALE process can be applied by creating anauxotroph incapable of converting an immediately downstream metaboliteand selecting in growth-limiting amounts of the non-native compound withconcurrent expression of the recombinant enzyme. This will result inmutations in the transport of the non-native substrate, expression andactivity of the heterologous enzyme and expression and activity ofdownstream native enzymes. It should be emphasized that the keyrequirement in this process is the ability to tether the consumption ofthe non-native metabolite to the production of a metabolite essential togrowth.

Once the basis of the selection mechanism is established and minimumlevels of supplementation have been established, the actual ALEexperimentation can proceed. Throughout this process several parametersmust be vigilantly monitored. It is important that the cultures aremaintained in an exponential growth phase and not allowed to reachsaturation/stationary phase. This means that growth rates must be checkduring each passaging and subsequent dilutions adjusted accordingly. Ifgrowth rate improves to such a degree that dilutions become large, thenthe concentration of auxotrophic supplementation should be decreasedsuch that growth rate is slowed, selection pressure is increased anddilutions are not so severe as to heavily bias subpopulations duringpassaging. In addition, at regular intervals cells should be diluted,grown on solid media and individual clones tested to confirm growth ratephenotypes observed in the ALE cultures.

Predicting when to halt the stop the ALE experiment also requiresvigilance. As the success of directing evolution is tied directly to thenumber of mutations “screened” throughout the experiment and mutationsare generally a function of errors during DNA replication, thecumulative cell divisions (CCD) acts as a proxy for total mutants whichhave been screened. Previous studies have shown that beneficialphenotypes for growth on different carbon sources can be isolated inabout 10^(11.2) CCD¹. This rate can be accelerated by the addition ofchemical mutagens to the cultures—such asN-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG)—which causes increased DNAreplication errors. However, when continued passaging leads to marginalor no improvement in growth rate the population has converged to somefitness maximum and the ALE experiment can be halted.

At the conclusion of the ALE experiment, the cells should be diluted,isolated on solid media and assayed for growth phenotypes matching thatof the culture flask. Best performers from those selected are thenprepped for genomic DNA and sent for whole genome sequencing. Sequencingwith reveal mutations occurring around the genome capable of providingimproved phenotypes, but will also contain silent mutations (those whichprovide no benefit but do not detract from desired phenotype). Incultures evolved in the presence of NTG or other chemical mutagen, therewill be significantly more silent, background mutations. If satisfiedwith the best performing strain in its current state, the user canproceed to application with that strain. Otherwise the contributingmutations can be deconvoluted from the evolved strain by reintroducingthe mutations to the parent strain by genome engineering techniques. SeeLee, D.-H., Feist, A. M., Barrett, C. L. & Palsson, B. Ø. CumulativeNumber of Cell Divisions as a Meaningful Timescale for AdaptiveLaboratory Evolution of Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 6, e26172 (2011).

These methods were used to generate E. Coli Nissle mutants that consumekynurenine and over-produce tryptophan as described elsewhere herein.

Example 12 Engineered Bacteria Engineered to Efficiently Import KYN

In the tumor microenvironment the amino acid tryptophan (TRP) and itsdegradation product kynurenine (KYN) play pivotal roles asimmunomodulatory signals. Tumors often degrade TRP (which hasproinflammatory properties) into KYN, which possesses anti-inflammatorycharacteristics, thereby promoting evasion from immune surveillance.

E. coli Nissle can be engineered to efficiently import KYN and convertit to TRP. While Nissle does not typically utilize KYN, by introducingthe Kynureninase (KYNase) from Pseudomonas fluorescens (kynU) on amedium-copy plasmid under the control of the tetracycline promoter(Ptet) a new strain with this plasmid (Ptet-KYNase) is able to convertL-kynurenine into anthranilate.

E. coli naturally utilizes anthranilate in its TRP biosynthetic pathway.Briefly, the TrpE (in complex with TrpD) enzyme converts chorismate intoanthranilate. TrpD, TrpC, TrpA and TrpB then catalyze a five-stepreaction ending with the condensation of an indole with serine to formtryptophan. By replacing the TrpE enzyme via lambda-RED recombineering,the subsequent strain of Nissle (ΔtrpE::Cm) is an auxotroph unable togrow in minimal media without supplementation of TRP or anthranilate. Byexpressing kynureninase in ΔtrpE::Cm (KYNase-trpE), this auxotrophy canbe alternatively rescued by providing KYN.

Leveraging the growth-limiting nature of KYN in KYNase-trpE, adaptivelaboratory evolution was employed to evolve a strain capable ofincreasingly efficient utilization of KYN. First a lower limit of KYNconcentration was established and mutants were evolved by passaging inlowering concentrations of KYN. While this can select for mutantscapable of increasing KYN import, the bacterial cells still prefer toutilize free, exogenous TRP. In the tumor environment, dual-therapeuticfunctions can be provided by depletion of KYN and increasing localconcentrations of TRP. Therefore, to evolve a strain which prefers KYNover TRP, a toxic analogue of TRP—5-fluoro-L-tryptophan (ToxTRP)—can beincorporated into the ALE experiment. The resulting best performingstrain is then whole genome sequenced in order to deconvolute thecontributing mutations. Lambda-RED can be performed in order toreintroduce TrpE, to inactivate Trp regulation (trpR, tyrR,transcriptional attenuators) to up-regulate TrpABCDE expression andincrease chorismate production. The resulting strain is now insensitiveto external TRP, efficiently converts KYN into TRP, and also nowoverproduces TRP.

Kynureninase Protein Sequences

Description ID Sequence Pseudomonas P83788MTTRNDCLALDAQDSLAPLRQQFALPEGVIYLDGNS kynureninaseLGARPVAALARAQAVIAEEWGNGLIRSWNSAGWRDLSERLGNRLATLIGARDGEVVVTDTTSINLFKVLSAALRVQATRSPERRVIVTETSNFPTDLYIAEGLADMLQQGYTLRLVDSPEELPQAIDQDTAVVMLTHVNYKTGYM HDMQALTALSHECGALAIWDLAHSAGAVPVDLHQAGADYAIGCTYKYLNGGPGSQAFVWVSPQLCDLVPQPLSGWFGHSRQFAMEPRYEPSNGIARYLCGTQPITSLAMVECGLDVFAQTDMASLRRKSLALTDLFIELVEQRCAAHELTLVTPREHAKRGSHVSFEHPEGYAVIQALIDRGVIGDYREPRIMRFGFTPLYTTFTEVWDAVQILGEILD RKTWAQAQFQVRHSVT* Human Q16719MEPSSLELPADTVQRIAAELKCHPTDERVALHLDEEDKLRHFRECFYIPKIQDLPPVDLSLVNKDENAIYFLGNSLGLQPKMVKTYLEEELDKWAKIAAYGHEVGKRPWI TGDESIVGLMKDIVGANEKEIALMNALTVNLHLLMLSFFKPTPKRYKILLEAKAFPSDHYAIESQLQLHGLNIEESMRMIKPREGEETLRIEDILEVIEKEGDSIAVILFSGVHFYTGQHFNIPAITKAGQAKGCYVGFDLAHAVGNVE LYLHDWGVDFACWCSYKYLNAGAGGIAGAFIHEKHAHTIKPALVGWFGHELSTRFKMDNKLQLIPGVCGFRISNPPILLVCSLHASLEIFKQATMKALRKKSVLLTGYLEYLIKHNYGKDKAATKKPVVNIITPSHVEERGCQLTITFSVPNKDVFQELEKRGVVCDKRNPNGIRVAPVPLYNS FHDVYKFTNLLTSILDSAETKN* ShewanellaQ8E973 MLLNVKQDFCLAGPGYLLNHSVGRPLKSTEQALKQAFFAPWQESGREPWGQWLGVIDNFTAALASLFNGQPQDFCPQVNLSSALTKIVMSLDRLTRDLTRNGGAVVLMSEIDFPSMGFALKKALPASCELRFIPKSLDVTDPNVWDAHICDDVDLVFVSHAYSNTGQQAPLAQIISLARERGCLSLVDVAQSAGILPLDLAKLQPDFMIGSSVKWLCSGPGAAYLWVNPAILPECQPQDVGWFSHENPFEFDIHDFRYHPTALRFWGGTPSIAPYAIAAHSIEYFANIGSQVMREHNLQLMEPVVQALDNELVSPQEVDKRSGTIILQFGERQPQILAALAAANISVDTRSLGIRVSPHIYNDEADIA RLLGVIKANR* *designates theposition of the stop codon

Selected Codon-Optimized Sequences for Kynureninase

Kynureninase protein sequences Kynureninase protein sequences Ptet-atctaatctagacatcattaattcctaatttttgttgacactctatcattgatagagttatkynU(Pseudomonas) tttaccactccctatcagtgatagagaaaagtgaattatataaaagtgggaggtgcccgaatgacgacccgaaatgattgcctagcgttggatgcacaggacagtctggctccgctgcgccaacaatttgcgctgccggagggtgtgatatacctggatggcaattcgctgggcgcacgtccggtagctgcgctggctcgcgcgcaggctgtgatcgcagaagaatggggcaacgggttgatccgttcatggaactctgcgggctggcgtgatctgtctgaacgcctgggtaatcgcctggctaccctgattggtgcgcgcgatggggaagtagttgttactgataccacctcgattaatctgtttaaagtgctgtcagcggcgctgcgcgtgcaagctacccgtagcccggagcgccgtgttatcgtgactgagacctcgaatttcccgaccgacctgtatattgcggaagggttggcggatatgctgcaacaaggttacactctgcgtttggtggattcaccggaagagctgccacaggctatagatcaggacaccgcggtggtgatgctgacgcacgtaaattataaaaccggttatatgcacgacatgcaggctctgaccgcgttgagccacgagtgtggggctctggcgatttgggatctggcgcactctgctggcgctgtgccggtggacctgcaccaagcgggcgcggactatgcgattggctgcacgtacaaatacctgaatggcggcccgggttcgcaagcgtttgtttgggtttcgccgcaactgtgcgacctggtaccgcagccgctgtctggttggttcggccatagtcgccaattcgcgatggagccgcgctacgaaccttctaacggcattgctcgctatctgtgcggcactcagcctattactagcttggctatggtggagtgcggcctggatgtgtttgcgcagacggatatggcttcgctgcgccgtaaaagtctggcgctgactgatctgttcatcgagctggttgaacaacgctgcgctgcacacgaactgaccctggttactccacgtgaacacgcgaaacgcggctctcacgtgtcttttgaacaccccgagggttacgctgttattcaagctctgattgatcgtggcgtgatcggcgattaccgtgagccacgtattatgcgtttcggtttcactcctctgtatactacttttacggaagtttgggatgcagtacaaatcctgggcgaaatcctggatcgtaagacttgggcgcaggctcagtttcaggtgcgccactctgttacttaaaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttg Ptet-kynU(Human)atctaatctagacatcattaattcctaatttttgttgacactctatcattgatagagttattttaccactccctatcagtgatagagaaaagtgaa tatcaagacacgaggaggtaagattatggagccttcatctttagaactgccagcggacacggtgcagcgcatcgcggcggaactgaagtgccatccgactgatgagcgtgtggcgctgcatctggacgaagaagataaactgcgccactttcgtgaatgatttatattcctaaaattcaagacttgccgccggtagatttgagtctcgttaacaaagatgaaaacgcgatctactttctgggcaactctctgggtctgcaaccaaaaatggttaaaacgtacctggaggaagaactggataaatgggcaaaaatcgcggcttatggtcacgaagtgggcaagcgtccttggattactggcgacgagtctattgtgggtttgatgaaagatattgtgggcgcgaatgaaaaggaaattgcactgatgaatgctctgaccgttaatctgcacctgctgatgctgtctttttttaaaccgaccccgaaacgctacaaaatactgctggaagcgaaagcgtttccgtcggatcactatgctatagaaagtcaactgcagttgcatggtctgaatatcgaggaatctatgcgcatgattaaaccgcgtgagggtgaagaaacgctgcgtattgaagacattctggaagttattgaaaaagaaggtgattctatcgcagttatactgttttctggcgtgcacttttatacaggtcagcacttcaatatcccggcaatcactaaagcggggcaggcaaaaggctgctatgttggttttgacctggcgcatgcagtggggaatgttgaactgtatctgcacgattggggcgttgatttcgcgtgttggtgtagctacaaatatctgaacgctggcgcgggtggcattgctggcgcttttattcacgaaaaacacgcgcacaccattaaaccggctctggttggctggttcggtcatgagctgagtactcgctttaaaatggataacaaactgcaattgattccgggtgtttgcggcttccgtatcagcaatccgccgattctgctggtttgcagcctgcacgctagtctggaaatctttaagcaggcgactatgaaagcgctgcgcaaaaaatctgtgctgctgaccggctatctggagtatctgatcaaacacaattatggcaaagataaagctgcaactaaaaaaccggtagtgaacattatcaccccctcacacgtggaggagcgcggttgtcagctgactattactttcagtgtacctaataaagatgtgttccaggaactggaaaaacgcggcgttgtttgtgataaacgtaacccgaatggtattcgcgtggctcctgtgccgctgtacaattcattccacgatgtttataaattcaccaacctgctgacttctattctcgacagtgctgagactaaaaattaaaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttg ptet-atctaatctagacatcattaattectaatttttgttgacactctatcattgatagagttatkynU(Shewanella) tttaccactccctatcagtgatagagaaaagtgaatggttcaccaccacaaggagggattatgctgctgaatgtaaaacaggacttttgcctggcaggcccgggctacctgctgaatcactcggttggccgtccgctgaaatcaactgagcaagcgctgaaacaagcattttttgctccgtggcaagagagcggtcgtgaaccgtggggccagtggctgggtgttattgataatttcactgctgcgctggcatctctgtttaatggtcaaccgcaggatttttgtccgcaggttaacctgagcagcgcgctgactaaaattgtgatgtcactggatcgtctgactcgcgatctgacccgcaatggcggtgctgttgtgctgatgtctgaaatcgatttcccatctatgggcttcgcgttgaaaaaagcgctgccagcgagctgcgaactgcgttttatcccgaaaagtctggacgtgactgatccgaacgtatgggatgcacacatctgtgatgatgtagacctggtttttgtgtctcacgcctatagtaatacgggccaacaggctccgctggcgcaaatcatctctctggcgcgtgaacgtggctgcctgtcactggtggatgtagcgcaatcagcggggattttgccgctggatctggcgaaactgcaaccggacttcatgatcggcagttcggttaaatggctgtgctcgggccctggtgcggcatatctgtgggttaatccggcgattctgccggaatgtcagccgcaggatgtgggctggttttcacatgagaatccctttgaattcgacatccacgatttccgctaccacccgactgcactgcgcttttggggtggtacgccgtcgatcgcgccttatgcgatcgcggcgcactcgatcgaatattttgccaatatcggctcgcaagtgatgcgtgaacacaacctgcaactgatggaaccggtggttcaggcgctggacaatgaactggtgagcccgcaggaagtggataaacgctcaggcactattattctgcaattcggtgaacgtcaaccgcaaattctggcggctctggctgcggcgaacatttcggtggacactcgttctttggggattcgtgttagtccgcacatttataatgatgaggcggacattgcgcgcctgctgggtgtgatcaaagcaaatcgctaaaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttg

The ptet-promoter is in bold, designed Ribosome binding site isunderlined, codon-optimized protein coding sequence is in plain text,and the terminator is in italics.

Generation of E.Coli Mutants with increased ability to consumeL-Kynurenine

Example 13 Results

Adaptive Laboratory Evolution was used to produce mutant bacterialstrains that consume Kynurenine and produce tryptophan. First, a AtrpEstrain was constructed that expresses kynureninase and is capable ofconverting L-kynurenine to anthranilate to rescue the auxotrophictryptophan background (KYNase). E. coli Nissle can be engineered toefficiently import KYN and convert it to TRP. While Nissle does nottypically utilize KYN, by introducing the Kynureninase (KYNase) fromPseudomonas fluorescens (kynU) on a medium-copy plasmid under thecontrol of the tetracycline promoter (Ptet) a new strain with thisplasmid (Ptet-KYNase) is able to convert L-kynurenine into anthranilate.

E. coli naturally utilizes anthranilate in its TRP biosynthetic pathway.Briefly, the TrpE (in complex with TrpD) enzyme converts chorismate intoanthranilate. TrpD, TrpC, TrpA and TrpB then catalyze a five-stepreaction ending with the condensation of an indole with serine to formtryptophan. By replacing the TrpE enzyme via lambda-RED recombineering,the subsequent strain of Nissle (AtrpE::Cm) is an auxotroph unable togrow in minimal media without supplementation of TRP or anthranilate. Byexpressing kynureninase in ΔtrpE::Cm (KYNase-trpE), this auxotrophy canbe alternatively rescued by providing KYN.

First a lower limit of KYN concentration was established and mutantswere evolved by passaging in lowering concentrations of KYN. While thiscan select for mutants capable of increasing KYN import, the bacterialcells still prefer to utilize free, exogenous TRP. In the tumorenvironment, dual-therapeutic functions can be provided by depletion ofKYN and increasing local concentrations of TRP. Therefore, to evolve astrain which prefers KYN over TRP, a toxic analogue ofTRP—5-fluoro-L-tryptophan (ToxTRP)—can be incorporated into the ALEexperiment. The resulting best performing strain is then whole genomesequenced in order to deconvolute the contributing mutations. Lambda-REDcan be performed in order to reintroduce TrpE, to inactivate Trpregulation (trpR, tyrR, transcriptional attenuators) to up-regulateTrpABCDE expression and increase chorismate production. The resultingstrain is now insensitive to external TRP, efficiently converts KYN intoTRP, and also now overproduces TRP.

To establish the minimum concentration of L-kynurenine and maximumconcentration of 5-fluoro-L-tryptophan (ToxTrp) capable of sustaininggrowth of the KYNase strain, using a checkerboard assay, the followingprotocol was used. Using a 96-well plate with M9 minimal media withglucose, KYNU is supplemented decreasing across columns in 2-folddilutions from 2000 ug/mL down to ˜1 ug/mL. In the rows, ToxTrpconcentration decreases by 2-fold from 200 ug/mL down to ˜1.5 ug/mL. Inone plate, Anhydrous Tetracycline (aTc) was added to a finalconcentration of 100 ng/uL to induce production of the KYNase. From anovernight culture cells were diluted to an OD600=0.5 in 12 mL of TB(plus appropriate antibiotics and inducers, where applicable) and grownfor 4 hours. 100 uL of cells were spun down and resuspended to anOD600=1.0. These were diluted 2000-fold and 25 uL was added to each wellto bring the final volumes in each well to 100 uL. Cells were grown forroughly 20 hours with static incubation at 37C then growth was assessedby OD600, making sure readings fell within linear range (0.05-1.0).

Once identified, the highest concentrations of ToxTrp and lowestconcentration of kynurenine capable of supporting growth becomes thestarting point for ALE. The ALE parental strain was chosen by culturingthe KYNase strain on M9 minimal media supplemented with glucose andL-kynurenine (referred to as M9+KYNU from here on). A single colony wasselected, resuspended in 20 uL of sterile phosphate-buffered salinesolution. This colony was then used to inoculate three cultures ofM9+KYNU, grown into late-logarithmic phase and optical densitydetermined at 600 nm. These cultures were then diluted to 10³ in 4 rowsof a 96-well deep-well plate with 1 mL of M9+KYNU. Each one of the fourrows has a different ToxTrp (increasing 2-fold), while each column hasdecreasing concentrations of KYNU (by 2-fold). Each morning and eveningthis plate is diluted back to 10³ using the well in which the culturehas grown to just below saturation so that the culture is always inlogarithmic growth. This process is repeated until a change in growthrate is no longer detected. Once no growth rate increases are detected(usually around 10¹¹ Cumulative Cell Divisions) the culture is platedonto M9+KYNU. Phillips, R. S. Structure and mechanism of kynureninase.Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 544, 69-74 (2014). Individualcolonies are selected and screened in M9+KYNU+ToxTrp media to confirmincreased growth rate phenotype. Once mutants with significantlyincreased growth rate on M9+KYNU are isolated, genomic DNA can beisolated and sent for whole genome sequencing to reveal the mutationsresponsible for phenotype.

All culturing is done shaking at 350 RPM at 37° C.

Rich Min Min + STRAIN Media Media Anthranilate Min + KYNU + aTcSYN094 + + + + trpE + − + − trpE + − + + pseudoKYNase trpE hKYNase + − +−

In a preliminary assay, wildtype Nissle (SYN094), Nissle with a deletionof trpE, and trpE mutants expressing either the human kynureninase(hKYNase) or the Pseudomonas fluorescens kynureninase (pseudoKYNase)from a Ptet promoter on a medium-copy plasmid were grown in either richmedia, minimal media (min media), minimal media with 5 mM anthranilate(Min+anthranilate) or minimal media with 10 mM kynurenine and 100 ng/uLaTc (Min+KYNU+aTc). These were grown in 1 mL of media in a deep wellplate with shaking at 37° C. A positive for growth (+) in the abovetable indicates a change in optical density of >5-fold from inoculation.

The results show that in a mutant trpE (which is typically used in thetryptophan biosynthetic pathway to convert chorismate into anthranilate)background, Nissle is unable to grow in minimal media withoutsupplementation with anthranilate (or tryptophan). When minimal mediawas supplemented with KYNU, the trpE mutant was also unable to grow.However, when the pseudoKYNase was expressed in the trpEtryptophan-auxotroph the cells were able to grow in Min+KYNU. Thisindicates that Nissle is able to import L-kynurenine from the media andconvert it into anthranilate using the pseudoKYNase. The hKYNase homologwas unable to support growth on M9+KYNU, most likely due to differencesin substrate specificity as it has been documented that the humankynureninase prefers 3-hydroxykynurenine as a substrate. Lee, D.-H.,Feist, A. M., Barrett, C. L. & Palsson, B. Ø. Cumulative Number of CellDivisions as a Meaningful Timescale for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution ofEscherichia coli. PLoS ONE 6, e26172 (2011).

Moving forward with the knowledge that Nissle is able to grow on KYNUsupplemented minimal media in a trpE auxotroph by importing andconverting kynurenine, the next step was to establish the minimalconcentrations of kynurenine capable of supporting growth. Additionally,in our selection experiment if 5-fluoro-L-tryptophan (ToxTrp) wasemployed the concentrations of both KYNU and ToxTrp capable of stillsustaining growth. A growth assay was performed in 96-well plates usingSYN094, trpE and trpE pseudoKYNase with and without induction ofpseudoKYNase expression using 100 ng/uL aTc. These strains wereinoculated at very dilute concentrations into M9 minimal media withvarying concentrations of KYNU across columns (2-fold dilutions startingat 2000 ug/mL) and varying concentrations of ToxTrp across rows (2-folddilutions starting at 200 ug/mL). On a separate plate, the strains weregrown in M9+KYNU (at the same concentrations) in the absence of ToxTrp.

The results of the initial checkerboard assay are displayed in FIGS.36-38 as a function of optical density at 600 nm (normalized to a mediablank). In FIGS. 36 and 37, the X-axis shows decreasing KYNUconcentration from left-to-right, while the Z-axis shows decreasingToxTrp concentration from front-to-back with the very back rowrepresenting media with no ToxTrp. In FIG. 38. the control strainsSYN094 and trpE are shown in M9+KYNU without any ToxTrp, as there was nogrowth detected from either strain at any concentration of ToxTrp. Theresults of the assay show that expression of the pseudoKYNase providesprotection against toxicity of ToxTrp. More importantly, growth ispermitted between 250-62.5 ug/mL of KYNU and 6.3-1.55 ug/mL of ToxTrp.

Together these experiments establish that expression of the Pseudomonasfluorescens kynureninase is sufficient to rescue a trpE auxotrophy inthe presence of kynurenine. In addition, the pseudoKYNase is alsocapable of providing increased resistance to the toxic tryptophan,5-fluoro-L-tryptophan Using the information attained here it is possibleto proceed to an adapative laboratory evolution experiment to select formutants with highly efficient and selective conversion of kynurenine totryptophan.

Sequence Listing SEQ ID Gene or NO: Operon Sequence 6 kivDATGTATACAGTAGGAGATTACCTATTAGACCGATTACACGAGTTAGGAATTGAAGAAATTTTT(LactococcusGGAGTCCCTGGAGACTATAACTTACAATTTTTAGATCAAATTATTTCCCACAAGGATATGAAA lactisTGGGTCGGAAATGCTAATGAATTAAATGCTTCATATATGGCTGATGGCTATGCTCGTACTAAA IFPL730)AAAGCTGCCGCATTTCTTACAACCTTTGGAGTAGGTGAATTGAGTGCAGTTAATGGATTAGCAGGAAGTTACGCCGAAAATTTACCAGTAGTAGAAATAGTGGGATCACCTACATCAAAAGTTCAAAATGAAGGAAAATTTGTTCATCATACGCTGGCTGACGGTGATTTTAAACACTTTATGAAAATGCACGAACCTGTTACAGCAGCTCGAACTTTACTGACAGCAGAAAATGCAACCGTTGAAATTGACCGAGTACTTTCTGCACTATTAAAAGAAAGAAAACCTGTCTATATCAACTTACCAGTTGATGTTGCTGCTGCAAAAGCAGAGAAACCCTCACTCCCTTTGAAAAAGGAAAACTCAACTTCAAATACAAGTGACCAAGAAATTTTGAACAAAATTCAAGAAAGCTTGAAAAATGCCAAAAAACCAATCGTGATTACAGGACATGAAATAATTAGTTTTGGCTTAGAAAAAACAGTCACTCAATTTATTTCAAAGACAAAACTACCTATTACGACATTAAACTTTGGTAAAAGTTCAGTTGATGAAGCCCTCCCTTCATTTTTAGGAATCTATAATGGTACACTCTCAGAGCCTAATCTTAAAGAATTCGTGGAATCAGCCGACTTCATCTTGATGCTTGGAGTTAAACTCACAGACTCTTCAACAGGAGCCTTCACTCATCATTTAAATGAAAATAAAATGATTTCACTGAATATAGATGAAGGAAAAATATTTAACGAAAGAATCCAAAATTTTGATTTTGAATCCCTCATCTCCTCTCTCTTAGACCTAAGCGAAATAGAATACAAAGGAAAATATATCGATAAAAAGCAAGAAGACTTTGTTCCATCAAATGCGCTTTTATCACAAGACCGCCTATGGCAAGCAGTTGAAAACCTAACTCAAAGCAATGAAACAATCGTTGCTGAACAAGGGACATCATTCTTTGGCGCTTCATCAATTTTCTTAAAATCAAAGAGTCATTTTATTGGTCAACCCTTATGGGGATCAATTGGATATACATTCCCAGCAGCATTAGGAAGCCAAATTGCAGATAAAGAAAGCAGACACCTTTTATTTATTGGTGATGGTTCACTTCAACTTACAGTGCAAGAATTAGGATTAGCAATCAGAGAAAAAATTAATCCAATTTGCTTTATTATCAATAATGATGGTTATACAGTCGAAAGAGAAATTCATGGACCAAATCAAAGCTACAATGATATTCCAATGTGGAATTACTCAAAATTACCAGAATCGTTTGGAGCAACAGAAGATCGAGTAGTCTCAAAAATCGTTAGAACTGAAAATGAATTTGTGTCTGTCATGAAAGAAGCTCAAGCAGATCCAAATAGAATGTACTGGATTGAGTTAATTTTGGCAAAAGAAGGTGCACCAAAAGTACTGAAAAAAATGGGCAAACTATTTGCTGAACAAAATAAATCATAA 7 Tet-bkdgtaaaacgacggccagtgaattcgTTAAGACCCACTTTCACATTTAAGTTGTTTTTCTAATCCconstructGCATATGATCAATTCAAGGCCGAATAAGAAGGCTGGCTCTGCACCTTGGTGATCAAATAATTC sequenceGATAGCTTGTCGTAATAATGGCGGCATACTATCAGTAGTAGGTGTTTCCCTTTCTTCTTTAGC(Gene codingGACTTGATGCTCTTGATCTTCCAATACGCAACCTAAAGTAAAATGCCCCACAGCGCTGAGTGCregions areATATAATGCATTCTCTAGTGAAAAACCTTGTTGGCATAAAAAGGCTAATTGATTTTCGAGAGT shown inTTCATACTGTTTTTCTGTAGGCCGTGTACCTAAATGTACTTTTGCTCCATCGCGATGACTTAGuppercase)TAAAGCACATCTAAAACTTTTAGCGTTATTACGTAAAAAATCTTGCCAGCTTTCCCCTTCTAAAGGGCAAAAGTGAGTATGGTGCCTATCTAACATCTCAATGGCTAAGGCGTCGAGCAAAGCCCGCTTATTTTTTACATGCCAATACAATGTAGGCTGCTCTACACCTAGCTTCTGGGCGAGTTTACGGGTTGTTAAACCTTCGATTCCGACCTCATTAAGCAGCTCTAATGCGCTGTTAATCACTTTACTTTTATCTAATCTAGACATcattaattcctaatttttgttgacactctatcattgatagagttattttaccactccctatcagtgatagagaaaagtgaactctagaaataattttgtttaactttaagaaggagatatacatATGAGTGATTACGAGCCGTTGCGTCTGCATGTCCCGGAGCCCACCGGGCGTCCTGGCTGCAAGACCGACTTTTCCTATCTGCACCTGTCCCCCGCCGGCGAGGTACGCAAGCCGCCGGTGGATGTCGAGCCCGCCGAAACCAGCGACCTGGCCTACAGCCTGGTACGTGTGCTCGACGACGACGGCCACGCCGTCGGTCCCTGGAATCCGCAGCTCAGCAACGAACAACTGCTGCGCGGCATGCGGGCGATGCTCAAGACCCGCCTGTTCGACGCGCGCATGCTCACCGCGCAACGGCAGAAAAAGCTTTCCTTCTATATGCAATGCCTCGGCGAGGAAGCCATCGCCACCGCCCACACCCTGGCCCTGCGCGACGGCGACATGTGCTTTCCGACCTATCGCCAGCAAGGCATCCTGATCACCCGCGAATACCCGCTGGTGGACATGATCTGCCAGCTTCTCTCCAACGAGGCCGACCCGCTCAAGGGCCGCCAGCTGCCGATCATGTACTCGAGCAAGGAGGCAGGTTTCTTCTCCATCTCCGGCAACCTCGCCACCCAGTTCATCCAGGCGGTCGGCTGGGGCATGGCCTCGGCGATCAAGGGCGACACGCGCATCGCCTCGGCCTGGATCGGCGACGGCGCCACCGCCGAGTCGGACTTCCACACCGCCCTCACCTTCGCCCATGTCTACCGCGCGCCGGTAATCCTCAACGTGGTCAACAACCAGTGGGCGATCTCCACCTTCCAGGCCATCGCCGGCGGCGAAGGCACCACCTTCGCCAACCGTGGCGTGGGCTGCGGGATCGCCTCGCTGCGGGTCGACGGCAATGACTTCCTGGCGGTCTACGCCGCCTCCGAGTGGGCCGCCGAGCGCGCCCGGCGCAACCTCGGGCCGAGCCTGATCGAATGGGTCACCTACCGCGCCGGCCCGCACTCGACTTCGGACGACCCGTCCAAGTACCGCCCCGCCGACGACTGGACCAACTTCCCGCTGGGCGACCCGATCGCCCGCCTGAAGCGGCACATGATCGGCCTCGGCATCTGGTCGGAGGAACAGCACGAAGCCACCCACAAGGCCCTCGAAGCCGAAGTACTGGCCGCGCAGAAACAGGCGGAGAGCCATGGCACCCTGATCGACGGCCGGGTGCCGAGCGCCGCCAGCATGTTCGAGGACGTCTATGCAGAACTGCCGGAGCATCTGCGCCGGCAACGCCAGGAGCTCGGGGTATGAATGCCATGAACCCGCAACACGAGAACGCCCAGACGGTCACCAGCATGACCATGATCCAGGCGCTGCGCTCGGCGATGGACATCATGCTCGAGCGCGACGACGACGTGGTGGTATTCGGCCAGGACGTCGGCTACTTCGGCGGCGTGTTCCGCTGCACCGAAGGCCTGCAGAAGAAATACGGCACCTCGCGGGTGTTCGATGCGCCGATCTCCGAGAGCGGCATCATCGGCGCCGCGGTCGGCATGGGTGCCTACGGCCTGCGCCCGGTGGTGGAGATCCAGTTCGCCGACTACGTCTACCCGGCCTCCGACCAGTTGATCTCCGAGGCGGCGCGCCTGCGCTATCGCTCGGCCGGCGACTTCATCGTGCCGATGACCGTACGCATGCCCTGTGGCGGCGGCATCTACGGCGGGCAAACGCACAGCCAGAGCCCGGAGGCGATGTTCACCCAGGTCTGCGGCCTGCGCACGGTGATGCCGTCCAACCCCTACGACGCCAAGGGCCTGCTGATCGCCTGCATCGAGAACGACGACCCGGTGATCTTCCTCGAGCCCAAGCGCCTCTACAACGGCCCGTTCGATGGCCACCACGACCGCCCGGTGACGCCCTGGTCCAAGCATCCGGCCAGCCAGGTGCCGGACGGCTACTACAAGGTGCCGCTGGACAAGGCGGCGATCGTCCGCCCCGGCGCGGCGCTGACCGTGCTGACCTACGGCACCATGGTCTACGTGGCCCAGGCCGCGGCCGACGAAACCGGCCTGGACGCCGAGATCATCGACCTGCGCAGCCTCTGGCCGCTGGACCTGGAAACCATCGTCGCCTCGGTGAAGAAGACCGGCCGCTGCGTCATCGCCCACGAGGCGACCCGCACCTGTGGGTTCGGCGCCGAGCTGATGTCGCTGGTGCAGGAGCACTGCTTCCACCACCTGGAGGCGCCGATCGAGCGCGTCACCGGTTGGGACACCCCCTACCCGCATGCCCAGGAGTGGGCGTATTTCCCCGGCCCCGCGCGCGTCGGCGCGGCATTCAAGCGTGTGATGGAGGTCTGAATGGGTACCCATGTGATCAAGATGCCGGACATCGGGGAAGGCATCGCCGAGGTCGAACTGGTGGAGTGGCATGTCCAGGTCGGCGACTCGGTCAATGAAGACCAGGTCCTCGCCGAGGTGATGACCGACAAGGCCACGGTGGAGATTCCCTCGCCGGTGGCCGGACGCATCCTCGCCCTCGGCGGCCAGCCGGGCCAGGTGATGGCGGTGGGCGGCGAACTGATCCGCCTGGAGGTGGAAGGCGCCGGCAACCTCGCCGAGAGTCCGGCCGCGGCGACGCCGGCCGCGCCCGTCGCCGCCACCCCGGAGAAACCGAAGGAAGCCCCGGTCGCGGCGCCGAAAGCCGCCGCCGAAGCGCCGCGCGCCTTGCGCGACAGCGAGGCGCCACGGCAGCGGCGCCAGCCCGGCGAACGCCCGCTGGCCTCCCCCGCGGTGCGCCAGCGCGCCCGCGACCTGGGCATCGAGTTGCAGTTCGTGCAGGGCAGCGGTCCCGCCGGACGCGTCCTCCACGAGGACCTCGATGCCTACCTGACCCAGGATGGCAGCGTCGCGCGCAGCGGCGGCGCCGCGCAGGGGTATGCCGAGCGACACGACGAACAGGCGGTGCCGGTGATCGGCCTGCGTCGCAAGATCGCCCAGAAGATGCAGGACGCCAAGCGACGCATCCCGCATTTCAGCTATGTCGAGGAAATCGACGTCACCGATCTGGAAGCCCTGCGCGCCCATCTCAACCAGAAATGGGGTGGCCAGCGCGGCAAGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGTTCCTGGTCCGCGCCATGGTCGTGGCGCTGCGCGACTTCCCGCAGTTGAACGCGCGCTACGACGACGAGGCCGAGGTGGTCACCCGCTACGGCGCGGTGCACGTCGGCATCGCCACCCAGAGCGACAACGGCCTGATGGTGCCGGTGCTGCGCCACGCCGAATCGCGCGACCTCTGGGGCAACGCCAGCGAAGTGGCGCGCCTGGCCGAAGCCGCACGCAGCGGCAAGGCGCAACGCCAGGAGCTGTCCGGCTCGACCATCACCCTGAGCAGCCTCGGCGTGCTCGGCGGGATCGTCAGCACACCGGTGATCAACCATCCGGAGGTGGCCATCGTCGGCGTCAACCGCATCGTCGAGCGACCGATGGTGGTCGGCGGCAACATCGTCGTGCGCAAGATGATGAACCTCTCCTCCTCCTTCGACCACCGGGTGGTCGACGGGATGGACGCGGCGGCCTTCATCCAGGCCGTGCGCGGCCTGCTCGAACATCCCGCCACCCTGTTCCTGGAGTAAgcgATGAGCCAGATCCTGAAGACTTCCCTGCTGATCGTCGGCGGCGGTCCCGGCGGCTACGTCGCGGCGATCCGTGCCGGGCAACTGGGCATTCCCACCGTACTGGTGGAGGGCGCCGCCCTCGGCGGCACCTGTCTGAACGTCGGCTGCATCCCGTCGAAGGCGCTGATCCACGCCGCCGAGGAATACCTCAAGGCCCGCCACTATGCCAGCCGGTCGGCGCTGGGCATCCAGGTACAGGCGCCGAGCATCGACATCGCCCGCACCGTGGAATGGAAGGACGCCATCGTCGACCGCCTCACCAGCGGCGTCGCCGCGCTGCTGAAGAAACACGGGGTCGATGTCGTCCAGGGCTGGGCGAGGATCCTCGACGGCAAAAGCGTGGCGGTCGAACTCGCCGGCGGCGGCAGCCAGCGCATCGAGTGCGAGCATCTGCTGCTGGCCGCCGGCTCGCAGAGCGTCGAGCTACCGATCCTGCCGCTGGGCGGCAAGGTGATCTCCTCCACCGAGGCGCTGGCGCCCGGCAGCCTGCCCAAGCGCCTGGTGGTGGTCGGCGGCGGCTACATCGGCCTGGAGCTGGGTACCGCCTACCGCAAGCTCGGCGTCGAGGTGGCGGTGGTGGAAGCGCAACCACGCATCCTGCCGGGCTACGACGAAGAACTGACCAAGCCGGTGGCCCAGGCCTTGCGCAGGCTGGGCGTCGAGCTGTACCTCGGGCACAGCCTGCTGGGCCCGAGCGAGAACGGCGTGCGGGTCCGCGACGGCGCCGGCGAGGAGCGCGAGATCGCCGCCGACCAGGTACTGGTGGCGGTCGGCCGCAAGCCGCGCAGCGAAGGCTGGAACCTGGAAAGCCTGGGCCTGGACATGAACGGCCGGGCGGTGAAGGTCGACGACCAGTGCCGCACCTCGATGCGCAATGTCTGGGCCATAGGCGATCTCGCCGGCGAGCCGATGCTCGCGCACCGGGCCATGGCCCAGGGCGAGATGGTCGCCGAGCTGATCGCCGGCAAGCGTCGCCAGTTCGCCCCGGTGGCGATCCCCGCGGTGTGCTTCACCGATCCGGAAGTGGTGGTCGCCGGGTTGTCCCCGGAGCAGGCGAAGGATGCCGGCCTGGACTGCCTGGTGGCGAGCTTCCCGTTCGCCGCCAACGGTCGCGCCATGACCCTGGAGGCCAACGAAGGCTTCGTCCGCGTGGTGGCGCGTCGCGACAACCACCTGGTCGTCGGCTGGCAGGCGGTGGGCAAGGCGGTTTCGGAACTGTCCACGGCCTTCGCCCAGTCGCTGGAGATGGGCGCCCGCCTGGAAGACATCGCCGGCACCATCCACGCCCATCCGACCCTCGGCGAAGCGGTCCAGGAAGCCGCCCTGCGCGCGCTGGGACACGCCCTGCAC ATCTGA 8Tet-ldh-bkdgtaaaacgacggccagtgaattcgTTAAGACCCACTTTCACATTTAAGTTGTTTTTCTAATCCconstructGCATATGATCAATTCAAGGCCGAATAAGAAGGCTGGCTCTGCACCTTGGTGATCAAATAATTC(gene codingGATAGCTTGTCGTAATAATGGCGGCATACTATCAGTAGTAGGTGTTTCCCTTTCTTCTTTAGCregions areGACTTGATGCTCTTGATCTTCCAATACGCAACCTAAAGTAAAATGCCCCACAGCGCTGAGTGC shown inATATAATGCATTCTCTAGTGAAAAACCTTGTTGGCATAAAAAGGCTAATTGATTTTCGAGAGTuppercase)TTCATACTGTTTTTCTGTAGGCCGTGTACCTAAATGTACTTTTGCTCCATCGCGATGACTTAGTAAAGCACATCTAAAACTTTTAGCGTTATTACGTAAAAAATCTTGCCAGCTTTCCCCTTCTAAAGGGCAAAAGTGAGTATGGTGCCTATCTAACATCTCAATGGCTAAGGCGTCGAGCAAAGCCCGCTTATTTTTTACATGCCAATACAATGTAGGCTGCTCTACACCTAGCTTCTGGGCGAGTTTACGGGTTGTTAAACCTTCGATTCCGACCTCATTAAGCAGCTCTAATGCGCTGTTAATCACTTTACTTTTATCTAATCTAGACATcattaattcctaatttttgttgacactctatcattgatagagttattttaccactccctatcagtgatagagaaaagtgaactctagaaataattttgtttaactttaagaaggagatatacatATGTTCGACATGATGGACGCGGCCCGGCTCGAGGGTCTgCACCTCGCCCAAGACCCGGCCACGGGACTCAAGGCCATTATCGCCATCCACAGCACGCGACTCGGCCCGGCGCTGGGTGGTTGTCGCTACCTGCCTTACCCCAACGACGAAGCCGCCATCGGCGACGCCATCCGCCTGGCCCAGGGCATGAGCTACAAGGCGGCCCTGGCCGGGCTGGAGCAGGGCGGCGGCAAGGCGGTGATCATCCGCCCGCCGCACCTGGACAATCGCGGCGCGCTGTTCGAGGCCTTCGGGCGCTTCATCGAAAGCCTCGGCGGACGCTACATCACTGCGGTGGACAGCGGTACCTCCAGCGCCGACATGGACTGCATCGCCCAGCAGACCCGCCACGTCACCAGCACCACCCAGGCCGGCGACCCCTCGCCGCATACCGCCCTCGGCGTGTTCGCCGGGATTCGCGCCAGCGCCCAGGCGCGCCTCGGCAGCGACGACCTGGAAGGCCTGCGGGTCGCGGTGCAGGGGCTCGGCCACGTCGGCTACGCATTGGCCGAGCAACTGGCGGCGGTCGGCGCCGAGCTGCTGGTCTGCGACCTCGATCCCGGCCGGGTGCAACTGGCCGTCGAGCAGCTCGGTGCCCATCCGCTGGCGCCGGAGGCATTGCTCTCCACCCCTTGCGACATCCTCGCGCCCTGCGGCCTGGGCGGCGTGCTCACCAGCCAGAGCGTCAGCCAGTTGCGCTGCGCGGCGGTGGCCGGGGCGGCGAACAACCAGTTGGAGCGGCCGGAGGTCGCCGACGAGCTGGAGGCGCGCGGCATCCTCTATGCGCCGGACTACGTGATCAACTCCGGCGGCCTGATCTACGTCGCCCTCAAGCACCGCGGCGCCGATCCGCACAGCATCACCGCGCACCTGGCGCGGATTCCCGCGCGGCTCACCGAGATCTATGCCCATGCCCAGGCCGACCACCAGTCGCCGGCGCGGATCGCCGACCGTCTGGCGGAACGGATTCTCTACGGCCCGCAGTGAgaaggagatatacatATGAGTGATTACGAGCCGTTGCGTCTGCATGTCCCGGAGCCCACCGGGCGTCCTGGCTGCAAGACCGACTTTTCCTATCTGCACCTGTCCCCCGCCGGCGAGGTACGCAAGCCGCCGGTGGATGTCGAGCCCGCCGAaACCAGCGACCTGGCCTACAGCCTGGTACGTGTGCTCGACGACGACGGCCACGCCGTCGGTCCCTGGAATCCGCAGCTCAGCAACGAACAACTGCTGCGCGGCATGCGGGCGATGCTCAAGACCCGCCTGTTCGACGCGCGCATGCTCACCGCGCAACGGCAGAAAAAGCTTTCCTTCTATATGCAATGCCTCGGCGAGGAAGCCATCGCCACCGCCCACACCCTGGCCCTGCGCGACGGCGACATGTGCTTTCCGACCTATCGCCAGCAAGGCATCCTGATCACCCGCGAATACCCGCTGGTGGACATGATCTGCCAGCTTCTCTCCAACGAGGCCGACCCGCTCAAGGGCCGCCAGCTGCCGATCATGTACTCGAGCAAGGAGGCAGGTTTCTTCTCCATCTCCGGCAACCTCGCCACCCAGTTCATCCAGGCGGTCGGCTGGGGCATGGCCTCGGCGATCAAGGGCGACACGCGCATCGCCTCGGCCTGGATCGGCGACGGCGCCACCGCCGAGTCGGACTTCCACACCGCCCTCACCTTCGCCCATGTCTACCGCGCGCCGGTAATCCTCAACGTGGTCAACAACCAGTGGGCGATCTCCACCTTCCAGGCCATCGCCGGCGGCGAAGGCACCACCTTCGCCAACCGTGGCGTGGGCTGCGGGATCGCCTCGCTGCGGGTCGACGGCAATGACTTCCTGGCGGTCTACGCCGCCTCCGAGTGGGCCGCCGAGCGCGCCCGGCGCAACCTCGGGCCGAGCCTGATCGAATGGGTCACCTACCGCGCCGGCCCGCACTCGACTTCGGACGACCCGTCCAAGTACCGCCCCGCCGACGACTGGACCAACTTCCCGCTGGGCGACCCGATCGCCCGCCTGAAGCGGCACATGATCGGCCTCGGCATCTGGTCGGAGGAACAGCACGAAGCCACCCACAAGGCCCTCGAAGCCGAAGTACTGGCCGCGCAGAAACAGGCGGAGAGCCATGGCACCCTGATCGACGGCCGGGTGCCGAGCGCCGCCAGCATGTTCGAGGACGTCTATGCAGAACTGCCGGAGCAtCTGCGCCGGCAACGCCAGGAGCTCGGGGTATGAATGCCATGAACCCGCAACACGAGAACGCCCAGACGGTCACCAGCATGACCATGATCCAGGCGCTGCGCTCGGCGATGGACATCATGCTCGAGCGCGACGACGACGTGGTGGTATTCGGCCAGGACGTCGGCTACTTCGGCGGCGTGTTCCGCTGCACCGAAGGCCTGCAGAAGAAATACGGCACCTCGCGGGTGTTCGATGCGCCGATCTCCGAGAGCGGCATCATCGGCGCCGCGGTCGGCATGGGTGCCTACGGCCTGCGCCCGGTGGTGGAGATCCAGTTCGCCGACTACGTCTACCCGGCCTCCGACCAGTTGATCTCCGAGGCGGCGCGCCTGCGCTATCGCTCGGCCGGCGACTTCATCGTGCCGATGACCGTACGCATGCCCTGTGGCGGCGGCATCTACGGCGGGCAAACGCACAGCCAGAGCCCGGAGGCGATGTTCACCCAGGTCTGCGGCCTGCGCACGGTGATGCCGTCCAACCCCTACGACGCCAAGGGCCTGCTGATCGCCTGCATCGAGAACGACGACCCGGTGATCTTCCTCGAGCCCAAGCGCCTCTACAACGGCCCGTTCGATGGCCACCACGACCGCCCGGTGACGCCCTGGTCCAAGCATCCGGCCAGCCAGGTGCCGGACGGCTACTACAAGGTGCCGCTGGACAAGGCGGCGATCGTCCGCCCCGGCGCGGCGCTGACCGTGCTGACCTACGGCACCATGGTCTACGTGGCCCAGGCCGCGGCCGACGAaACCGGCCTGGACGCCGAGATCATCGACCTGCGCAGCCTCTGGCCGCTGGACCTGGAAACCATCGTCGCCTCGGTGAAGAAGACCGGCCGCTGCGTCATCGCCCACGAGGCGACCCGCACCTGtGGGTTCGGCGCCGAGCTGATGTCGCTGGTGCAGGAGCACTGCTTCCACCACCTGGAGGCGCCGATCGAGCGCGTCACCGGTTGGGACACCCCCTACCCGCATGCCCAGGAGTGGGCGTATTTCCCCGGCCCCGCGCGCGTCGGCGCGGCATTCAAGCGTGTGATGGAGGTCTGAATGGGTACCCATGTGATCAAGATGCCGGACATCGGGGAAGGCATCGCCGAGGTCGAACTGGTGGAGTGGCATGTCCAGGTCGGCGACTCGGTCAATGAAGACCAGGTCCTCGCCGAGGTGATGACCGACAAGGCCACGGTGGAGATTCCCTCGCCGGTGGCCGGACGCATCCTCGCCCTCGGCGGCCAGCCGGGCCAGGTGATGGCGGTGGGCGGCGAACTGATCCGCCTGGAGGTGGAAGGCGCCGGCAACCTCGCCGAGAGTCCGGCCGCGGCGACGCCGGCCGCGCCCGTCGCCGCCACCCCGGAGAAACCGAAGGAAGCCCCGGTCGCGGCGCCGAAAGCCGCCGCCGAAGCGCCGCGCGCCTTGCGCGACAGCGAGGCGCCACGGCAGCGGCGCCAGCCCGGCGAACGCCCGCTGGCCTCCCCCGCGGTGCGCCAGCGCGCCCGCGACCTGGGCATCGAGTTGCAGTTCGTGCAGGGCAGCGGTCCCGCCGGACGCGTCCTCCACGAGGACCTCGATGCCTACCTGACCCAGGATGGCAGCGTCGCGCGCAGCGGCGGCGCCGCGCAGGGGTATGCCGAGCGACACGACGAACAGGCGGTGCCGGTGATCGGCCTGCGTCGCAAGATCGCCCAGAAGATGCAGGACGCCAAGCGACGCATCCCGCATTTCAGCTATGTCGAGGAAATCGACGTCACCGATCTGGAAGCCCTGCGCGCCCATCTCAACCAGAAATGGGGTGGCCAGCGCGGCAAGCTGACCCTGCTGCCGTTCCTGGTCCGCGCCATGGTCGTGGCGCTGCGCGACTTCCCGCAGTTGAACGCGCGCTACGACGACGAGGCCGAGGTGGTCACCCGCTACGGCGCGGTGCACGTCGGCATCGCCACCCAGAGCGACAACGGCCTGATGGTGCCGGTGCTGCGCCACGCCGAATCGCGCGACCTCTGGGGCAACGCCAGCGAAGTGGCGCGCCTGGCCGAAGCCGCACGCAGCGGCAAGGCGCAACGCCAGGAGCTGTCCGGCTCGACCATCACCCTGAGCAGCCTCGGCGTGCTCGGCGGGATCGTCAGCACACCGGTGATCAACCATCCGGAGGTGGCCATCGTCGGCGTCAACCGCATCGTCGAGCGACCGATGGTGGTCGGCGGCAACATCGTCGTGCGCAAGATGATGAACCTCTCCTCCTCCTTCGACCACCGGGTGGTCGACGGGATGGACGCGGCGGCCTTCATCCAGGCCGTGCGCGGCCTGCTCGAACATCCCGCCACCCTGTTCCTGGAGTAAgcgATGAGCCAGATCCTGAAGACTTCCCTGCTGATCGTCGGCGGCGGTCCCGGCGGCTACGTCGCGGCGATCCGTGCCGGGCAACTGGGCATTCCCACCGTACTGGTGGAGGGCGCCGCCCTCGGCGGCACCTGtCTGAACGTCGGCTGCATCCCGTCGAAGGCGCTGATCCACGCCGCCGAGGAATACCTCAAGGCCCGCCACTATGCCAGCCGGTCGGCGCTGGGCATCCAGGTACAGGCGCCGAGCATCGACATCGCCCGCACCGTGGAATGGAAGGACGCCATCGTCGACCGCCTCACCAGCGGCGTCGCCGCGCTGCTGAAGAAACACGGGGTCGATGTCGTCCAGGGCTGGGCGAGGATCCTCGACGGCAAAAGCGTGGCGGTCGAACTCGCCGGCGGCGGCAGCCAGCGCATCGAGTGCGAGCAtCTGCTGCTGGCCGCCGGCTCGCAGAGCGTCGAGCTACCGATCCTGCCGCTGGGCGGCAAGGTGATCTCCTCCACCGAGGCGCTGGCGCCCGGCAGCCTGCCCAAGCGCCTGGTGGTGGTCGGCGGCGGCTACATCGGCCTGGAGCTGGGTACCGCCTACCGCAAGCTCGGCGTCGAGGTGGCGGTGGTGGAAGCGCAACCACGCATCCTGCCGGGCTACGACGAAGAACTGACCAAGCCGGTGGCCCAGGCCTTGCGCAGGCTGGGCGTCGAGCTGTACCTCGGGCACAGCCTGCTGGGCCCGAGCGAGAACGGCGTGCGGGTCCGCGACGGCGCCGGCGAGGAGCGCGAGATCGCCGCCGACCAGGTACTGGTGGCGGTCGGCCGCAAGCCGCGCAGCGAAGGCTGGAACCTGGAAAGCCTGGGCCTGGACATGAACGGCCGGGCGGTGAAGGTCGACGACCAGTGCCGCACCTCGATGCGCAATGTCTGGGCCATAGGCGATCTCGCCGGCGAGCCGATGCTCGCGCACCGGGCCATGGCCCAGGGCGAGATGGTCGCCGAGCTGATCGCCGGCAAGCGTCGCCAGTTCGCCCCGGTGGCGATCCCCGCGGTGTGCTTCACCGATCCGGAAGTGGTGGTCGCCGGGTTGTCCCCGGAGCAGGCGAAGGATGCCGGCCTGGACTGCCTGGTGGCGAGCTTCCCGTTCGCCGCCAACGGTCGCGCCATGACCCTGGAGGCCAACGAAGGCTTCGTCCGCGTGGTGGCGCGTCGCGACAACCACCTGGTCGTCGGCTGGCAGGCGGTGGGCAAGGCGGTtTCGGAACTGTCCACGGCCTTCGCCCAGTCGCTGGAGATGGGCGCCCGCCTGGAAGACATCGCCGGCACCATCCACGCCCATCCGACCCTCGGCGAAGCGGTCCAGGAAGCCGCCCTGCGCGCGCTGGGACACGCCCTGCACATCTGA 9 Tet-livKHMGFccagtgaattcgTTAAGACCCACTTTCACATTTAAGTTGTTTTTCTAATCCGCATATGATCAAconstructTTCAAGGCCGAATAAGAAGGCTGGCTCTGCACCTTGGTGATCAAATAATTCGATAGCTTGTCG(gene codingTAATAATGGCGGCATACTATCAGTAGTAGGTGTTTCCCTTTCTTCTTTAGCGACTTGATGCTCregions areTTGATCTTCCAATACGCAACCTAAAGTAAAATGCCCCACAGCGCTGAGTGCATATAATGCATT shown inCTCTAGTGAAAAACCTTGTTGGCATAAAAAGGCTAATTGATTTTCGAGAGTTTCATACTGTTTuppercase)TTCTGTAGGCCGTGTACCTAAATGTACTTTTGCTCCATCGCGATGACTTAGTAAAGCACATCTAAAACTTTTAGCGTTATTACGTAAAAAATCTTGCCAGCTTTCCCCTTCTAAAGGGCAAAAGTGAGTATGGTGCCTATCTAACATCTCAATGGCTAAGGCGTCGAGCAAAGCCCGCTTATTTTTTACATGCCAATACAATGTAGGCTGCTCTACACCTAGCTTCTGGGCGAGTTTACGGGTTGTTAAACCTTCGATTCCGACCTCATTAAGCAGCTCTAATGCGCTGTTAATCACTTTACTTTTATCTAATCTAGACATcattaattcctaatttttgttgacactctatcattgatagagttattttaccactccctatcagtgatagagaaaagtgaactctagaaataattttgtttaactttaagaaggagatatacatATGAAACGGAATGCGAAAACTATCATCGCAGGGATGATTGCACTGGCAATTTCACACACCGCTATGGCTGACGATATTAAAGTCGCCGTTGTCGGCGCGATGTCCGGCCCGATTGCCCAGTGGGGCGATATGGAATTTAACGGCGCGCGTCAGGCAATTAAAGACATTAATGCCAAAGGGGGAATTAAGGGCGATAAACTGGTTGGCGTGGAATATGACGACGCATGCGACCCGAAACAAGCCGTTGCGGTCGCCAACAAAATCGTTAATGACGGCATTAAATACGTTATTGGTCATCTGTGTTCTTCTTCTACCCAGCCTGCGTCAGATATCTATGAAGACGAAGGTATTCTGATGATCTCGCCGGGAGCGACCAACCCGGAGCTGACCCAACGCGGTTATCAACACATTATGCGTACTGCCGGGCTGGACTCTTCCCAGGGGCCAACGGCGGCAAAATACATTCTTGAGACGGTGAAGCCCCAGCGCATCGCCATCATTCACGACAAACAACAGTATGGCGAAGGGCTGGCGCGTTCGGTGCAGGACGGGCTGAAAGCGGCTAACGCCAACGTCGTCTTCTTCGACGGTATTACCGCCGGGGAGAAAGATTTCTCCGCGCTGATCGCCCGCCTGAAAAAAGAAAACATCGACTTCGTTTACTACGGCGGTTACTACCCGGAAATGGGGCAGATGCTGCGCCAGGCCCGTTCCGTTGGCCTGAAAACCCAGTTTATGGGGCCGGAAGGTGTGGGTAATGCGTCGTTGTCGAACATTGCCGGTGATGCCGCCGAAGGCATGTTGGTCACTATGCCAAAACGCTATGACCAGGATCCGGCAAACCAGGGCATCGTTGATGCGCTGAAAGCAGACAAGAAAGATCCGTCCGGGCCTTATGTCTGGATCACCTACGCGGCGGTGCAATCTCTGGCGACTGCCCTTGAGCGTACCGGCAGCGATGAGCCGCTGGCGCTGGTGAAAGATTTAAAAGCTAACGGTGCAAACACCGTGATTGGGCCGCTGAACTGGGATGAAAAAGGCGATCTTAAGGGATTTGATTTTGGTGTCTTCCAGTGGCACGCCGACGGTTCATCCACGGCAGCCAAGTGAtcatcccaccgcccgtaaaatgcgggcgggtttagaaaggttaccttATGTCTGAGCAGTTTTTGTATTTCTTGCAGCAGATGTTTAACGGCGTCACGCTGGGCAGTACCTACGCGCTGATAGCCATCGGCTACACCATGGTTTACGGCATTATCGGCATGATCAACTTCGCCCACGGCGAGGTTTATATGATTGGCAGCTACGTCTCATTTATGATCATCGCCGCGCTGATGATGATGGGCATTGATACCGGCTGGCTGCTGGTAGCTGCGGGATTCGTCGGCGCAATCGTCATTGCCAGCGCCTACGGCTGGAGTATCGAACGGGTGGCTTACCGCCCGGTGCGTAACTCTAAGCGCCTGATTGCACTCATCTCTGCAATCGGTATGTCCATCTTCCTGCAAAACTACGTCAGCCTGACCGAAGGTTCGCGCGACGTGGCGCTGCCGAGCCTGTTTAACGGTCAGTGGGTGGTGGGGCATAGCGAAAACTTCTCTGCCTCTATTACCACCATGCAGGCGGTGATCTGGATTGTTACCTTCCTCGCCATGCTGGCGCTGACGATTTTCATTCGCTATTCCCGCATGGGTCGCGCGTGTCGTGCCTGCGCGGAAGATCTGAAAATGGCGAGTCTGCTTGGCATTAACACCGACCGGGTGATTGCGCTGACCTTTGTGATTGGCGCGGCGATGGCGGCGGTGGCGGGTGTGCTGCTCGGTCAGTTCTACGGCGTCATTAACCCCTACATCGGCTTTATGGCCGGGATGAAAGCCTTTACCGCGGCGGTGCTCGGTGGGATTGGCAGCATTCCGGGAGCGATGATTGGCGGCCTGATTCTGGGGATTGCGGAGGCGCTCTCTTCTGCCTATCTGAGTACGGAATATAAAGATGTGGTgTCATTCGCCCTGCTGATTCTGGTGCTGCTGGTGATGCCGACCGGTATTCTGGGTCGCCCGGAGGTAGAGAAAGTATGAAACCGATGCATATTGCAATGGCGCTGCTCTCTGCCGCGATGTTCTTTGTGCTGGCGGGCGTCTTTATGGGCGTGCAACTGGAGCTGGATGGCACCAAACTGGTGGTCGACACGGCTTCGGATGTCCGTTGGCAGTGGGTGTTTATCGGCACGGCGGTGGTCTTTTTCTTCCAGCTTTTGCGACCGGCTTTCCAGAAAGGGTTGAAAAGCGTTTCCGGACCGAAGTTTATTCTGCCCGCCATTGATGGCTCCACGGTGAAGCAGAAACTGTTCCTCGTGGCGCTGTTGGTGCTTGCGGTGGCGTGGCCGTTTATGGTTTCACGCGGGACGGTGGATATTGCCACCCTGACCATGATCTACATTATCCTCGGTCTgGGGCTGAACGTGGTTGTTGGTCTTTCTGGTCTGCTGGTGCTGGGGTACGGCGGTTTTTACGCCATCGGCGCTTACACTTTTGCGCTGCTCAATCACTATTACGGCTTGGGCTTCTGGACCTGCCTGCCGATTGCTGGATTAATGGCAGCGGCGGCGGGCTTCCTGCTCGGTTTTCCGGTGCTGCGTTTGCGCGGTGACTATCTGGCGATCGTTACCCTCGGTTTCGGCGAAATTGTGCGCATATTGCTGCTCAATAACACCGAAATTACCGGCGGCCCGAACGGAATCAGTCAGATCCCGAAACCGACACTCTTCGGACTCGAGTTCAGCCGTACCGCTCGTGAAGGCGGCTGGGACACGTTCAGTAATTTCTTTGGCCTGAAATACGATCCCTCCGATCGTGTCATCTTCCTCTACCTGGTGGCGTTGCTGCTGGTGGTGCTAAGCCTGTTTGTCATTAACCGCCTGCTGCGGATGCCGCTGGGGCGTGCGTGGGAAGCGTTGCGTGAAGATGAAATCGCCTGCCGTTCGCTGGGCTTAAGCCCGCGTCGTATCAAGCTGACTGCCTTTACCATAAGTGCCGCGTTTGCCGGTTTTGCCGGAACGCTGTTTGCGGCGCGTCAGGGCTTTGTCAGCCCGGAATCCTTCACCTTTGCCGAATCGGCGTTTGTGCTGGCGATAGTGGTGCTCGGCGGTATGGGCTCGCAATTTGCGGTGATTCTGGCGGCAATTTTGCTGGTGGTGTCGCGCGAGTTGATGCGTGATTTCAACGAATACAGCATGTTAATGCTCGGTGGTTTGATGGTGCTGATGATGATCTGGCGTCCGCAGGGCTTGCTGCCCATGACGCGCCCGCAACTGAAGCTGAAAAACGGCGCAGCGAAAGGAGAGCAGGCATGAGTCAGCCATTATTATCTGTTAACGGCCTGATGATGCGCTTCGGCGGCCTGCTGGCGGTGAACAACGTCAATCTTGAACTGTACCCGCAGGAGATCGTCTCGTTAATCGGCCCTAACGGTGCCGGAAAAACCACGGTTTTTAACTGTCTGACCGGATTCTACAAACCCACCGGCGGCACCATTTTACTGCGCGATCAGCACCTGGAAGGTTTACCGGGGCAGCAAATTGCCCGCATGGGCGTGGTGCGCACCTTCCAGCATGTGCGTCTGTTCCGTGAAATGACGGTAATTGAAAACCTGCTGGTGGCGCAGCATCAGCAACTGAAAACCGGGCTGTTCTCTGGCCTGTTGAAAACGCCATCCTTCCGTCGCGCCCAGAGCGAAGCGCTCGACCGCGCCGCGACCTGGCTTGAGCGCATTGGTTTGCTGGAACACGCCAACCGTCAGGCGAGTAACCTGGCCTATGGTGACCAGCGCCGTCTTGAGATTGCCCGCTGCATGGTGACGCAGCCGGAGATTTTAATGCTCGACGAACCTGCGGCAGGTCTTAACCCGAAAGAGACGAAAGAGCTGGATGAGCTGATTGCCGAACTGCGCAATCATCACAACACCACTATCTTGTTGATTGAACACGATATGAAGCTGGTGATGGGAATTTCGGACCGAATTTACGTGGTCAATCAGGGGACGCCGCTGGCAAACGGTACGCCGGAGCAGATCCGTAATAACCCGGACGTGATCCGTGCCTATTTAGGTGAGGCATAAGATGGAAAAAGTCATGTTGTCCTTTGACAAAGTCAGCGCCCACTACGGCAAAATCCAGGCGCTGCATGAGGTGAGCCTGCATATCAATCAGGGCGAGATTGTCACGCTGATTGGCGCGAACGGGGCGGGGAAAACCACCTTGCTCGGCACGTTATGCGGCGATCCGCGTGCCACCAGCGGGCGAATTGTGTTTGATGATAAAGACATTACCGACTGGCAGACAGCGAAAATCATGCGCGAAGCGGTGGCGATTGTCCCGGAAGGGCGTCGCGTCTTCTCGCGGATGACGGTGGAAGAGAACCTGGCGATGGGCGGTTTTTTTGCTGAACGCGACCAGTTCCAGGAGCGCATAAAGTGGGTGTATGAGCTGTTTCCACGTCTGCATGAGCGCCGTATTCAGCGGGCGGGCACCATGTCCGGCGGTGAACAGCAGATGCTGGCGATTGGTCGTGCGCTGATGAGCAACCCGCGTTTGCTACTGCTTGATGAGCCATCGCTCGGTCTTGCGCCGATTATCATCCAGCAAATTTTCGACACCATCGAGCAGCTGCGCGAGCAGGGGATGACTATCTTTCTCGTCGAGCAGAACGCCAACCAGGCGCTAAAGCTGGCGGATCGCGGCTACGTGCTGGAAAACGGCCATGTAGTGCTTTCCGATACTGGTGATGCGCTGCTGGCGAATGAAGCGGTGAGAAGTGCGTATTTAGGCGGGTAA 10 livJATGAACATAAAGGGTAAAGCGTTACTGGCAGGATGTATCGCGCTGGCATTCAGCAATATGGCT(EscherichiaCTGGCAGAAGATATTAAAGTCGCGGTCGTGGGCGCAATGTCCGGTCCGGTTGCGCAGTACGGT coli)GACCAGGAGTTTACCGGCGCAGAGCAGGCGGTTGCGGATATCAACGCTAAAGGCGGCATTAAAGGCAACAAACTGCAAATCGTAAAATATGACGATGCCTGTGACCCGAAACAGGCGGTTGCGGTGGCGAACAAAGTCGTTAACGACGGCATTAAATATGTGATTGGTCACCTCTGTTCTTCATCAACGCAGCCTGCGTCTGACATCTACGAAGACGAAGGCATTTTAATGATCACCCCAGCGGCAACCGCGCCGGAGCTGACCGCCCGTGGCTATCAGCTGATCCTGCGCACCACCGGCCTGGACTCCGACCAGGGGCCGACGGCGGCGAAATATATTCTTGAGAAAGTGAAACCGCAGCGTATTGCTATCGTTCACGACAAACAGCAATACGGCGAAGGTCTGGCGCGAGCGGTGCAGGACGGCCTGAAGAAAGGCAATGCAAACGTGGTGTTCTTTGATGGCATCACCGCCGGGGAAAAAGATTTCTCAACGCTGGTGGCGCGTCTGAAAAAAGAGAATATCGACTTCGTTTACTACGGCGGTTATCACCCGGAAATGGGGCAAATCCTGCGTCAGGCACGCGCGGCAGGGCTGAAAACTCAGTTTATGGGGCCGGAAGGTGTGGCTAACGTTTCGCTGTCTAACATTGCGGGCGAATCAGCGGAAGGGCTGCTGGTGACCAAGCCGAAGAACTACGATCAGGTTCCGGCGAACAAACCCATTGTTGACGCGATCAAAGCGAAAAAACAGGACCCAAGTGGCGCATTCGTTTGGACCACCTACGCCGCGCTGCAATCTTTGCAGGCGGGCCTGAATCAGTCTGACGATCCGGCTGAAATCGCCAAATACCTGAAAGCGAACTCCGTGGATACCGTAATGGGACCGCTGACCTGGGATGAGAAAGGCGATCTGAAAGGCTTTGAGTTCGGCGTATTTGACTGGCACGCCAACGGCACGGCGACCGATGCGAAGTAA 11 leucineGTGTTCGCTGAATACGGGGTTCTGAATTACTGGACCTATCTGGTTGGGGCCATTTTTATTGTG exporterTTGGTGCCAGGGCCAAATACCCTGTTTGTACTCAAAAATAGCGTCAGTAGCGGTATGAAAGGCgene leuEGGTTATCTTGCGGCCTGTGGTGTATTTATTGGCGATGCGGTATTGATGTTTCTGGCATGGGCT(EscherichiaGGAGTGGCGACATTAATTAAGACCACCCCGATATTATTCAACATCGTACGTTATCTTGGTGCGcoli NissleTTTTATTTGCTCTATCTGGGGAGTAAAATTCTCTACGCGACCCTGAAAGGTAAAAATAGCGAG 1917)ACCAAATCCGATGAGCCCCAATACGGTGCCATTTTTAAACGCGCGTTAATTTTGAGCCTGACTAATCCGAAAGCCATTTTGTTCTATGTGTCGTTTTTCGTACAGTTTATCGATGTTAATGCCCCACATACGGGAATTTCATTCTTTATTCTGGCGACGACGCTGGAACTGGTGAGTTTCTGCTATTTGAGCTTCCTGATTATTTCTGGGGCTTTTGTCACGCAGTACATACGTACCAAAAAGAAACTGGCTAAAGTGGGCAACTCACTGATTGGTTTGATGTTCGTGGGTTTCGCCGCCCGACTGGCGACGCTGCAATCCTGA 12 ArginineATGATGAAAG TGTTAATCGT GGAATCTGAA TTTCTGCACC AGGATACGTG decarboxylaseGGTCGGTAAC GCTGTTGAAC GTCTGGCCGA TGCTTTAAGC CAGCAAAATG (EscherichiaTGACAGTTAT CAAATCCACC TCTTTTGACG ATGGCTTTGC CATTCTGTCA coli)AGCAATGAAG CCATCGATTG TCTGATGTTC TCGTACCAGA TGGAACACCCCGATGAGCAC CAAAATGTTC GTCAGCTGAT CGGCAAACTT CACGAACGTCAACAGAACGT ACCGGTCTTT CTGTTAGGCG ACCGCGAAAA GGCCTTGGCGGCTATGGATC GCGATCTGCT GGAGTTGGTC GACGAGTTTG CCTGGATTCTCGAGGATACG GCGGATTTTA TTGCCGGTCG CGCAGTCGCC GCCATGACGCGCTACCGCCA ACAGCTGCTC CCGCCGCTGT TTTCTGCCCT GATGAAATACTCGGACATTC ACGAATACAG CTGGGCAGCT CCCGGGCACC AGGGCGGCGTTGGCTTCACG AAAACCCCAG CTGGTCGCTT TTATCATGAC TACTACGGCGAGAATTTATT TCGTACCGAC ATGGGCATTG AACGTACCAG CCTGGGCTCGCTGCTGGACC ACACGGGCGC TTTTGGGGAA TCAGAGAAAT ATGCAGCACGCGTGTTCGGT GCGGACCGCA GTTGGTCCGT CGTGGTGGGC ACCAGTGGTAGCAACCGCAC CATTATGCAG GCGTGCATGA CCGATAATGA TGTGGTAGTGGTGGATCGCA ATTGTCATAA GAGCATCGAA CAAGGCTTGA TGCTGACTGGCGCTAAACCA GTCTATATGG TGCCGTCCCG TAATCGCTAT GGTATTATCGGCCCGATTTA TCCTCAGGAG ATGCAGCCGG AAACCCTCCA GAAGAAAATCTCAGAGTCCC CGTTAACTAA AGATAAAGCT GGGCAAAAAC CGAGTTATTGTGTAGTAACT AATTGTACGT ATGATGGTGT TTGCTATAAC GCTAAGGAGGCCCAAGATCT TCTGGAAAAA ACAAGTGATC GTCTTCATTT TGATGAAGCTTGGTACGGTT ATGCGCGTTT CAACCCTATT TACGCCGACC ACTATGCGATGCGTGGTGAA CCTGGGGATC ATAATGGCCC TACTGTGTTT GCCACCCATTCTACGCATAA ACTCCTGAAT GCGTTGTCAC AGGCGAGTTA CATCCACGTACGCGAAGGCC GTGGCGCTAT TAATTTTAGC CGCTTTAACC AGGCCTATATGATGCACGCG ACGACAAGTC CGCTGTATGC GATTTGCGCG TCCAACGATGTTGCGGTCAG CATGATGGAC GGCAACAGCG GTCTGTCGTT AACCCAGGAAGTGATTGATG AAGCGGTCGA CTTTCGCCAG GCGATGGCCC GTCTGTACAAAGAATTCACC GCCGATGGCT CGTGGTTCTT CAAACCCTGG AATAAAGAAGTCGTGACTGA CCCGCAGACG GGCAAAACTT ATGATTTTGC AGATGCCCCGACGAAGCTTC TTACTACGGT CCAGGATTGC TGGGTGATGC ACCCGGGGGAGTCTTGGCAT GGCTTCAAAG ATATCCCTGA TAACTGGTCT ATGCTCGACCCAATCAAAGT TTCAATTTTA GCTCCAGGCA TGGGCGAAGA TGGCGAACTGGAAGAGACGG GGGTACCAGC TGCGTTGGTT ACCGCCTGGT TAGGCCGCCATGGTATTGTT CCAACACGTA CCACTGATTT TCAGATTATG TTTCTGTTCAGTATGGGTGT GACGCGCGGT AAATGGGGGA CGCTGGTCAA CACTCTCTGCTCCTTTAAAC GCCATTATGA TGCGAACACG CCCCTGGCGC AAGTCATGCCAGAGCTGGTG GAACAATACC CTGATACTTA TGCGAACATG GGTATCCACGATCTGGGAGA TACTATGTTC GCCTGGCTTA AAGAAAATAA CCCGGGGGCCCGCCTGAACG AAGCATATAG TGGCCTGCCC ATGGCGGAAA TTACTCCGCGTGAAGCCTAT AATGCCATCG TTGATAATAA CGTCGAATTA GTATCCATCGAGAACCTCCC CGGTCGTATT GCGGCAAATA GCGTAATCCC GTACCCGCCGGGTATTCCCA TGCTGCTCAG CGGCGAAAAC TTCGGTGATA AAAATTCCCCGCAAGTTTCT TATCTGCGCA GCCTGCAATC GTGGGACCAT CACTTTCCCGGGTTTGAGCA TGAAACTGAA GGGACAGAGA TCATCGATGG CATTTATCATGTGATGTGCG TCAAGGCG 13 ArgTATGAAAAAAA GCATCCTCGC GCTGTCACTG TTAGTGGGTC TCAGCGCCGC (EscherichiaGGCCAGCAGC TATGCTGCTC TTCCTGAAAC GGTGCGCATC GGGACGGATA coli)CCACTTATGC ACCGTTTAGC AGCAAAGATG CTAAAGGAGA CTTCGTAGGGTTTGATATCG ATTTAGGCAA CGAGATGTGC AAACGTATGC AAGTGAAATGTACCTGGGTG GCTTCAGACT TTGATGCATT AATCCCGAGT TTGAAAGCAAAAAAAATTGA CGCAATTATT TCGAGCCTGA GCATTACAGA TAAGCGCCAACAAGAAATTG CCTTCTCAGA TAAATTATAT GCCGCTGATT CGCGTCTTATCGCGGCTAAA GGCTCCCCTA TCCAACCAAC GTTGGACAGC CTGAAGGGGAAACATGTAGG GGTTCTGCAA GGGTCCACGC AGGAAGCTTA CGCCAATGAAACCTGGCGTT CGAAAGGGGT CGATGTGGTG GCGTACGCCA ATCAGGACTTGGTGTATTCC GATCTGGCCG CAGGTCGTCT GGACGCAGCT CTGCAGGACGAAGTGGCGGC GAGTGAGGGT TTCCTGAAAC AGCCAGCAGG CAAAGATTTTGCGTTCGCCG GCTCGAGTGT AAAGGATAAA AAATATTTCG GGGATGGCACGGGTGTCGGT TTACGCAAAG ATGATGCAGA ACTGACCGCG GCGTTTAATAAAGCCCTTGG CGAACTGCGC CAAGACGGCA CATATGATAA AATGGCGAAAAAGTACTTTG ACTTCAATGT TTATGGTGAT 14 artPATGTCTATTC AATTAAATGG CATCAACTGT TTCTACGGTG CACATCAAGC (EscherichiaCTTATTTGAC ATCACGCTTG ATTGCCCGCA AGGGGAGACA CTGGTGCTGC coli)TGGGCCCGAG TGGAGCCGGC AAATCGTCGT TGCTGCGGGT GTTGAACCTGTTGGAGATGC CGCGCTCAGG CACCCTGAAT ATCGCGGGCA ACCATTTCGATTTTACGAAA ACACCGTCCG ATAAAGCTAT TCGTGATCTT CGTCGCAACGTCGGCATGGT GTTTCAGCAG TATAATTTAT GTGCTCATCT GACGGTTCAGCAAAATCTGA TCGAAGCACC GTGTCGTGTG TTGGGCCTGA GCAAAGACCAAGCCCTGGCC AGCGCAGAAA AATTATTAGA GCGCCTGCGC TTGAAACCATATTCGGATCG GTACCCACTT CACTTAAGCG GGGGCCAGCA ACAGCGCGTTGCCATCGCTC GTGCGCTGAT GATGGAGCCG CAAGTTCTCC TTTTTGATGAACCTACCGCA GCGCTTGATC CGGAGATCAC GGCGCAGATC GTCAGCATCATTCGTGAACT CGCTGAGACG AATATTACAC AAGTTATTGT GACACATGAGGTAGAAGTGG CTCGCAAGAC CGCGTCTCGC GTAGTGTATA TGGAAAACGGTCATATCGTG GAGCAAGGGG ACGCCTCATG TTTTACAGAG CCGCAGACAGAGGCATTCAA AAATTATCTG AGCCAC 15 artIATGAAAAAAG TGCTTATTGC CGCCCTGATT GCGGGCTTCT CTCTGTCTGC (EscherichiaCACCGCGGCC GAAACCATCC GTTTTGCCAC TGAAGCGTCA TATCCCCCTT coli)TCGAAAGCAT TGACGCCAAC AACCAAATTG TCGGTTTCGA CGTTGACCTCGCGCAGGCCC TGTGCAAAGA AATTGATGCC ACCTGCACCT TCTCTAACCAAGCGTTTGAC TCATTGATTC CTTCGCTGAA ATTTCGTCGC GTGGAAGCCGTCATGGGCGG CATGGATATC ACCCCCGAGC GCGAAAAACA GGTCTTGTTTACTACACCGT ACTACGACAA CTCGGCTTTG TTTGTCGGCC AGCAAGGCAAGTATACTTCT GTCGACCAGC TGAAAGGTAA AAAAGTCCGT TCAGTCCAGAACGGCACCAC TCACCAGAAA TTCATCATGG ACAAACATCC TGAGATCACTACCGTGCCGT ATGATTCTTA CCAGAACGCG AAGTTAGATC TGGAAAATGGTCGGATTGAT GGCGTCTTTG GCGACACCGC TGTGGTACAT GAATGGCTGAAAGACAATCC TAAATTAGTG GTTGTGGGAG ATAAGGTTAC GGATAAGGATTATTTTGGCA CCGGTCTCGG CATTGCAGTC CGCCAAGGTA ATACCGAATTGCAACAGAAA TTGAATACCG CGCTGGAAAA AGTGAAAAAA GACGGTACATACGAAACCAT TTACAACAAA TGGTTTCAAA AA 16 artQATGAACGAAT TCTTCCCTCT CGCGTCTGCG GCAGGTATGA CCGTGGGTTT (EscherichiaGGCGGTTTGT GCGCTGATTG TCGGTCTCGC TCTGGCAATG TTCTTTGCCG coli)TATGGGAGTC AGCGAAATGG CGTCCGGTCG CCTGGGCAGG TTCCGCCCTGGTAACCATTC TGCGTGGTCT GCCAGAGATC CTGGTAGTTC TGTTTATCTACTTTGGCTCT TCTCAGTTAC TGTTAACACT GTCTGACGGG TTTACGATTAACCTGGGTTT TGTCCAGATT CCGGTCCAGA TGGATATTGA AAATTTCGACGTCTCCCCTT TTCTCTGTGG CGTCATCGCG CTGAGCTTGC TCTACGCTGCATATGCATCA CAGACCCTTC GTGGTGCATT AAAAGCGGTG CCAGTAGGACAGTGGGAAAG CGGCCAGGCC CTTGGCCTGA GCAAGAGCGC AATTTTTTTCCGCCTTGTTA TGCCGGCCGA TGTCCGCCAT GCGTTACCAG GTCTGGGTAATCAATGGCTG GTGTTGTTGA AAGACACCGC CCTTGTCTCG CTGATTAGCGTGAACGATTT AATGCTGCAA ACCAAATCGA TTGCAACCCG CACTCAGGAACCGTTTACCT GGTACATCGT GGCGGCAGCA ATCTATCTGG TGATCACACTTCTGAGCCAG TATATTTTAA AACGTATTGA CCTGCGTGCC ACCCGCTTTG AGCGCCGCCC TAGC17 artM ATGTTTGAAT ATCTGCCGGA ACTGATGAAA GGTTTGCATA CTAGTCTGAC(Escherichia GCTGACCGTC GCGAGTCTGA TCGTTGCGCT TATCCTGGCA CTGATCTTCAcoli) CCATTATTCT GACTCTCAAG ACCCCGGTCC TGGTGTGGCT GGTCCGCGGTTACATTACCT TATTCACCGG GACCCCGCTC TTGGTTCGCA TTTTTCTTATTTACTATGGT CCGGGTCAGT TTCCGACCTT GCAAGAATAT CCTGCGTTATGGCACCTGCT GTCTGAACCG TGGCTGTGCG CTCTGATTGC TCTGAGTGTTAACTCGGCGG CCTATACGAC ACAGCTGTTC TACGGTGCTA TTCGTGCGATCCCAGAAGGT CAATGGCAGT CTTGTAGCGC ACTGGGCATG TCAAAGAAAGATACTCTTGC TATTCTGCTG CCGTACGCTT TTAAACGCTC TCTGAGCTCGTACAGCAATG AAGTTGTCCT GGTTTTCAAA AGCACTAGCT TAGCGTATACGATCACGCTG ATGGAAGTCA TGGGTTATAG CCAGTTATTA TATGGTCGCACGTACGACGT CATGGTGTTT GGTGCAGCGG GCATTATCTA TCTTGTAGTTAATGGATTAC TGACGTTAAT GATGCGCTTG ATCGAACGCA AAGCCGTGGC ATTCGAGCGG CGTAAT18 artJ ATGAAAAAAT TGGTGCTTGC AGCACTGCTG GCCAGTTTCA CTTTCGGCGC(Escherichia TTCGGCGGCC GAAAAGATTA ATTTCGGTGT CAGCGCAACT TACCCACCGTcoli) TCGAAAGCAT CGGTGCGAAC AATGAGATTG TAGGATTTGA TATCGATCTGGCCAAAGCGT TATGCAAACA AATGCAAGCG GAGTGCACTT TTACCAATCATGCGTTTGAT AGCCTGATCC CGTCGCTGAA GTTCCGTAAA TACGACGCCGTGATTTCGGG GATGGACATC ACCCCTGAGC GCTCGAAACA GGTGAGCTTCACCACTCCAT ATTATGAAAA CTCAGCGGTG GTGATTGCGA AAAAAGACACCTATAAAACA TTTGCCGACC TGAAAGGGAA ATGTATTGGT ATGGAGAACGGCACCACCCA TCAGAAGTAT ATTCAAGACC AGCACCCGGA GGTTAAGACCGTAAGCTACG ACTCCTACCA GAATGCTTTC ATTGATTTAA AAAATGGTCGTATTGATGGT GTATTCGGAG ATACAGCCGT GGTGAATGAG TGGCTGAAAACCAATCCGCA GTTGGGTGTT GCGACCGAAA AAGTGACAGA TCCACAATACTTTGGGACTG GCCTGGGCAT CGCGGTGCGC CCGGATAACA AAGCCCTGTTGGAGAAACTG AACAACGCGT TAGCTGCGAT TAAAGCGGAT GGGACCTATCAGAAGATTTC AGACCAATGG TTCCCGCAA 19 ArgOATGTTCTCGT ACTATTTCCA AGGCTTAGCA CTGGGTGCGG CCATGATCTT (EscherichiaACCGCTGGGC CCACAAAACG CTTTTGTTAT GAACCAGGGA ATCCGCCGGC coli)AGTACCATAT CATGATTGCG CTGCTGTGTG CCATCTCGGA TCTGGTCCTGATTTGCGCCG GTATTTTTGG CGGGTCGGCG TTACTTATGC AAAGCCCTTGGCTGCTGGCG CTGGTAACGT GGGGCGGCGT AGCATTTCTG CTTTGGTATGGATTCGGCGC CTTCAAAACT GCGATGAGTT CGAATATCGA GCTTGCGAGTGCTGAGGTAA TGAAACAGGG CCGTTGGAAA ATTATTGCGA CCATGTTAGCCGTGACTTGG TTGAACCCGC ACGTGTACCT GGATACTTTT GTGGTGTTGGGTTCACTCGG TGGGCAATTA GATGTGGAAC CGAAACGCTG GTTTGCCTTGGGCACAATCT CGGCCAGTTT TTTGTGGTTC TTCGGGCTGG CGCTGCTGGCCGCGTGGCTG GCACCACGTT TACGCACCGC CAAGGCCCAG CGCATCATCAACTTAGTCGT GGGCTGTGTG ATGTGGTTCA TTGCTCTGCA ACTGGCGCGCGATGGCATTG CGCACGCCCA GGCCCTGTTC TCA 20 [001] mono-ATGATGCGCT TTGGCATCAT TAAAGAACGT AAGAACCCGC CAGATCGTCG functionalTGTAGTGTTT ACACCGTCCG AACTGATCAA ACTGAAAGAA CAGTTTCCGC lysine-TGGCCGAAAT TAAGGTGGAA TCCTCAGATA TTCGCATTTT TTCTGATGAT ketoglutarateGAGTATCGTA AACTTGGATT TGAAGTAACC GATGACCTGA GTGATTGTGA reductaseTGTCTTGATT GGCGTGAAAG AAGTACCGAT CGATGCCCTG CTGCCCGGGA (FlavobacteriumAAAAGTATTT TTTTTTCTCT CACACAATTA AAAAACAGCC TTACAATAAA limnosediminAAACTGCTGA TCGCCTGCTT GGAAAAAAAC ATCCGTCTGA TTGATCATGA is JC2902)GACGATCGTG AATGAAGATA ATCATCGTTT GATTGGGTTC GGCCGTTACGCAGGTATCGT GGGGGCCTAT AACGGTTTCC GTGCTTTTGG TATTAAGTACGAGCTCTTTA ACCTGCCCAA AGCGGAAACC TTAGCGGACA AAACGGCACTTGTGGAACGC CTGCGTCGGC CGATGCTGCC GCCAATCAAA ATTGTGTTGACCGGTCACGG CAAAGTAGGT ATGGGTGCAA AAGAGATTCT GGATGCCATGAAAATCAAAC AAGTTTCCGT GGAGGACTAC TTAACAAAAA CCTATGACAAGCCGGTGTAT ACGCAGATCG ACGTTCTGGA CTATAACAAG CGGAAAGATGGCAAACCGGC GGAACGTGAA CACTTTTATG CCAATCCGCA GGAGTATGTCTCGGACTTCG AACGCTTTAC CAAGGTGTCG GATCTGTTCA TCGCAGGCCATTTCTATGGC AACGGTGCAC CGGTAATTCT GACTCGCACC ATGCTTAACGCTTCTGATAA TAAAATTAAA GTAGTTGCGG ATATTAGCTG TGATGTCGGTGGCCCTATCG AATGTACGCT GCGCAGCAGC ACCATCGCAG AGCCGTTTTATGGTTATTAT CCTTCCGAAG GTAAAGAAGT CGACGTCAAC CATCCGGGCGCGGTGGTTGT GATGGCGGTG GACAATCTGC CCTGCGAGCT GCCTAAAGATGCCAGCGAGG GTTTCGGAGA AATGTTTCTC AAACATGTGA TTCCAGCCTTCTACAACAAC GATAAGGACG GCATTCTTGA GCGGGCCAAA ATCACCGAAAACGGCAAATT AACAAAACGC TTCTCCTACT TACAGGACTA TGTCGATGGT GAA 21saccharopine ATGCGTAATA TTTTGATTAT CGGCGCCGGT CGGTCCGCTT CCTCGCTGATdehydrogenase TCAGTACTTA TTGAATAAGT CCCAAGAAGA ACAGCTGCAT TTAACCATTG(Flavobacterium CCGATTTATC ACTCGAACTG GCTCAGAAGA AAACCAATAA CCATCCGAACsp. GCTACCGCGC TGGCGCTGGA TATTTATAAT AAGGATGAAC GTCGTGCGGC EM1321)CATCGAGAAA GCGGCCATTG TGATCAGCAT GTTGCCAGCG CATCTGCATA [002]TCGAAATCGC CCGGGATTGC CTGTATTTTA AAAAGAACCT TGTTACGGCGAGCTATATTA GTGACGCGAT GCAGGAGCTT GATGCGGAAG TTAAAGAGAACAAACTGATC TTTATGAATG AGGTCGGTTT AGACCCGGGT ATTGATCATATGAGCGCCAT GAAAGTCATC GATGAAATTC GGGAACAAGG CGGCAAAATGCTTCTCTTCG AAAGTTTTTG CGGCGGCCTG GTGGCACCAG AATCAGATAACAATTTATGG AACTATAAAT TTACCTGGGC CCCACGTAAC GTAGTTCTGGCTGGCCAGGG TGGTGTGGCA AAATTCATTC AAGAAGGCAC CTATAAATATATCCCGTATG ACAGCTTATT TCGCCGGACC GAGTTTCTGG AAGTAGAAGGATACGGGCGT TTCGAAGCTT ATTCGAATCG CGATTCTCTC AAATATCGGAGTATTTATGG GCTCGATGAC GTTCTCACCC TGTTTCGTGG TACAATCCGTCGCGTTGGCT TCTCCAAAGC TTGGAACATG TTTGTGCAAC TGGGCATGACGGACGACAGC TATGTTATGG AAGATTCTGA GAATATGTCC TATCGTCAATTTATTAACTC ATTCCTGCCT TATCACCCAA CCGATAGCGT TGAAATTAAGACCCGTTTTT TGTTAAAAAT CGATCAGGAT GATATCATGT GGGACAAACTGCTGGAACTG GATCTTTTCA ACGATAAAAA AATGGTTGGG TTGAAAAATGCGACGCCGGC ACAGATCCTG GAGAAAATCC TGAACGATTC GTGGACCCTGCAACCGGAAG ATAAAGATAT GATCGTGATG TATCATAAAT TTGGTTACCAGATCAACGGC GAAAAAGTGC AGATGGATTC ACAGATGGTG TGTATCGGCCAGGACCAAAC GTATACCGCG ATGGCAAAAA CCGTCGGCCT GCCTGTGGCAATGGCAACTC TGCTGATTCT GAACGGTAAA ATCAAAACAA CGGGAGTTCAGTTGCCAATC AATAAAGAAG TTTACCTGCC GGTCCTGGAG GAACTGGAGAAATATGGCGT TGTGTTCAAA GAACAGATGC TCCCATATCT TGGATACAAA TATAGT 22 LysineATG AAG AAA AAT CAT TCC TTG CAG TCG CTT AAA AAC CAA GAT GAG CGTaminotransferaseTTC ATT TGG CAC TCG ATG AAG CCG TAT AAC CCC GAC AAG ACG ATC GT (BacillusT GTCACC AAG GCC GAA GGA TCA TGG ATT ACA ACG AGT GAT GGA AAG AAmethanolicusG TAT CTT GAC GCA ATG GCC GGT CTT TGG TGC GTT AAC GTG GGG TAT G PB1)GA CGC AAAGAG CTT GCC GAT GCC GCG TAC GAA CAG ATG ATG GAA ATG G [003]CA TAC TAT CCA CTG ACT CAG TCA CAT GTA CCC GCC ATT CAG TTA GCGGAG AAG TTG AACGAT CTG CTG GAA GAC GAA TAC GTA ATC TTT TTT AGCAAT TCG GGG AGT GAG GCG AAC GAG GCT GCT TTT AAA ATT GCT CGT CAGTAT CAT CAA CAA AAAGGA GAC CAC AAT CGC TAT AAG ATT GTT GCA CGCTAC CGT GCA TAT CAT GGG AAC TCA ATT GGA GCC TTG GCA GCG ACA GGG CAG GCC CAG CGT AAA TATAAG TAT GAG CCT CTG GCC TTT GGA TTC GTC CAT GTT GCC CCT CCT GAC TCC TAC CGT GAT GAA ACT AAC GTA TCC GAT CCT TCG CAG TTG TCC GCA GTCAAA GAA ATT GAC CGT GTA ATG ACG TGG GAG CTT TCG GAA ACT ATC GCC GCA ATG ATC ATG GAA CCG ATT ATTACT GGT GGA GGC ATC TTA GTG CCC CCAGAG GGG TAT ATG AAA GCG GCTAAG GAG GTT TGT GAA AAG CAC GGG GCT CTT TTG ATT GTG GAC GAG GTGATT TGC GGG TTT GGT CGT ACG GGT AAG CCGTTC GGA TTC ATG AAC TATGGA GTC AAG CCG GAC ATT ATC ACC ATG GCT AAA GGC ATC ACC AGT GCG TAT CTT CCG TTG TCA GCA ACT GCA GTC AAA AAGGAA ATC TAT GAT GCC TTT AAA GGT GAG GAC GAA TAT GAG TTC TTC CGT CAT GTC AAC ACT TTC GGA GGG TCA CCC GCC GCA TGT GCG CTG GCT ATC AAGAAC ATT CAG ATT TTG GAG GAG GAA AAG CTG TTT GAC CGC TCG GGC GAC ATG GGC GAAAAA GTT TTA ACA GAA CTT CAG AAC TTG TTA CGC GAT CAC CCCTAC GTTGGC GAC GTT CGT GGA AAG GGT CTG TTA ATC GGA ATT GAA TTG GTT AAAGAC AAG CAG ACG AAA GAG CCC TTA AAT ACA AGC AAA GTT GAC GAAGTAATC GCT CTT TGT AAA CAG GAA GGA CTT CTG ATT GGA AAA AAT GGC ATG ACC GTG GCA GGC TAT AAC AAC GTC CTT ACA CTG TCC CCT CCG CTT AATATC CCA GAG ACC GAC TTA GAC TTT TTG ATC AAA GTA CTG ACG GCG TCC TTG GAG AAG ATT AAG 23 [004] lysineATG AAA AAT ATC GTA GTG ATC GGG GCA GGG AAT ATT GGC AGC GCC ATTdehydrogenaseGCG TGG ATG TTG GCA GCT AGC GGG GAT TAT CGC ATT ACT GTA GCA GA(AgrobacteriumC CGCAGC GCG GAT CAG TTA GCT AAT GTA CCG GCT CAT GAA CGT GTC GAtumefaciens)C ATT GTT GAC ATT ACC GAC CGC CCC GCG CTG GAA GCA CTG TTA AAA GGG AAA TTTGCG GTA CTT AGC GCC GCT CCC ACC GAG TTT CAT TTG ACT GCC GGA ATT GCG GAA GCG GCC GTC GCG GTA GGC ACG CAC TAC TTA GACTTA ACA GAA GATGTG GAG TCT ACC CGC AAG GTA AAA GCG CTG GCT GAGACG GCC GAG ACA GCT TTA ATC CCC CAA TGT GGG CTG GCA CCA GGT TTTATT TCG ATT GTT GCTGCC GAT TTG GCT GTG AAG TTT GAT AAA TTA GATTCT GTT CGT ATG CGC GTC GGG GCG CTG CCT CAG TAT CCC AGT AAC GCA TTG AAT TAC AAT TTG ACTTGG AGC ACA GAT GGC CTT ATC AAC GAG TAC ATT GAG CCT TGC GAG GGG TTT GTA GAA GGT CGC TTG ACC GCG GTC CCG GCT TTA GAG GAA CGC GAG GAATTT AGT CTT GAT GGG ATC ACC TAC GAG GCA TTC AAC ACC TCG GGC GGA CTT GGG ACC TTG TGC GCC ACC CTTGAG GGT AAG GTG CGC ACA ATG AAC TACCGT ACC ATC CGC TAT CCG GGTCAT GTA GCA ATC ATG AAG GCA CTT CTT AAT GAC TTG AAC CTG CGT AATCGC CGT GAC GTT TTG AAA GAT CTT TTT GAAAAT GCA CTG CCT GGA ACGATG CAA GAT GTC GTA ATT GTT TTT GTA ACA GTG TGT GGC ACT CGC AAC GGA CGC TTT CTG CAA GAG ACT TAT GCC AAT AAAGTG TAC GCG GGG CCT GTG TCA GGC CGC ATG ATG TCC GCG ATC CAG ATC ACA ACA GCT GCT GGA ATT TGC ACA GTC CTG GAT TTG TTG GCC GAA GGC GCGCTT CCG CAG AAG GGC TTC GTT CGT CAA GAG GAG GTC GCA CTG CCT AAG TTT TTG GAAAAT CGT TTC GGA CGT TAT TAT GGT TCT CAC GAA CCG CTT GCTCGT GTT GGT 24lysine ATG GCA CAT ACA GGC CGT ATG TTT AAG ATC GAA GCC GCG GAG ATC GTAracemase GTG GCT CGC CTG CCG CTG AAA TTT CGT TTT GAG ACA TCT TTC GGT GT(unculturedC CAGACA CAT AAA GTG GTG CCT TTA CTG ATC TTA CAT GGC GAA GGT GTbacterium)T CAA GGG GTC GCG GAG GGG ACA ATG GAA GCT CGC CCC ATG TAC CGC G [005]AA GAA ACGATT GCC GGA GCC CTT GAT TTG TTG CGT GGA ACT TTT TTA CCT GCG ATT CTG GGC CAA ACC TTT GCC AAT CCA GAA GCG GTA AGT GATGCC CTG GGC TCTTAC CGC GGC AAT CGC ATG GCA CGC GCT ATG GTG GAGATG GCA GCT TGG GAC TTG TGG GCC CGC ACC CTT GGT GTG CCT TTG GGCACA CTG TTG GGT GGTCAC AAG GAA CAA GTC GAG GTG GGT GTA TCG TTGGGA ATC CAG GCA GAT GAG CAA GCT ACA GTA GAC TTA GTG CGT CGT CAT GTT GAA CAA GGA TAT CGTCGC ATT AAG TTG AAG ATT AAG CCT GGG TGG GAC GTT CAA CCT GTA CGT GCG ACC CGT GAG GCA TTC ATG TTA AAC ACG CTT AAT GTC GGC GCC TCT GGTTAC GCG GGC GCA GAA CTG GTT ACA TAC GTG AAC CGC CAC CCC CAT ATG AAC ATT ACG GCG TTG ACC GTA TCAGCA CAG TCA AAC GAT GCA GGG AAG TTAATC TCC GAT TTG CAT CCC CAATTA AAG GGC ATC GTT GAC TTA CCA TTG CAG CCG ATG TCC GAC ATC TCTGAA TTC AGC CCC GGG GTA GAT GTA GTG TTCCTG GCT ACA GCT CAC GAAGTT TCA CAC GAC CTG GCC CCG CAA TTT TTG GAG GCG GGT TGT GTG GTC TTT GAT CTG TCC GGC GCT TTT CGC GTT AAC GATGCT ACA TTT TAC GAG AAG TAT TAC GGT TTC ACC CAC CAA TAC CCA GAG CTG CTG GAA CAG GCG GCC TAC GGG CTT GCT GAG TGG TGT GGC AAC AAA CTTAAG GAA GCT AAT CTT ATT GCA GTT CCT GGA TGT TAC CCT ACC GCC GCA CAG CTG GCGCTG AAG CCG TTA ATT GAT GCT GAC CTG CTG GAC CTG AAC CAATGG CCGGTG ATC AAT GCG ACC AGT GGC GTA TCT GGG GCG GGT CGT AAA GCC GCAATT TCA AAC TCC TTC TGC GAG GTT AGC TTA CAA CCG 25 LysineATG GAG CAG ACG AAG AAA TGG GGA TTT TGG TTA CTG ACG GCC TTC GTCtransporterGTG GGC AAC ATG GTG GGT AGT GGA ATC TTT TCT CTT CCA TCC TCC CT yvshG GCGAGC ATC GCG TCG CCT TTC GGA GCT ACG TCC GCT TGG CTT CTG AC(BacillusA GGT GCG GGG GTG TTA ATG ATC GCC TTA GTA TTC GGA CAT TTG TCC Asubtilis)TT CGT AAACCC GAA TTG ACT GCC GGG CCT CAA TCA TAC GCC CGT GCA T [006]TG TTC AGC GAT CCA AAA AAG GGG AAT GCG GCC GGG TTT ACT ATG GTTTGG GGT TAC TGGGTC GCG AGC TGG ATC AGT AAC GTA GCA ATC ATT ACATCT CTG GCG GGG TAT CTG ACC AGC TTC TTC CCC ATC CTG GTA GAC AAACGC GAA ATG TTT TCTATT GGG GGT CAA GAG GTC ACC CTG GGG CAG CTGCTG ACT TTT GCC GTT TGC ACC ATT CTG TTG TGG GGC ACC CAT GCG ATT TTG GTC GCA TCG ATC AATGGC GCA AGC AAG CTG AAT TTT GTG ACC ACA TTA TCC AAG GTC TTG GGA TTC GTG TTT TTC ATT GTG GCA GGG TTA TTC GTC TTC CAG ACG ACG CTT TTTGGT CAT TTC TAT TTC CCG GTC CAA GGC GAG AAT GGA ACG AGC ATC GGT ATT GGG GGA CAG GTG CAT AAC GCTGCG ATT TCT ACA CTT TGG GCT TTC GTCGGA ATC GAA AGC GCC GTT ATCTTG TCT GGC CGC GCG CGC AGC CAG CGC GAT GTT AAA CGT GCT ACC ATTACC GGA CTT CTG ATT GCA CTG TCG ATC TATATT ATC GTC ACG TTA ATCACG ATG GGT GTT TTA CCC CAC GAC AAA TTA GTA GGA AGT GAA AAG CCA TTT GTC GAT GTT TTA TAT GCA ATC GTC GGG AACGCT GGT TCA GTA ATC ATG GCA CTG CTG GCC ATC TTG TGC CTT TTT GGA ACC ATG TTG GGG TGG ATT TTA CTG GGC TCG GAG GTG CCC TAC CAA GCA GCCAAA GCT GGT GAT TTC CCC GCC TTC TTT GCC AAA ACT AAT AAG AAA GGT TCT CCA GTGATT GCG CTT ATC ATT ACC AAT GTC ATG TCA CAG GTT TTC ATTTTT AGCGTG ATC AGT CGT ACA ATT TCC GAT GCT TTT ACT TTT TTG ACT ACA GCGGCC ACG TTG GCC TAT CTG ATT CCC TAC TTA GTT TCA GCG ATT TATAGTTTG AAA GTG GTT ATT AAA GGC GAA ACC TAT GAC CAG TTG AAA GGC AGT CGT GTA CGT GAT GGT CTT ATC GCT ATC TTG GCA TGT GCA TAC TCA GTCTTC GTA ATC GTG ACG GGT ACC GCC GAT TTG ACG ACC TTT ATT TTA GGT ATT GGG CTT TTT TTT GTG GGC CTT ATC GTG TAC CCA TTT GTC TCGAAG AAGTTT CAA AAG GAG AAG CAG GAA 26 LysineATG ACC ATG ATT GCT ATT GGC GGG TCG ATC GGC ACA GGG CTT TTC GTTTransporterGCA TCC GGA GCA ACG ATT AGT CAA GCA GGT CCA GGC GGG GCT CTG CT LysPG TCTTAT ATT CTT ATC GGC TTA ATG GTG TAT TTT CTG ATG ACC TCT CT(Klebsiella)T GGA GAG CTG GCC GCT TTT ATG CCA GTC TCC GGA TCG TTC GCT ACA T [007]AT GGG CAAAAC TAC GTA GAG GAG GGT TTC GGG TTT GCG CTG GGT TGG AAT TAC TGG TAT AAT TGG GCT GTG ACG ATC GCA GTT GAC TTG GTG GCTTCG CAG CTT GTGATG AGC TAT TGG TTC CCT GAC ACT CCG GGC TGG ATTTGG TCT GCT TTG TTT TTG GGC ATC ATG TTC TTG CTT AAC TGG ATC TCCGTT CGC GGG TTC GGTGAA GCT GAG TAC TGG TTC AGT CTG ATT AAA GTTGCG ACC GTT ATT ATC TTC ATC ATC GTT GGC GTG ATG ATG ATT GTC GGC ATT TTC AAA GGG GCG CAACCG GCT GGA TGG TCC AAC TGG GGT ATC GCT GAC GCC CCA TTT GCG GGG GGC TTC TCG GCG ATG ATT GGC GTT GCC ATG ATT GTC GGT TTT TCC TTT CAGGGT ACA GAG TTA ATT GGA ATT GCT GCT GGT GAA TCC GAG AAT CCT GAG AAA AAT ATT CCA CGT GCG GTA CGTCAG GTA TTC TGG CGC ATT TTA CTG TTTTAT GTT TTT GCA ATC TTG ATTATC TCG TTG ATC ATC CCT TAT ACT GAC CCA TCC TTA TTG CGT AAC GATGTG AAG GAT ATT TCC GTG TCT CCC TTC ACGTTG GTA TTT CAG TAT GCTGGG CTG CTT AGT GCC GCT GCG ATC ATG AAC GCA GTC ATT CTT ACG GCT GTA CTG AGC GCT GGA AAC TCG GGA ATG TAC GCTTCA ACA CGC ATG TTA TAT ACC TTG GCA TGT GAC GGG AAA GCA CCG CGT ATC TTT AGC AAG CTT TCC CGT GGC GGT GTG CCA CGC AAT GCT CTG TAT GCAACA ACT GTA ATT GCT GCC TTA TGC TTT CTT ACC AGC ATG TTC GGC AAC CAA ACG GTTTAT CTG TGG TTG CTG AAC ACT TCG GGA ATG ACA GGG TTC ATCGCC TGGCTG GGT ATT GCT ATT TCT CAC TAT CGT TTC CGT CGC GGC TAC GTG CTGCAG GGG AAT GAT ATC AAT AAT CTT CCG TAT CGT TCA GGA TTT TTTCCTCTT GGA CCC ATT TTT GCA TTT GTA TTG TGT TTG ATT ATT ACT CTT GGC CAA AAT TAT GAG GCG TTC TTA AAA GAT ACT ATC GAT TGG GGT GGG GTAGCC GCA ACC TAC ATC GGG ATT CCC TTG TTC CTT GTT ATT TGG TTT GGA TAT AAG TTG GCT AAG GGT ACC CGC TTT GTC CGT TAT TCC GAA ATGACC TTCCCA GAT CGT TTT AAA CGC 27 LysineATG AGT ATG GAA GTC TGG CTG GGG TTT TTT GCA GCG TGT TGG GTG ATT ExporterAGT TTG TCA CCG GGA GCC GGA GCC ATC GCC TCT ATG TCA TCG GGT TT(Pseudomonas)A CAATAT GGC TTC TGG CGT GGC TAC TGG AAT GCA CTT GGA TTG CAG CTT GGT TTA ATT ATG CAA ATT GCA ATT ATC GCT GCG GGC GTC GGA GCC GTC TTG GCGGCC TCG GCT ACG GCC TTC CAG GTA ATT AAA TGG TTC GGA GTT GGG TAT CTT GTG TAT TTA GCA TAC AAA CAA TGG CGT GCA CTG CCCATG GAT ATG TCGGAT GAA AGC GGG GTG CGT CCA ATC GGC AAA CCA TTATCG CTG GTA TTT CGT GGA TTT TTG GTG AAT ATC TCC AAC CCA AAA GCTTTA GTA TTC ATG TTGGCC GTT TTA CCC CAG TTC CTG AAT CCC CAC GCCCCC TTG TTA CCC CAA TAC GTG GCT ATC ACT GTG ACA ATG GTT ACA GTT GAC TTG TTA GTG ATG GCCGGA TAC ACA GGT TTA GCA TCT CAT GTA TTA CGT ATG CTT CGT ACC CCA AAA CAG CAA AAA CGC CTG AAC CGC ACC TTC GCC GGT TTA TTC ATC GGA GCGGCC ACA TTC CTT GCC ACT TTG CGC CGC GCA CCA GTA 28 AsparaginaseATG CAG AAG AAA TCG ATC TAC GTC GCG TAC ACG GGC GGC ACC ATT GGG(EscherichiaATG CAG CGT TCG GAG CAG GGT TAC ATC CCC GTT TCC GGT CAC TTG CA coli)G CGCCAG CTG GCC TTG ATG CCC GAG TTC CAT CGC CCC GAG ATG CCA GAT TTT ACC ATT CAT GAG TAC ACT CCA CTT ATG GAT TCA TCG GAC ATG ACG CCG GAAGAC TGG CAA CAC ATT GCA GAA GAT ATC AAG GCT CAC TAT GAT GAT TAT GAC GGC TTT GTT ATT TTA CAC GGT ACT GAC ACA ATG GCATAC ACA GCT TCTGCA CTT TCC TTT ATG CTT GAG AAC CTT GGT AAG CCCGTG ATC GTG ACC GGG TCG CAG ATC CCC CTT GCC GAA TTG CGC AGT GACGGG CAG ATC AAT CTTCTT AAT GCG TTA TAT GTG GCC GCT AAC TAT CCGATC AAT GAA GTG ACT TTA TTC TTC AAT AAC CGC TTG TAC CGT GGA AAC CGC ACT ACG AAA GCC CATGCT GAT GGC TTT GAC GCC TTT GCA TCC CCA AAT CTG CCT CCC CTT TTG GAA GCC GGG ATT CAC ATC CGT CGT TTA AAT ACA CCC CCC GCC CCA CAT GGAGAG GGG GAG CTT ATC GTA CAT CCA ATT ACC CCT CAA CCT ATC GGA GTT GTA ACG ATT TAC CCT GGT ATT AGTGCC GAC GTA GTC CGC AAT TTC CTT CGCCAG CCC GTG AAA GCA TTG ATCTTA CGT TCC TAC GGT GTA GGG AAC GCG CCA CAG AAT AAG GCA TTT CTGCAA GAA TTA CAA GAG GCA TCG GAT CGT GGTATC GTG GTA GTC AAC CTGACA CAG TGC ATG TCA GGT AAA GTT AAT ATG GGT GGA TAC GCA ACC GGG AAT GCA TTA GCT CAT GCA GGG GTA ATT GGA GGCGCT GAT ATG ACG GTC GAA GCT ACC CTG ACG AAG CTT CAT TAT CTG TTA TCC CAG GAG TTG GAC ACC GAG ACC ATT CGC AAA GCT ATG TCT CAG AAC CTTCGC GGT GAG CTT ACT CCC GAT GAC 29 AsparagineATG CCG CCT CTG GAC ATC ACC GAC GAA CGC TTG ACT CGC GAA GAT ACAtransporterGGA TAT CAC AAA GGC CTT CAC TCC CGT CAG CTT CAG ATG ATC GCT CT ansp2T GGAGGT GCT ATT GGG ACC GGA CTT TTT CTG GGG GCA GGC GGA CGT CT(MycobacteriumG GCT TCT GCC GGA CCG GGA TTA TTC TTG GTT TAT GGT ATC TGT GGC A bovis)TT TTT GTCTTT CTT ATT CTT CGT GCC TTG GGA GAA CTT GTG CTT CAC CGC CCT AGT TCA GGA TCA TTT GTA TCC TAC GCG GGG GAA TTT TAT GGTGAA AAG GTC GCGTTC GTC GCG GGG TGG ATG TAT TTT TTG AAT TGG GCAATG ACT GGG ATT GTG GAC ACT ACA GCC ATC GCC CAC TAT TGC CAC TATTGG CGC GCT TTT CAACCA ATT CCA CAG TGG ACG TTG GCC CTT ATT GCGTTG TTA GTT GTA TTA TCC ATG AAT CTG ATC TCC GTC CGC TTA TTC GGG GAA CTT GAG TTT TGG GCCTCG CTT ATT AAA GTA ATT GCG CTT GTT ACG TTC CTG ATT GTA GGG ACT GTA TTC CTG GCG GGG CGT TAC AAG ATT GAC GGG CAA GAA ACT GGT GTA TCATTA TGG TCA TCT CAT GGC GGA ATC GTT CCT ACG GGG TTA CTG CCC ATT GTC CTT GTG ACC TCT GGA GTT GTGTTC GCA TAC GCA GCC ATC GAG CTG GTAGGA ATC GCA GCC GGG GAG ACGGCC GAA CCA GCC AAA ATC ATG CCC CGC GCA ATC AAT TCG GTC GTC CTTCGT ATT GCG TGT TTT TAT GTG GGA TCT ACGGTG CTT CTG GCG TTG CTTTTA CCA TAC ACG GCT TAT AAG GAG CAC GTA AGT CCC TTC GTA ACA TTT TTC AGC AAA ATT GGA ATT GAT GCC GCG GGG AGTGTA ATG AAC TTG GTA GTG CTT ACG GCA GCG TTA TCT AGT TTG AAC GCT GGT TTG TAT TCC ACA GGA CGC ATC CTG CGC TCA ATG GCG ATC AAC GGC AGCGGA CCA CGC TTT ACG GCA CCC ATG AGT AAA ACC GGT GTT CCT TAT GGC GGT ATC TTGCTT ACA GCA GGT ATC GGT TTA TTG GGA ATC ATT CTT AAT GCGATC AAACCC TCG CAG GCG TTC GAA ATC GTT TTA CAC ATC GCT GCT ACC GGC GTAATC GCA GCC TGG GCT ACG ATC GTG GCT TGT CAG TTG CGC TTA CATCGCATG GCC AAC GCT GGC CAA CTT CAG CGC CCT AAG TTC CGT ATG CCC TTG TCA CCT TTT AGC GGG TAC CTG ACT TTG GCG TTT CTG GCG GGC GTG CTGATT CTG ATG TAT TTC GAT GAG CAG CAC GGG CCC TGG ATG ATC GCC GCG ACA GTA ATT GGG GTT CCT GCC CTT ATT GGG GGT TGG TAC TTG GTTCGT AACCGT GTG ACT GCC GTC GCT CAT CAC GCT ATT GAC CAC ACT AAGAGT GTA GCT GTG GTT CAT TCG GCA GAT CCC ATT 30 SerineATG TCC ATT AAT CAG GAG GCG CTT CAC GTA CTG TTG AAG GAT CCT TTT ammoniaATT CAT CGT CTT ATT GAT GCT GAG CCA GTG TTT TGG GCA AAT CCA GG lyaseT ATGAAG GAG GGG CTG CTT TTT CAC GCT GAC GAG TGG GAA AGT GAG AT(BacillusT GCC GAA GCA GAG AAA CGC TTG CGT CGT TTT GCG CCT TAT ATC GCG Gsubtilis)AG GTT TTCCCA GAG ACC AAA GAT GCA AAG GGC ATG ATC GAG TCT CCA CTG TTT GAG ATG CAA CAT ATG AAA AAG AAA CTG GAG GCA GCA TAC CAACAA CCT TTC CCCGGA CGT TGG CTG CTT AAG TGT GAC CAT GAA CTT CCCATT TCC GGG TCG ATT AAG GCC CGC GGA GGT ATC TAT GAA GTC TTG AAACAT GCC GAA AAG CTGGCT CTT CAG GAG GGG ATG CTT CAA GAG TCG GACGAT TAT CGT ATG TTG CAA GAA GAT CGT TTC GCG GCC TTC TTC AGC CGC TAT TCT ATC GCA GTG GGCTCC ACG GGC AAT TTA GGT TTA AGT ATC GGG ATT ATT GGC GCT GCT CTT GGT TTC CGC GTA ACA GTT CAC ATG AGT GCT GAC GCT AAG CAA TGG AAG AAAGAT CTG TTA CGT CAG AAA GGG GTA ACC GTA ATG GAA TAT GAG AGC GAT TAT TCA GAA GCA GTT AAA GAA GGTCGT CGC CAA GCA GAA CAA GAC CCA TTCTGT TAC TTC ATT GAT GAT GAACAT AGC CGT CAA TTG TTC CTG GGC TAC GCA GTT GCC GCG TCC CGC CTTAAG ACA CAA CTG GAT TGC ATG GAA ATC CAACCT GGT CCC GAA ACA CCCCTG TTC GTG TAT CTT CCC TGT GGC GTA GGT GGG GGG CCA GGA GGT GTC GCT TTC GGG TTG AAA CTG CTG TAT GGA GAT CACGTC CAT GTA TTT TTC GGA GAA CCG ACG CAA TCC CCG TGC ATG CTT TTA GGC TTA TAT TCT GGC TTA CAC GAG CAG ATT TCA GTT CAA GAC ATT GGA TTGGAC AAC CGT ACC GCG GCG GAT GGC TTG GCG GTA GGG CGT CCC TCA GGA TTC GTA GGAAAA TTA ATC GAA CCA CTG CTG TCG GGC TGC TAT ACT GTA GAAGAC GATACA CTG TAT GCT TTA CTG CAC ATG CTG GCA GCT TCG GAA TCC AAG TATCTT GAA CCT AGC GCC TTG GCG GGG ATG TTC GGC CCG ATC CAG CTGTTCAGC ACA GAA GAA GGA CGT CGC TAT TCT CAG AAA CAT AAA ATG GAG CAT GCG GTG CAC GTT ATC TGG GGG ACG GGG GGT AGC ATG GTG CCA AAG GAGGAG ATG GCC GCA TAC AAC CGC ATC GGG GCG GAT CTG TTA AAA AAT GAA ATG AAG AAG 31 SdaAATG TCC CTT TCA GTG TTT GAT CTT TTT AAG ATC GGA ATT GGT CCC TCG(PseudomonasTCC TCT CAT ACC GTA GGA CCT ATG CGT GCG GCC GCT CGT TTT GCC GAfluorescensA GGTCTG CGC CGC GAC GAC CTG CTG AAC TGT ACT ACT AGC GTG AAA GT F113)C GAG CTG TAC GGA TCT CTG GGC GCG ACT GGT AAA GGG CAC GGT TCG GAC AAA GCAGTG TTA CTG GGA TTG GAG GGA GAA CAC CCT GAC ACT GTC GAC ACC GAG ACG GTT GAC GCT CGT TTA CAG GCG ATC CGC AGT TCA GGCCGC CTG AAT TTATTG GGG GAG CAT AGC ATT GAG TTT AAT GAA AAG CTGCAC TTG GCA ATG ATT CGC AAG CCG TTA GCT TTC CAT CCG AAT GGC ATGATT TTC CGT GCG TTTGAT GCT GCG GGC TTA CAG GTA CGT TCC CGT GAGTAT TAC TCC GTC GGC GGA GGG TTC GTT GTA GAC GAG GAC GCA GCG GGT GCC GAC CGT ATC GTC GAGGAT GCA ACA CCT TTG ACA TTC CCC TTC AAG AGC GCG AAG GAT CTT TTA GGT CAT TGT TCT ACT TAT GGT TTA AGC ATC AGC CAA GTC ATG CTT ACA AACGAG TCT GCG TGG CGT CCG GAA GCG GAG ACC CGC GCA GGG CTT CTT AAA ATT TGG CAG GTG ATG CAA GAC TGCGTT GCC GCG GGG TGT CGC AAT GAG GGCATC CTT CCA GGA GGT CTT AAAGTA AAG CGC CGC GCG GCT GCG TTG CAT CGT CAA TTG TGT AAG AAC CCCGAG GCT GCC CTG CGC GAT CCG TTA AGT GTATTA GAT TGG GTG AAT TTGTAT GCG TTA GCG GTA AAT GAA GAG AAC GCC TAC GGT GGA CGC GTG GTC ACG GCG CCC ACT AAT GGA GCC GCA GGA ATC ATTCCT GCC GTA TTG CAT TAC TAC ATG CGC TTT ATT CCG GGG GCA TCT GAG GAC GGA GTA GTC CGC TTC CTT CTT ACA GCG GCG GCA ATC GGG ATC TTG TATAAA GAG AAC GCC TCT ATT AGT GGG GCT GAG GTT GGC TGT CAG GGC GAA GTA GGA GTGGCA TGC TCC ATG GCA GCG GGG GCG TTG TGC GAA GTC TTG GGAGGC TCGGTC CAA CAA GTA GAA AAC GCA GCA GAA ATC GGA ATG GAG CAT AAC CTTGGC TTG ACA TGT GAT CCT ATC GGC GGG TTA GTA CAG GTC CCG TGTATCGAG CGT AAC GCA ATG GGA TCT GTT AAA GCC ATT AAC GCA GTA CGC ATG GCT ATG CGC GGG GAC GGT CAC CAT TTC GTC TCC CTT GAC AAA GTA ATTCGT ACC ATG CGT CAA ACT GGG GCC GAC ATG AAA AGC AAG TAC AAG GAA ACC GCG CGT GGT GGA CTT GCT GTC AAC ATC ATC GAG TGT 32sdaB (KlebsiellaATG ATT AGT GTG TTT GAC ATC TTT AAA ATC GGT ATC GGT CCG TCT TCTpneumoniae)TCC CAT ACG GTT GGT CCC ATG AAA GCA GGG AAG CAG TTT ACC GAC GAC TTAATT GCT CGT GGA CTG CTG GCA GAG GTC AGT AAG GTC GTG GTT GAT GTT TAT GGC TCC CTT TCA TTG ACG GGC AAA GGT CAC CAT ACT GAC ATT GCT ATCATT ATG GGT CTG GCG GGA AAC TTG CCA GAC ACC GTT GAC ATC GAC GCC ATC CCC GGC TTC ATC CAA GAT GTT AAC ACT CAC GGA CGTCTG ATG TTA GCGAAT GGG CAG CAT GAA GTT GAT TTC CCG GTA GAC CAGTGT ATG AAT TTT CAC GCT GAC AAC CTG TCC TTG CAC GAG AAT GGA ATGCGT ATT ACG GCT CTTGCG GGA GAC AAA GTG TTG TAC TCT CAG ACT TACTAC TCA ATC GGC GGC GGA TTC ATT GTT GAT GAG GAA CAT TTT GGC CAA ACA ACG GAG GCT CCT GTAGCC GTC CCA TAT CCA TAC AAA AAC GCC GCT GAT TTG CAG CGT CAT TGC CGT GAA ACT GGT TTG AGT TTA TCT GGA CTT ATG ATG CAA AAC GAA CTT GCATTG CAT AGC AAA GAA GCT CTG GAA CAG CAC TTT GCT GCA GTT TGG GAG GTT ATG TCT GCC GGC ATT GAG CGCGGC ATT ACA ACT GAA GGT GTG TTG CCTGGC AAA TTA CGT GTA CCC CGCCGC GCC GCG GCA CTG CGT CGT ATG TTA GTC TCG CAA GAC ACG ACG AACTCG GAC CCT ATG GCT GTT GTA GAT TGG ATCAAT ATG TTC GCG TTG GCCGTC AAC GAG GAG AAC GCG GCG GGC GGT CGC GTT GTT ACA GCC CCC ACA AAT GGC GCG TGC GGA ATT GTT CCG GCC GTG CTGGCA TAT TAT GAC AAA TTT ATC CGC AAA GTC AAC TCC AAC AGT CTG GCG CGT TAT ATG CTG GTG GCA AGT GCA ATC GGC TCA CTT TAT AAG ATG AAT GCGAGC ATC TCC GGC GCA GAA GTT GGC TGC CAA GGT GAA GTG GGG GTC GCC TGC TCT ATGGCA GCG GCT GGC TTG GCA GAG CTG TTG GGC GGG TCG CCA GGGCAA GTGTGC ATT GCG GCT GAA ATT GCG ATG GAG CAT AAC TTG GGC CTT ACG TGCGAT CCC GTA GCT GGC CAA GTG CAG GTA CCG TGT ATC GAA CGC AATGCAATT GCA GCC GTA AAA GCA GTA AAT GCG GCT CGC ATG GCC TTA CGT CGT ACT TCC GAG CCC CGT GTG TGC TTG GAT AAG GTG ATC GAA ACC ATG TATGAG ACA GGT AAG GAC ATG AAT GCA AAG TAT CGT GAA ACG TCT CGT GGA GGC CTG GCC ATG AAG ATC GTC GCG TGT GAC 33 tdcG L-ATG ATT AGT GCA TTC GAT ATT TTC AAG ATT GGA ATC GGC CCC TCG TCA serineTCG CAC ACG GTG GGC CCA ATG AAC GCA GGT AAG TCC TTC ATT GAT CGdehydrataseC CTTGAG TCG AGT GGC TTA TTG ACA GCG ACA AGC CAC ATT GTC GTG GA(EscherichiaC CTG TAC GGG AGT CTG TCG TTG ACG GGC AAA GGC CAT GCG ACC GAT Gcoli O157: H7TT GCT ATTATC ATG GGA TTG GCC GGG AAT TCA CCG CAG GAC GTA GTA Astr. SS17)TC GAT GAA ATC CCG GCC TTC ATT GAG CTG GTA ACT CGT TCG GGC CGTCTG CCA GTC GCAAGC GGA GCT CAT ATC GTT GAC TTC CCA GTT GCC AAGAAC ATT ATT TTT CAC CCT GAA ATG TTA CCT CGC CAT GAG AAC GGA ATGCGT ATC ACA GCA TGGAAA GCT CAG GAA GAA TTA TTG AGT AAG ACG TATTAC TCG GTT GGT GGC GGG TTC ATC GTC GAG GAA GAG CAC TTC GGT TTA TCT CAT GAC GTA GAA ACACCA GTA CCA TAC GAC TTC CAT TCA GCA GGT GAG TTG TTG AAA ATG TGC GAT TAC AAT GGC CTT AGT ATT TCG GGA CTT ATG ATG CAT AAC GAA TTA GCGCTT CGT TCG AAG GCC GAA ATT GAC GCC GGC TTC GCA CGT ATC TGG CAA GTT ATG CAT GAT GGC ATC GAA CGTGGT ATG AAC ACC GAA GGT GTG TTA CCAGGA CCC TTG AAT GTT CCG CGTCGT GCA GTC GCA CTG CGT CGT CAA CTT GTT AGT AGT GAC AAC ATT TCCAAT GAT CCA ATG AAC GTG ATT GAC TGG ATCAAC ATG TAC GCG CTG GCGGTC TCG GAG GAA AAC GCC GCT GGG GGT CGC GTG GTA ACA GCA CCT ACG AAT GGG GCT TGC GGG ATC ATC CCT GCG GTA TTGGCC TAT TAC GAT AAG TTT CGC CGT CCA GTC AAT GAG CGC TCA ATC GCT CGT TAC TTC CTG GCG GCG GGG GCT ATC GGC GCT TTA TAC AAG ATG AAC GCCTCT ATT TCA GGG GCG GAG GTC GGT TGT CAA GGA GAG ATT GGG GTC GCG TGC TCT ATGGCA GCT GCA GGT TTG ACA GAA TTA TTA GGC GGC AGC CCA GCCCAA GTTTGC AAC GCG GCT GAA ATC GCA ATG GAA CAT AAT CTT GGT CTG ACC TGTGAC CCT GTC GCA GGT CAG GTA CAG ATT CCT TGC ATT GAG CGT AATGCAATC AAC GCA GTA AAA GCT GTT AAT GCG GCG CGT ATG GCT ATG CGT CGC ACA TCA GCC CCG CGT GTG AGC CTG GAT AAG GTA ATC GAG ACC ATG TACGAA ACC GGT AAA GAC ATG AAT GAC AAA TAC CGC GAA ACC TCT CGC GGG GGT CTT GCA ATT AAA GTC GTG TGT GGC 34 glyAATG TTG AAA CGT GAG ATG AAT ATT GCC GAC TAT GAT GCA GAA TTA TGG(EscherichiaCAA GCT ATG GAA CAA GAG AAA GTC CGC CAG GAA GAA CAT ATT GAA TT coli EPECA ATCGCC TCT GAA AAT TAC ACT AGT CCC CGC GTT ATG CAA GCC CAA GG C342-62)C AGC CAA TTA ACT AAC AAA TAT GCC GAG GGA TAT CCT GGG AAA CGC TAC TAT GGAGGT TGC GAG TAT GTA GAT ATT GTC GAA CAG TTA GCA ATC GAC CGC GCG AAA GAG CTT TTC GGC GCA GAC TAT GCA AAC GTG CAG CCCCAT TCG GGT AGCCAA GCG AAT TTT GCG GTC TAT ACC GCA CTG CTG GAACCG GGA GAC ACG GTA CTG GGT ATG AAT TTA GCT CAT GGT GGT CAC TTAACG CAC GGG TCC CCCGTT AAT TTC TCT GGA AAA CTG TAC AAC ATC GTCCCC TAT GGA ATC GAT GCT ACC GGC CAC ATT GAT TAC GCG GAT CTT GAG AAG CAA GCT AAG GAA CATAAA CCA AAG ATG ATC ATT GGC GGT TTT TCA GCT TAT AGT GGT GTC GTC GAC TGG GCT AAG ATG CGT GAA ATT GCA GAC TCT ATT GGC GCG TAC CTT TTTGTC GAC ATG GCC CAC GTG GCT GGC TTG GTG GCG GCA GGG GTC TAC CCG AAC CCC GTT CCC CAT GCG CAT GTCGTG ACC ACC ACG ACA CAT AAG ACA CTGGCT GGG CCT CGT GGT GGC TTAATC TTG GCC AAG GGG GGG TCT GAG GAA TTA TAC AAA AAA CTT AAC TCAGCC GTT TTT CCA GGC GGA CAG GGT GGT CCGTTG ATG CAC GTG ATT GCTGGA AAG GCG GTC GCT CTT AAG GAA GCC ATG GAA CCT GAA TTC AAA ACG TAC CAA CAG CAG GTT GCA AAA AAC GCC AAA GCGATG GTT GAG GTT TTC CTG GAA CGT GGT TAC AAA GTC GTT AGT GGG GGT ACC GAT AAT CAT CTT TTC TTA GTT GAC CTG GTA GAT AAA AAT TTG ACC GGAAAG GAG GCG GAC GCT GCC TTA GGC CGT GCG AAT ATT ACC GTC AAT AAA AAC TCG GTGCCA AAT GAT CCC AAG TCG CCT TTC GTG ACT TCA GGA ATC CGCGTA GGAACT CCC GCA ATT ACA CGC CGC GGG TTC AAG GAA GCT GAG GCG AAG GAGTTA GCA GGA TGG ATG TGT GAT GTT TTA GAC TCG ATT AAC GAT GAGGCGGTG ATC GAA CGT ATC AAA GGT AAA GTA TTA GAT ATT TGC GCC CGT TAT CCA GTT TAT GCC 35 SdaC serineATG GAG ACC ACG CAG ACT TCT ACA ATT GCG AGC AAA GAT AGC CGT TCT STPGCT TGG CGC AAA ACT GAT ACT ATG TGG ATG TTG GGC CTG TAT GGA ACAtransporterGCTATT GGG GCC GGG GTA CTG TTT TTG CCA ATC AAT GCT GGA GTG GGG(EscherichiaGGT ATG ATC CCG CTG ATC ATT ATG GCG ATT CTT GCT TTC CCA ATG ACAcoli BL21 (DE3)TTT TTTGCA CAT CGC GGT CTT ACA CGC TTT GTC CTT TCA GGA AAG AATCCT GGG GAG GAC ATT ACG GAG GTT GTA GAA GAA CAT TTT GGC ATT GGGGCT GGG AAACTT ATC ACA TTG CTG TAT TTT TTT GCA ATC TAT CCC ATTTTG CTT GTC TAT AGC GTA GCA ATC ACG AAC ACC GTA GAA TCA TTC ATGTCG CAC CAG TTAGGC ATG ACA CCT CCG CCA CGT GCG ATT CTG TCA TTGATC TTG ATC GTG GGA ATG ATG ACA ATT GTT CGT TTC GGA GAG CAA ATGATC GTG AAA GCC ATGTCA ATT TTG GTA TTT CCG TTC GTG GGA GTC TTAATG TTG CTG GCA TTG TAT TTA ATT CCC CAG TGG AAT GGT GCC GCT CTGGAG ACC TTG TCG TTG GATACG GCG TCA GCG ACC GGT AAT GGT CTT TGGATG ACG CTT TGG TTG GCC ATT CCG GTC ATG GTT TTT TCA TTT AAC CACTCA CCG ATC ATT AGC TCG TTCGCT GTG GCG AAA CGC GAA GAA TAC GGTGAT ATG GCT GAA CAA AAG TGC TCG AAG ATT TTG GCA TTC GCC CAC ATCATG ATG GTA CTT ACG GTC ATG TTCTTC GTG TTT TCT TGC GTC CTT AGTTTA ACC CCA GCG GAC CTG GCG GCT GCA AAG GAA CAA AAT ATC AGC ATCTTA AGC TAT TTG GCG AAT CAT TTC AACGCG CCT GTT ATC GCA TGG ATGGCA CCC ATT ATC GCT ATC ATT GCA ATT ACC AAA TCT TTC TTA GGG CACTAC TTG GGT GCG CGC GAA GGA TTT AAC GGGATG GTT ATC AAG TCG CTTCGT GGG AAA GGA AAG AGT ATC GAG ATC AAT AAA CTT AAT CGC ATC ACCGCC TTG TTC ATG TTA GTA ACA ACG TGG ATC GTCGCT ACA CTT AAT CCCTCC ATT CTG GGG ATG ATT GAA ACG CTT GGG GGT CCA ATC ATC GCA ATGATC TTG TTT CTG ATG CCG ATG TAC GCT ATC CAG AAGGTA CCC GCA ATGCGT AAA TAC TCT GGG CAT ATC TCC AAC GTG TTT GTT GTT GTT ATG GGATTA ATC GCT ATT TCT GCT ATC TTC TAT AGT CTG TTC TCC 36 threonineATG GCG TAT TCT GTC CAG TTC CTG ATC CAA CTG TCC TTC TCG TAC CTT SerineGCC ACT GTG GCT TTT GCT ATC TGC ATC AAC GTT CCA CGT CGT GCG TT ExporterA AATTTT GCC GGA TGG GCC GGT GCC ATC GGG TGG ATC TGC TAC TGG CT(LactobacillusG CTG AAC ACA CAT GGC ACG GGC CGC ATG TTC GCT AAC CTG ATT GGC G saniviriCT GTC GCAGTT GGG GTA TGT GGT ATC ATT TTC GCT CGC ATC AAG AAG AJCM 17471 =TG CCC GTG ATT ATT TTC AAT ATT CCG GGG CTG GTG CCA TTA GTG CCTDSM 24301)GGA GCA ACC GCCTAC CAG GCA GTT CGC GCT CTT GCG TTG GGA AAT ATGGAC CTT GCT ATC CAG CTT GGA GTT CGT GTT ATT ATG GTC GCA GGG GCAATC GCG GTG GGA TTCATG GTT AGT CAG CTT CTG TCA GAG TTG ACT TACCGC TTG CAC 37 glutaminaseATG CTG GAT GCT AAT AAG CTG CAG CAG GCT GTC GAT CAG GCT TAT ACT YbaSCAA TTT CAT TCT TTG AAT GGT GGG CAG AAT GCC GAT TAC ATT CCT TT(EscherichiaC TTGGCT AAT GTC CCA GGG CAA TTA GCA GCC GTA GCT ATT GTA ACA TCcoli ST131)C GAT GGC AAC GTG TAT TCT GCC GGG GAC TCG GAC TAC CGC TTC GCA CTT GAG TCTATC AGT AAA GTC TGC ACT TTG GCA CTG GCG CTG GAG GAC GTT GGG CCT CAG GCC GTG CAG GAC AAG GTT GGG GCT GAT CCT ACA GGGCTG CCA TTC AACTCA GTA ATT GCT TTG GAA TTA CAC GGT GGA AAA CCACTG TCA CCG CTG GTG AAC GCG GGG GCA ATC GCT ACC ACG TCT TTG ATTAAT GCA GAA AAT ACGGAA CAG CGT TGG CAA CGT ATT TTG CAT ATT CAGCAG CAG CTT GCT GGT GAG CAA GTC GCA CTT TCT GAT GAA GTG AAC CAA AGT GAA CAA ACT ACT AATTTT CAC AAC CGT GCA ATT GCT TGG TTA CTG TAC AGT GCT GGC TAC TTG TAC TGT GAC GCA ATG GAA GCC TGT GAT GTT TAT ACA CGT CAG TGC AGT ACTTTG ATC AAC ACA ATC GAA TTG GCA ACA TTG GGA GCT ACG TTA GCC GCT GGG GGC GTG AAT CCG TTG ACA CATAAA CGC GTT CTG CAA GCG GAC AAT GTGCCC TAT ATT TTG GCT GAA ATGATG ATG GAA GGG CTT TAT GGC CGC TCT GGG GAC TGG GCC TAC CGT GTAGGC TTG CCA GGA AAG TCG GGG GTC GGA GGAGGG ATT CTG GCC GTG GTGCCC GGC GTA ATG GGA ATT GCC GCG TTT TCG CCT CCC TTA GAC GAA GAA GGT AAC AGC GTG CGC GGA CAA AAG ATG GTT GCGAGC GTT GCA AAG CAG CTT GGG TAT AAC GTA TTT AAA GGG 38 GlutaminaseATG GCC GTC GCA ATG GAT AAC GCC ATT TTA GAG AAT ATC CTG CGC CAA(EscherichiaGTG CGC CCA TTA ATC GGA CAA GGC AAG GTT GCG GAT TAC ATT CCG GC coliC TTAGCT ACA GTG GAT GGG AGT CGC CTG GGA ATC GCT ATT TGC ACT GTo145: H28T GAC GGC CAA TTG TTT CAG GCA GGC GAC GCA CAA GAG CGC TTC TCC A str.TC CAG AGCATT TCT AAA GTG TTG TCA TTG GTT GTT GCT ATG CGT CAC T RM12581)AC TCT GAG GAG GAA ATT TGG CAG CGC GTG GGG AAG GAC CCG TCC GGCAGT CCA TTT AATTCG TTG GTA CAG TTG GAG ATG GAA CAA GGA ATC CCTCGT AAT CCC TTC ATC AAT GCA GGT GCT CTT GTA GTC TGC GAC ATG TTACAA GGT CGT TTA TCTGCC CCT CGC CAA CGC ATG TTG GAA GTT GTG CGTGGT TTG TCT GGA GTT AGC GAT ATC AGC TAC GAC ACG GTC GTG GCT CGC AGT GAA TTT GAA CAC TCAGCA CGC AAT GCA GCG ATT GCG TGG TTA ATG AAG TCG TTT GGG AAT TTT CAT CAC GAT GTG ACG ACA GTC CTT CAA AAT TAT TTC CAC TAC TGC GCA TTGAAG ATG TCG TGC GTA GAG CTT GCC CGT ACG TTC GTC TTT CTT GCG AAC CAG GGC AAG GCC ATC CAT ATC GACGAG CCC GTC GTA ACC CCG ATG CAG GCGCGT CAA ATC AAT GCG CTG ATGGCG ACA TCG GGA ATG TAT CAG AAT GCG GGG GAG TTC GCC TGG CGT GTCGGA TTA CCA GCT AAA TCC GGT GTA GGC GGTGGA ATC GTT GCC ATT GTGCCC CAT GAA ATG GCT ATC GCT GTG TGG TCC CCA GAA TTA GAT GAC GCA GGA AAT TCG TTA GCA GGT ATT GCG GTT TTA GAACAA CTT ACG AAA CAA TTA GGA CGC TCG GTG TAT 39 ylaMATG GTG TGT CAG CAT AAT GAT GAA TTA GAG GCT CTT GTC AAG AAG GCA(Bacillus AAA AAG GTT ACG GAT AAG GGG GAG GTG GCT AGT TAC ATT CCA GCT CTsubtilis G GCTAAG GCG GAC AAA CAC GAC TTA AGT GTC GCA ATC TAC TAT AGC AAsubsp. T AAT GTG TGC CTG TCC GCA GGG GAC GTT GAA AAG ACG TTC ACT CTG Csubtilis AA TCC ATCAGC AAA GTT CTG TCG TTA GCT CTG GTA CTT ATG GAG TAT Gstr. 168) GG AAG GAT AAG GTA TTC AGT TAT GTT GGG CAG GAA CCT ACA GGT GATCCC TTT AAC AGCATC ATT AAA CTG GAG ACA GTC AAC CCC TCT AAG CCATTA AAT CCG ATG ATC AAT GCG GGC GCG TTA GTA GTG ACC AGT CTT ATCCGC GGA CGT ACG GTGAAG GAG CGT CTT GAC TAT CTT CTT AGC TTT ATCCGT CGT CTG ACT AAT AAT CAA GAA ATT ACA TAC TGC CGC GAG GTA GCG GAA AGC GAA TAT TCT ACTTCA ATG ATT AAC CGT GCG ATG TGC TAT TAT ATG AAA CAG TAT GGA ATT TTC GAA GAT GAC GTT GAA GCG GTT ATG GAC CTT TAT ACA AAG CAA TGC GCTATT GAA ATG AAC TCA CTT GAT TTG GCT AAG ATC GGT TCG GTT TTC GCC TTG AAC GGA CGC CAT CCT GAA ACCGGG GAG CAA GTG ATT TCG AAG GAT GTAGCC CGT ATC TGT AAG ACG TTTATG GTG ACG TGT GGA ATG TAT AAT GCC TCT GGT GAA TTT GCG ATC AAAGTT GGT ATC CCT GCG AAA TCG GGA GTG TCAGGT GGG ATT ATG GGT ATCTCC CCT TAC GAT TTC GGA ATC GGG ATC TTT GGA CCC GCG CTG GAC GAG AAG GGG AAT AGT ATT GCT GGT GTG AAG CTT TTAGAA ATC ATG AGC GAG ATG TAC CGT CTT AGT ATC TTT 40 ybgJ (BacillusATG AAA GAG TTG ATT AAA GAG CAT CAA AAG GAT ATC AAT CCT GCA TTAsubtilis) CAA CTG CAT GAC TGG GTA GAA TAC TAC CGT CCA TTT GCG GCA AAT GGC CAAAGT GCA AAC TAT ATC CCC GCT TTA GGG AAG GTG AAC GAC AGC CAG TTA GGG ATC TGC GTA CTG GAA CCG GAT GGC ACC ATG ATT CAC GCT GGG GAT TGGAAT GTG TCC TTT ACC ATG CAG TCG ATT TCA AAA GTA ATT AGC TTC ATT GCT GCC TGC ATG TCG CGT GGA ATC CCG TAT GTC TTG GATCGT GTA GAC GTGGAA CCC ACA GGA GAT GCT TTT AAT AGT ATC ATC CGTTTA GAG ATC AAC AAA CCA GGA AAG CCT TTC AAT CCT ATG ATT AAT GCCGGA GCT TTG ACT ATCGCT AGC ATT CTT CCA GGA GAG TCC GCT TAC GAAAAA CTT GAG TTT TTG TAT AGC GTG ATG GAG ACT TTA ATC GGT AAA CGC CCC CGT ATT CAC GAA GAAGTA TTC CGT TCT GAA TGG GAG ACC GCT CAT CGC AAT CGC GCC TTA GCC TAC TAT CTT AAA GAA ACA AAC TTC TTA GAG GCC GAG GTC GAA GAG ACA CTGGAA GTA TAT TTG AAA CAA TGC GCG ATG GAA TCG ACC ACG GAA GAC ATC GCC CTG ATC GGG TTG ATC CTG GCCCAC GAT GGG TAT CAT CCT ATC CGT CATGAG CAG GTC ATT CCC AAG GATGTT GCC AAG TTG GCT AAA GCG TTA ATG TTG ACC TGT GGC ATG TAT AACGCT TCT GGA AAG TAT GCG GCT TTC GTT GGAGTA CCC GCA AAA TCT GGAGTT TCG GGT GGT ATT ATG GCC TTG GTG CCT CCA AGT GCG CGT CGC GAA CAG CCG TTC CAG AGC GGG TGC GGT ATC GGG ATTTAT GGA CCT GCA ATT GAT GAG TAC GGG AAT AGC CTG ACG GGC GGC ATG CTT TTA AAA CAC ATG GCC CAA GAG TGG GAA CTG AGT ATT TTC 41 GlutamineCCATGGCAGAACGTGCAGTGCAGCTGGGCGGTGTAGCTCTGGGGACCACTCAAGTTATCAACA permeaseGCAAAACCCCGCTGAAAAGTTACCCGCTGGACATCCACAACGTTCAGGATCACCTGAAAGAAC glnHPQTGGCTGACCGTTACGCAATCGTCGCTAATGACGTACGCAAAGCGATTGGCGAAGCGAAAGATG operonACGACACCGCAGATATCCTGACCGCCGCGTCTCGCGACCTGGATAAATTCCTGTGGTTTATCG(EscherichiaAGTCTAACATCGAATAAATCCATCGCTGATGGTGCAGAACTTTAGTACCCGATAAAAGCGGCT coli)TCCTGACAGGAGGCCGTTTTGTTTTGCAGCCCACCTCAACGCACTTATTTAGTGCATCCATCT GenBank:GCTATCTCCAGCTGATTAAGTAAATTTTTTGTATCCACATCATCACACAATCGTTACATAAAG X14180.1ATTGTTTTTTCATCAGGTTTTACGCTAAATAATCACTGTGTTGAGTGCACAATTTTAGCGCACCAGATTGGTGCCCCAGAATGGTGCATCTTCAGGGTATTGCCCTATAAATCGTGCATCACGTTTTTGCCGCATCTCGAAAAATCAAGGAGTTGCAAAACTGGCACGATTTTTTCATATATGTGAATGTCACGCAGGGGATCGTCCCGTGGATAGAAAAAAGGAAATGCTATGAAGTCTGTATTAAAAGTTTCACTGGCTGCACTGACCCTGGCTTTTGCGGTTTCTTCTCATGCCGCGGATAAAAAATTAGTTGTCGCGACGGATACCGCCTTCGTTCCGTTTGAATTTAAACAGGGCGATAAATATGTGGGCTTTGACGTTGATCTGTGGGCTGCCATCGCTAAAGAGCTGAAGCTGGATTACGAACTGAAGCCGATGGATTTCAGTGGGATCATTCCGGCACTGCAAACCAAAAACGTCGATCTGGCGCTGGCGGGCATTACCATCACCGACGAGCGTAAAAAAGCGATCGATTTCTCTGACGGCTACTACAAAAGCGGCCTGTTAGTGATGGTGAAAGCTAACAATAACGATGTGAAAAGCGTGAAAGATCTCGACGGGAAAGTGGTTGCTGTGAAGAGCGGTACTGGCTCCGTTGATTACGCGAAAGCAAACATCAAAACTAAAGATCTGCGTCAGTTCCCGAACATCGATAACGCCTATATGGAACTGGGCACCAACCGCGCAGACGCCGTTCTGCACGATACGCCAAACATTCTGTACTTCATCAAAACCGCCGGTAACGGTCAGTTCAAAGCGGTAGGTGACTCTCTGGAAGCGCAGCAATACGGTATTGCGTTCCCGAAAGGTAGCGACGAGCTGCGTGACAAAGTCAACGGCGCGTTGAAAACCCTGCGCGAGAACGGAACTTACAACGAAATCTACAAAAAATGGTTCGGTACTGAACCGAAATAATAACGCTACACCTGTAAAACGCACTGGCAGTTCCCTCTCCCCTATGGGGAGAGGATTAGGGTGAGGGGCGCAAACCCGCTCCGGGGCCATTAATTACCCTGAATTTGATTATTTACACCACGGTAACAGGAACAACATATGCAGTTTGACTGGAGTGCCATCTGGCCTGCCATTCCGCTTCTGATTGAAGGTGCCAAAATGACCCTGTGGATTTCGGTCCTCGGTCTGGCAGGCGGTCTGGTAATCGGATTGCTGGCAGGTTTTGCACGCACCTTCGGAGGTTGGATAGCCAACCACGTCGCGCTGGTCTTTATTGAAGTGATCCGCGGCACACCTATCGTCGTCCAGGTGATGTTTATTTATTTCGCCCTGCCGATGGCGTTTAACGACTTACGCATCGACCCATTTACTGCGGCGGTGGTCACCATCATGATCAACTCCGGCGCGTATATTGCGGAAATCACGCGTGGTGCGGTGCTGTCTATCCACAAAGGTTTTCGTGAAGCAGGACTGGCGCTCGGTCTTTCACGTTGGGAAACCATTCGCTACGTCATTTTACCGCTGGCACTGCGTCGTATGCTGCCGCCGCTGGGTAACCAGTGGATCATCAGCATTAAAGACACCTCGCTGTTTATTGTGATCGGCGTGGCGGAACTGACCCGTCAGGGGCAAGAAATTATTGCCGGTAACTTCCGCGCCCTTGAGATCTGGAGCGCCGTGGCGGTGTTCTATCTGATTATTACCCTGGTGCTGAGCTTTATTCTGCGTCGTCTGGAAAGAAGGATGAAAATCCTGTGATTGAATTTAAAAACGTCTCCAAGCACTTTGGCCCAACCCAGGTGCTGCACAATATCGATTTGAACATTGCCCAGGGCGAAGTCGTGGTGATTATCGGGCCGTCCGGTTCCGGTAAATCGACCCTGCTGCGCTGCATCAACAAACTGGAAGAAATCACCTCCGGCGATCTGATTGTCGATGGCCTGAAGGTTAACGATCCGAAAGTTGACGAGCGCCTGATTCGCCAGGAAGCAGGTATGGTGTTCCAGCAGTTTTACCTCTTCCCGCATCTGACAGCGCTGGAAAACGTCATGTTTGGCCCGCTACGCGTGCGTGGCGCGAACAAAGAAGAGGCGGAAAAACTGGCACGTGAGCTGCTGGCGAAAGTCGGTCTGGCAGAACGTGCACATCACTACCCTTCCGAACTTTCTGGTGGTCAACAGCAGCGTGTGGCGATTGCCCGCGCGCTGGCGGTGAAGCCGAAAATGATGCTGTTTGATGAACCGACTTCCGCTCTTGACCCGGAACTGCGCCATGAAGTGCTGAAGGTTATGCAGGATCTGGCTGAAGAAGGGATGACGATGGTGATCGTGACCCACGAAATCGGTTTTGCCGAGAAAGTAGCTTCGCGGCTGATCTTTATCGACAAAGGCCGGATTGCGGAAGATGGCAATCCGCAGGTGTTGATCAAGAACCCGCCGAGCCAGCGCTTGCAGGAATTTTTGCAGCACGTCTCTTAATAAGACACATTGCCTGATCGTACGCTTATCAGGCCTACAGGATATCTGGCAACTTATTAAAATTGCATGAACTTGTAGGACGGATAAGGCGTTCACGCGCATCCGGCAAAAAAGCCCGCACGTTGTCAGCAACCTGCTTAATATCCCTTCCTCCCTTTCACCCGAAAGGGAGGCACACCAGATTCCTCTCATTTAAAATCGCCCCTCCTCCAGCATCTATACTTATCTTTTTGCTCTATTTTCTCACTGGAGGAGTCATGCGGTGGATCCTGTTCATCCTCTTCTGCCTGCTGGGCGCACCTGCCCACGCGGTATCCATACCCGGCGTTACAACCACAACGACAACGGACTCAACGACTGAACCGGCCCCGGAACCGGATATCGAACAAAAAAAAGCGGCCTATGCGCACTGGCGGATGTGCTGGATAATGACACCTCGCGTAAAGAGTTGATCGACCAGTTGCGCACCGTTGCCGCTACGCCCCTGCTGAACCGGTACC 42 GlutamineATG AAA AGT GTA CTT AAA GTG TCA TTG GCA GCA CTG ACA CTT GCA TTTpermease HGCA GTC TCC AGT CAT GCT GCG GAC AAA AAG TTA GTC GTA GCG ACT GA glnHC ACTGCG TTT GTT CCT TTC GAA TTC AAG CAG GGG GAC AAG TAC GTC GG(EscherichiaC TTT GAC GTA GAC CTT TGG GCC GCC ATT GCA AAA GAG CTT AAG TTG Gcoli EPECAT TAC GAGTTA AAG CCT ATG GAC TTC AGT GGT ATC ATT CCC GCC CTG C C342-62)AA ACG AAA AAC GTG GAT CTT GCG CTT GCA GGC ATT ACT ATT ACC GACGAA CGC AAG AAGGCG ATT GAC TTC AGC GAC GGC TAT TAT AAG TCG GGTCTT TTA GTT ATG GTA AAA GCC AAC AAT AAT GAT GTG AAA AGC GTG AAAGAT TTG GAC GGG AAAGTA GTG GCA GTT AAA TCA GGT ACA GGG AGT GTGGAT TAC GCG AAA GCT AAT ATC AAA ACC AAA GAC TTA CGT CAA TTC CCG AAT ATC GAC AAT GCG TATATG GAA CTG GGG ACG AAC CGT GCG GAT GCG GTG CTG CAC GAT ACA CCC AAC ATC CTT TAT TTC ATT AAA ACA GCT GGT AAT GGT CAA TTT AAA GCT GTAGGC GAC AGC CTG GAA GCC CAG CAA TAC GGG ATC GCG TTC CCT AAG GGC TCT GAT GAG CTT CGT GAC AAG GTAAAC GGG GCG CTT AAA ACG CTG CGT GAAAAC GGA ACG TAC AAT GAA ATCTAT AAG AAG TGG TTC GGA ACC GAG CCC AAA 43 GlutamineATG CAA TTC GAT TGG AGT GCG ATT TGG CCT GCC ATT CCC CTT CTG ATTpermease PGAG GGT GCA AAA ATG ACT CTG TGG ATT TCA GTG CTG GGG TTA GCC GG glnPA GGTCTT GTT ATT GGG TTA TTA GCA GGG TTT GCA CGC ACT TTC GGG GG(EscherichiaA TGG ATT GCA AAT CAT GTT GCG CTG GTC TTC ATC GAA GTC ATT CGT Gcoli B354)GC ACC CCCATC GTG GTC CAA GTG ATG TTT ATT TAC TTC GCG TTG CCA ATG GCA TTT AAC GAT CTT CGT ATT GAT CCA TTT ACT GCG GCA GTG GTGACT ATC ATG ATTAAT AGT GGG GCG TAC ATT GCG GAG ATT ACT CGC GGCGCT GTT CTT TCC ATT CAC AAA GGT TTT CGT GAG GCC GGT TTA GCT CTTGGG CTT TCC CGC TGGGAA ACA ATT CGT TAT GTT ATC TTG CCG CTT GCCTTG CGC CGT ATG TTG CCG CCG CTG GGT AAC CAA TGG ATC ATT TCT ATC AAA GAT ACT TCG CTT TTCATT GTT ATT GGA GTG GCT GAA TTA ACA CGC CAA GGT CAA GAA ATC ATC GCG GGG AAT TTC CGT GCA TTA GAG ATC TGG AGT GCT GTC GCC GTT TTC TACTTG ATC ATT ACG CTG GTG CTG TCC TTT ATT TTG CGC CGC TTG GAG CGT CGC ATG AAG ATT CTT 44 GlutamineATG ATT GAA TTT AAG AAT GTG TCG AAG CAT TTC GGC CCC ACC CAA GTAPermease QCTT CAC AAC ATT GAC CTT AAC ATC GCC CAG GGC GAG GTT GTA GTA AT glnQC ATCGGT CCA TCT GGT AGT GGC AAG TCC ACC TTG CTG CGT TGT ATC AA(EscherichiaT AAA CTT GAG GAA ATC ACC AGC GGA GAC TTA ATT GTG GAC GGT CTT Acoli EPECAA GTC AACGAT CCA AAA GTG GAC GAA CGC TTG ATT CGT CAG GAA GCG G C342-62)GT ATG GTT TTC CAG CAG TTC TAC TTG TTT CCG CAC CTT ACG GCT CTTGAG AAC GTC ATGTTC GGA CCG TTA CGC GTG CGC GGG GCC AAT AAG GAGGAG GCG GAG AAG TTG GCA CGC GAG CTG TTA GCA AAA GTT GGC TTG GCTGAA CGT GCA CAT CATTAC CCT TCT GAG CTG TCA GGT GGG CAA CAG CAACGT GTC GCC ATC GCA CGC GCG CTT GCT GTA AAA CCA AAG ATG ATG CTG TTC GAT GAG CCA ACG TCGGCG CTT GAC CCG GAG TTG CGC CAT GAG GTC CTT AAG GTT ATG CAA GAC TTA GCT GAA GAG GGA ATG ACG ATG GTA ATC GTG ACG CAC GAG ATT GGA TTCGCA GAG AAG GTA GCA TCT CGT TTG ATC TTC ATC GAC AAA GGT CGC ATT GCA GAA GAC GGC GAC CCA CAA GTTCTG ATT AAG AAC CCC CCT TCA CAG CGCCTG CAA GAA TTT CTG CAA CAT GTC TCCTryptophan 45 tryptophanATG AGT TCC GCC ACA AGT CCG GCA CTG GAT TAT GCA TTG CTG TTG TCT aminoTCT TCT GCT CGT AAC CGT ATG CCT TCT GCA ATC CGT TCC CTG TTC CCtransferaseG GCAGAA TTA ATT CCA GGC ATG GTC TCT CTT TTG TCA GGT AAA CCG AA(transaminase)T TCG GAG ACC TTT CCC TTT CAG CGC ATC AGT TTG GAA CTT AAA CCC T(UstilagoCC ATC CATCTG GAG GGA CAG ACC GAG ACA GTG AGC ATC GAA GGT AGC Gmaydis 521)AT TTA GAC ATC GCT CTT CAG TAT TCA GCA ACG AGT GGG TTG CCA AAGTTG GTA GAC TGGATC ATT AAA TTT CAA TCT CGC GTT CAC GCT CGT AAGCAG GTC GAT GAG GGC AAT AAG CCG GGT GAA GTA TGG CGC TGT AGC TTTGGC AAC GGA TCT CAAGAC CTG CTG ACC AAG ACA TTT GAG GCT TTA GTTGAC GCC GGT GAT TCA GTA GTC CTG GAA AGT CCG GCT TAC AGT GGA ATT TTG CCG TCG TTG GTT GCGCAT AAA GCC AAC CTT TTC GAG GCA GAA ACT GAC GCC GAG GGC GTT GAG CCC ACG GCT TTA GAC ACA TTG CTG ACT AAC TGG AAG ACT GAC AGT GCA ACACGT GAC TCT CGT TTT CCC AAG TTT TTA TAT ACT ACC CCG ACT GGT GCA AAT CCG TCC GGG ACA TCA GCC TCTGAT AAT CGC AAG CGT GCG ATC CTT GATATT ATC CGC AAG CAC AAT TTACTT CTG CTG GAG GAT GAT CCT TAC TAT TTT TTG TCA TTC CAA GGG TTGGAA CCG GGG GCT GAC GCG GTC AAA CGC ACTCGT GGG AAG AGC TAT TTTCAG TTG GAA GCT CAG GAC GAC TAT GGC GTC GGC CGT GTT GTT CGC TTT GAT TCA TTT AGT AAG ATC TTG TCT GCC GGA TTACGC CTG GGT TTC GTT ACA GGA CCC AAA GAG ATT CTG GAC GCC ATC GAC CTG GAC ACT TCC TCC CGC AAT TTG CAG ACA AGT GGC ACT TCC CAG GCA ATCGCC TAT GCT TTG TTG TCT AAG TGG GGA ATT GAC GGT TTT TTA CAT CAT GCG GAC AATGTC GCA CGT TTT TAC CAA AAT CGC TTA GAA CGC TTT GAA GCCAGT GCCCAG GCA ATC TTA ACC GGA AGC CCT AGC ATC GCC TCG TGG GTT CGT CCTTCG GCA GGG ATG TTC CTG TGG ATC AAG TTA AAG TTG CCT CCG TCGCCCGAC TCG GCG GAG GGT GAT AGT TTT GAC CTG ATC TCT AAT AAA GCT AAG GCA GCT GGG GTA TTG GCT TTA CCC GGT GTG GCC TTC AAA CCA CCG AGCAGT TCA AGT ACG GGT GGC AAA CGT AAG ACA TCG GCA TAT GTC CGC ACG TCA TTC TCC CAG GTG CCT CTG GAC CAA GTG GAT ACC GCA TTC ACACGC CTGCGT CAG GTG GTA GAG GAG GCC TGG CGT GAG GCT GGA CTT CAAATC CCC GCG 46 Mtr tryptophanATG GCT ACC CTT ACT ACT ACT CAA ACT TCC CCA TCG CTT CTT GGA GGA ArAAPGTC GTT ATC ATC GGT GGA ACT ATC ATC GGA GCA GGG ATG TTT TCA CTtransporterG CCGGTT GTG ATG TCG GGA GCA TGG TTC TTT TGG TCA ATG GCG GCT CT(EscherichiaT ATC TTC ACG TGG TTC TGT ATG TTG CAT AGT GGC CTG ATG ATC CTG Gcoli BL21(DE3))AA GCA AATCTG AAC TAC CGT ATT GGG TCC TCT TTT GAT ACA ATT ACA AAG GAC CTT CTG GGG AAA GGA TGG AAT GTA GTT AAT GGA ATT AGT ATCGCG TTC GTC CTTTAC ATC TTG ACC TAC GCG TAT ATC TCT GCC TCA GGGAGC ATC TTG CAT CAC ACT TTT GCC GAG ATG TCA TTG AAC GTG CCC GCACGC GCT GCT GGC TTTGGT TTT GCA CTG CTT GTG GCA TTC GTA GTC TGGTTA AGT ACG AAG GCT GTG AGC CGT ATG ACC GCT ATC GTC CTT GGG GCT AAA GTA ATT ACC TTC TTTTTA ACA TTC GGC TCG CTG TTA GGA CAC GTG CAG CCT GCC ACT TTG TTC AAT GTG GCT GAA TCA AAC GCC TCG TAT GCC CCC TAT TTA CTT ATG ACT TTGCCG TTT TGT CTG GCT TCC TTC GGT TAT CAC GGA AAC GTG CCA TCA CTG ATG AAA TAT TAT GGT AAG GAT CCTAAA ACA ATT GTG AAG TGC TTG GTA TACGGG ACC TTA ATG GCA CTT GCCCTT TAC ACG ATC TGG CTT CTT GCA ACG ATG GGC AAT ATT CCT CGC CCTGAA TTT ATC GGG ATC GCA GAA AAA GGG GGGAAT ATT GAC GTG CTG GTCCAG GCT TTA TCG GGT GTC TTG AAT AGC CGC TCT TTG GAT CTT TTG TTA GTT GTC TTT TCC AAT TTT GCC GTG GCA TCG AGTTTC TTA GGT GTG ACG CTG GGT CTT TTT GAT TAC CTG GCC GAT CTG TTC GGA TTC GAC GAC AGC GCG GTG GGC CGT CTT AAA ACT GCT TTA TTA ACA TTTGCG CCC CCT GTA GTG GGA GGT CTT CTG TTT CCT AAC GGA TTC TTA TAC GCC ATC GGCTAC GCC GGA TTG GCG GCC ACG ATT TGG GCA GCT ATC GTC CCGGCT TTATTG GCA CGT GCC TCA CGC AAA CGC TTC GGG AGT CCT AAA TTC CGT GTTTGG GGC GGG AAG CCT ATG ATT GCC CTT ATT TTA GTG TTT GGA GTCGGTAAT GCA CTT GTG CAC ATC TTG TCA TCG TTC AAT CTG CTT CCC GTT TA T CAA 47tryptophanATG ACC GAC CAA GCT GAA AAG AAG CAT TCG GCA TTC TGG GGA GTA ATGpermease TnaGTC ATT GCC GGT ACC GTG ATC GGC GGT GGG ATG TTT GCT TTA CCT GT BG GACTTA GCA GGC GCG TGG TTT TTT TGG GGG GCG TTC ATT CTG ATT AT(EscherichiaT GCT TGG TTT TCC ATG CTG CAT AGT GGC TTG CTG CTT CTT GAA GCG Acoli str. K-AT CTT AACTAT CCG GTG GGG TCA AGT TTC AAT ACC ATT ACA AAG GAC C12 substr.TG ATT GGT AAC ACA TGG AAT ATC ATT TCG GGG ATC ACG GTA GCA TTT MC4100)GTA TTG TAT ATTCTT ACA TAT GCT TAT ATC AGT GCG AAT GGC GCA ATCATT TCC GAG ACG ATC TCC ATG AAC CTG GGG TAT CAC GCG AAT CCC CGTATT GTC GGC ATC TGCACA GCG ATT TTT GTT GCG AGC GTA TTA TGG CTGAGT TCG TTG GCA GCT TCG CGT ATT ACT TCC CTT TTC CTT GGT TTG AAA ATC ATC AGC TTC GTA ATTGTG TTT GGG AGT TTT TTT TTC CAG GTC GAC TAC TCC ATT CTT CGC GAT GCA ACA AGT AGC ACA GCA GGC ACC AGT TAC TTC CCA TAT ATC TTT ATG GCCTTA CCG GTT TGT TTA GCG TCT TTT GGT TTT CAT GGT AAT ATC CCC TCA TTA ATT ATT TGC TAC GGC AAG CGCAAG GAC AAA TTA ATT AAG TCT GTT GTTTTC GGC TCC TTG TTG GCG CTTGTA ATC TAT TTA TTT TGG CTT TAT TGT ACG ATG GGG AAC ATC CCT CGCGAA TCC TTT AAG GCT ATT ATT TCT TCA GGAGGC AAC GTA GAC AGT TTGGTA AAA AGT TTT TTG GGT ACG AAG CAG CAT GGT ATC ATC GAG TTT TGT TTA CTT GTT TTC AGT AAT CTT GCC GTT GCT TCCTCA TTC TTT GGC GTG ACT CTG GGG CTT TTT GAT TAT CTG GCA GAT TTA TTC AAG ATC GAC AAC TCG CAT GGC GGG CGC TTC AAA ACG GTT CTG CTT ACATTT CTT CCT CCA GCT TTA CTT TAC CTG ATC TTT CCG AAT GGT TTT ATC TAT GGT ATTGGG GGG GCA GGC CTG TGC GCC ACT ATC TGG GCA GTT ATC ATTCCT GCTGTA TTG GCT ATC AAG GCA CGC AAA AAG TTT CCC AAC CAG ATG TTC ACCGTG TGG GGC GGC AAT TTG ATT CCG GCA ATC GTG ATC TTA TTT GGTATCACG GTT ATT CTT TGC TGG TTC GGC AAT GTG TTT AAC GTC CTG CCT AA G TTT GGA48 aroP ATG GAA GGG CAG CAG CAT GGC GAA CAG CTT AAG CGT GGC CTG AAG AAT(EscherichiaCGT CAT ATC CAG CTT ATC GCA TTA GGC GGA GCT ATT GGG ACC GGC TTcoli O104: H4G TTCTTA GGC TCT GCT TCA GTC ATT CAG TCT GCG GGG CCA GGC ATT ATstr. C227-T TTA GGC TAC GCG ATT GCG GGC TTC ATC GCC TTT TTA ATT ATG CGC C 11)AG CTT GGCGAG ATG GTG GTG GAG GAA CCC GTG GCA GGC AGT TTC TCT CAC TTT GCA TAC AAG TAT TGG GGA AGT TTT GCA GGC TTT GCG AGC GGTTGG AAC TAC TGGGTT CTG TAC GTT CTG GTG GCC ATG GCG GAA CTG ACAGCA GTC GGT AAA TAT ATT CAA TTC TGG TAC CCT GAA ATT CCC ACT TGGGTC TCT GCC GCT GTCTTC TTT GTC GTC ATT AAT GCA ATC AAC TTG ACCAAC GTC AAA GTA TTC GGC GAG ATG GAG TTT TGG TTC GCT ATT ATC AAA GTC ATT GCT GTT GTG GCCATG ATC ATT TTC GGA GGC TGG CTG CTT TTC AGC GGC AAC GGA GGT CCC CAG GCA ACT GTA TCG AAT CTT TGG GAC CAG GGT GGT TTC TTG CCA CAT GGGTTC ACG GGG TTA GTT ATG ATG ATG GCC ATT ATT ATG TTC TCG TTT GGA GGG CTT GAA TTG GTG GGC ATC ACTGCT GCT GAA GCT GAT AAC CCG GAG CAAAGC ATT CCT AAG GCC ACA AATCAA GTG ATC TAT CGC ATC CTT ATC TTT TAC ATT GGA TCG TTG GCA GTATTG CTG AGT TTG ATG CCC TGG ACC CGT GTCACC GCT GAT ACA AGC CCTTTT GTT TTG ATT TTT CAT GAA TTA GGG GAT ACT TTT GTG GCA AAT GCG TTA AAC ATC GTC GTA TTA ACT GCT GCC TTG TCAGTA TAT AAC TCC TGC GTA TAC TGT AAT AGC CGT ATG CTG TTC GGC TTG GCT CAG CAG GGG AAC GCT CCG AAA GCA CTG GCC AGT GTC GAC AAG CGT GGAGTA CCT GTG AAT ACG ATT TTA GTT TCT GCT CTG GTC ACT GCA CTT TGT GTA TTG ATCAAC TAC CTG GCG CCT GAG TCG GCG TTT GGC CTG CTG ATG GCGCTG GTGGTT AGC GCA TTG GTC ATC AAT TGG GCG ATG ATC TCC TTG GCA CAC ATGAAA TTC CGC CGT GCT AAA CAA GAA CAG GGT GTG GTT ACA CAC TTCCCAGCA TTA TTA TAC CCT CTG GGC AAC TGG ATT TGC TTA CTT TTT ATG GCA GCG GTT CTG GTC ATC ATG CTG ATG ACG CCT GGT ATG GCT ATT TCT GTTTAT CTG ATT CCG GTT TGG TTA ATC GTA TTA GGG ATT GGC TAT TTA TTC AAG GAA AAA ACT GCA AAG GCT GTC AAA GCG CAT 49 AromaticATG ACC CGC CAG AAG GCG ACT CTG ATC GGT TTG ATT GCT ATC GTA TTAamino acidTGG TCC ACA ATG GTT GGT TTA ATT CGT GGG GTT TCT GAG GGG CTT GGexporter YddC CCGGTG GGC GGA GCA GCA GCT ATC TAC TCC CTG AGC GGT CTG TTA TT GG ATC TTT ACA GTT GGG TTT CCG CGT ATC CGT CAA ATC CCC AAG GGA T(EscherichiaAC TTA TTGGCG GGG AGT TTA CTT TTT GTG AGC TAT GAA ATT TGC CTT Gcoli TW10598)CC TTG TCT CTG GGC TAC GCA GCG ACA CGC CAT CAA GCA ATT GAG GTAGGG ATG GTT AATTAC CTT TGG CCG TCA TTG ACG ATT CTT TTC GCA ATCTTA TTT AAC GGT CAG AAG ACT AAT TGG TTG ATT GTA CCG GGT TTA TTATTA GCG TTG GTG GGAGTA TGC TGG GTG TTG GGA GGT GAC AAT GGT CTGCAT TAT GAC GAG ATT ATT AAT AAT ATC ACA ACA TCG CCC TTA TCC TAC TTT CTG GCT TTC ATT GGTGCC TTT ATC TGG GCC GCC TAT TGC ACC GTG ACG AAT AAG TAC GCT CGT GGC TTC AAC GGA ATT ACA GTA TTT GTC TTG CTT ACT GGT GCA TCT TTG TGGGTA TAT TAT TTC TTG ACC CCT CAA CCA GAG ATG ATC TTC TCC ACC CCG GTT ATG ATC AAA TTA ATT TCA GCAGCT TTC ACT TTG GGA TTC GCA TAC GCAGCT TGG AAT GTC GGC ATT CTTCAT GGG AAT GTG ACG ATT ATG GCA GTC GGT TCC TAC TTC ACG CCC GTACTT AGT TCC GCT TTA GCA GCG GTA CTG CTGTCG GCG CCT TTG AGT TTTAGT TTC TGG CAG GGT GCC CTG ATG GTG TGT GGG GGC TCC CTT TTG TGC TGG CTT GCT ACC CGC CGT GGT 50 S-ATG GCA AAG CAC CTT TTC ACG TCG GAA TCT GTA TCT GAA GGG CAT CCCadenosyl- GAC AAA ATT GCA GAT CAA ATC TCC GAC GCG GTA CTT GAT GCT ATT CTmethionineG GAACAA GAT CCC AAA GCC CGC GTC GCT TGC GAA ACT TAT GTC AAG AC synthaseA GGC ATG GTG TTA GTC GGC GGC GAG ATC ACT ACC TCT GCG TGG GTG G(UniProtKB/AT ATC GAGGAA ATC ACG CGC AAT ACG GTG CGT GAG ATT GGC TAT GTA CSwiss-Prot:AC TCG GAC ATG GGG TTC GAC GCC AAC AGT TGT GCG GTT TTA AGT GCC P0A817.2)ATT GGG AAA CAGTCA CCT GAT ATT AAT CAG GGG GTG GAT CGT GCG GACCCT CTT GAA CAA GGT GCT GGT GAC CAA GGT CTG ATG TTC GGT TAT GCTACG AAC GAA ACC GATGTG TTG ATG CCC GCC CCG ATC ACA TAC GCC CACCGT CTG GTC CAA CGC CAG GCG GAG GTC CGT AAA AAC GGC ACG CTT CCT TGG CTT CGT CCA GAT GCTAAG TCG CAG GTC ACT TTC CAA TAC GAC GAC GGG AAG ATT GTC GGA ATC GAC GCC GTG GTC TTG TCA ACT CAG CAT TCA GAG GAG ATC GAT CAA AAG AGCCTT CAG GAA GCC GTC ATG GAA GAG ATC ATC AAG CCG ATT CTG CCT GCA GAA TGG TTA ACT TCC GCG ACC AAGTTC TTT ATT AAC CCC ACC GGG CGT TTTGTC ATT GGC GGT CCT ATG GGCGAC TGT GGG TTG ACC GGC CGT AAA ATT ATT GTC GAC ACT TAT GGC GGAATG GCT CGT CAT GGC GGT GGG GCA TTC AGTGGC AAG GAC CCG TCA AAGGTA GAT CGT TCA GCC GCC TAT GCC GCC CGT TAC GTA GCC AAG AAC ATT GTT GCT GCA GGA CTT GCT GAC CGC TGT GAA ATCCAA GTG AGC TAC GCG ATC GGC GTA GCA GAA CCC ACC TCC ATT ATG GTG GAA ACT TTT GGC ACC GAA AAA GTC CCC AGT GAG CAA CTG ACC TTA TTG GTTCGT GAG TTT TTT GAT TTG CGC CCT TAC GGA CTT ATC CAA ATG TTA GAC CTT TTG CACCCA ATC TAC AAA GAA ACT GCA GCA TAC GGT CAC TTT GGA CGCGAG CATTTT CCC TGG GAG AAG ACA GAC AAA GCA CAG CTG TTA CGT GAC GCG GCCGGA TTG AAA 51 adenosylhomoATG ACG GCT ACG ACG CCA CGC CTG AAA CAT GAA GTG AAG GAC CTT GCGcysteinaseCTT GCG CCT TTA GGT CGT CAG CGT ATT GAG TGG GCG GGG CGC GAA AT (AnabaenaG CCTGTT TTA AAG CAA ATC CGC GAC CGC TTT GAA AAA GAA AAG CCC TTcylindricaC GCG GGC CTG CGT ATC TCG GCT TGT GCG CAT GTT ACA ACA GAG ACG GPCC 7122)CT CAT TTAGCA ATT GCC CTG AAG GCC GGG GGA GCT GAT GCC GTA TTG A GenBank:TC GCA AGC AAC CCA CTG TCT ACG CAG GAT GAC GTA GCA GCC TCG CTTAFZ60429.1GTC GCT GAT CATGAG ATC TCT GTG TTT GCA CAA AAG GGC GAA GAC GCCGCG ACG TAC TCG CGT CAC GTC CAA ATT GCG TTG GAC CAC CGC CCC AATATC ATC GTT GAT GACGGT TCC GAC GTA GTA GCT GAA TTA GTA CAG CACCGT CAG AAT CAG ATC GCG GAT CTT ATT GGA TCC ACT GAA GAA ACT ACA ACT GGG ATT GTT CGC CTTCGC GCT ATG TTC AAC GAG GGG GTT TTG ACG TTT CCC GCG ATG AAT GTC AAC GAC GCA GAC ACA AAA CAT TTT TTT GAC AAC CGC TAC GGT ACA GGA CAATCT ACC TTG GAC GGG ATC ATT CGT GCA ACC AAC ATC TTG CTT GCC GGC AAA ACT ATC GTA GTT GTA GGC TATGGC TGG TGC GGA AAG GGG ACC GCA TTACGC GCC CGC GGG ATG GGA GCTAAT GTC ATT GTT ACC GAG ATC GAT CAC ATT AAG GCA ATT GAG GCG GTGATG GAT GGG TTT CGC GTT CTG CCC ATG GCTGAA GCC GCA CCG CAT GGTGAT ATC TTT ATC ACT GTA ACG GGT AAT AAA CAC GTA GTT CGT GGT GAA CAC TTT GAT GTC ATG AAA GAC GGC GCC ATT GTTTGC AAC TCA GGT CAC TTC GAT TTG GAG TTG GAT TTA AAA TAT TTA GCA GCA AAT GCC AAG GAA ATC AAA GAT GTG CGC CCA TTC ACA CAA GAA TAT AAATTA ACC AAC GGC AAA AGC GTA GTG GTA TTA GGA GAG GGG CGT TTG ATT AAT CTT GCAGCG GCA GAA GGT CAT CCG TCG GCA GTT ATG GAC ATG TCT TTCGCC AATCAA GCC TTA GCA GTC GAG TAT TTA GTG AAA AAT AAA GGC TCC TTG GCGGCT GGA TTA CAT TCG ATC CCC CGC GAG GTT GAT GAG GAA ATC GCTCGTTTA AAA TTG CAA GCG ATG GGG ATT TTT ATC GAT TCC CTG ACA GCA GAT CAA ATC GAT TAT ATT AAT TCT TGG CAG TCA GGG ACG 52 Cystathionine-ATG GTA ATG TCG TTA TTC CAC AGT GTT AGC GAT TTA ATC GGT CAC ACA beta-CCT TTA TTA CAA TTG CAT AAG CTT GAT ACA GGA CCC TGT AGT TTG TT synthaseC TTGAAA CTT GAG AAT CAA AAC CCA GGA GGG TCA ATT AAA GAT CGT GT(KlebsiellaA GCG CTT AGC ATG ATT AAC GAA GCG GAA CGT CAG GGA AAA CTT GCG CquasipneumoniaeCA GGA GGAACT ATC ATC GAG GCT ACG GCG GGA AAT ACT GGG TTG GGG C subsp.TT GCT TTG ATC GCA GCC CAG AAA AAC TAC CGT CTT ATC CTT GTA GTTQuasipneumoniae)CCC GAC AAG ATGTCA CGT GAA AAA ATT TTC CAC TTG CGT GCC TTA GGC GenBank:GCA ACC GTG CTT TTG ACC CGT TCA GAC GTG AAC AAG GGG CAC CCG GCACDQ16225.1TAT TAT CAG GAC TATGCT CGC CGC TTG GCA GAT GAG ACT CCA GGG GCGTTC TAC ATT GAC CAA TTC AAT AAT GAT GCC AAT CCT TTA GCA CAT GCA ACA AGC ACG GCC CCT GAGCTG TTC CAA CAA TTA GAA GGG GAC ATC GAT GCC ATT GTG GTT GGT GTT GGG TCG GGT GGA ACG TTG GGC GGC TTG CAG GCC TGG TTC GCA GAA CAC TCTCCC AAA ACA GAG TTC ATC TTG GCT GAT CCA GCT GGG TCG ATT CTT GCC GAC CAG GTA GAC ACA GGC CGC TACGGG GAA ACG GGA AGC TGG CTT GTA GAGGGT ATT GGC GAG GAT TTT ATCCCA CCA CTT GCT CGC CTG GAA GGA GTT CAT ACC GCA TAT CGT GTA TCTGAT CGC GAA GCC TTT CTT ACA GCC CGT CAACTG CTT CAG GTA GAG GGTGTA TTA GCG GGC TCG TCA ACG GGA ACA TTG TTA TCT GCG GCC TTG CGC TAT TGC CGT GCC CAG TCT CGC CCA AAG CGT GTGGTT ACC TTC GCA TGT GAC TCT GGA AAT AAG TAC TTG AGT AAG ATG TTC AAT GAC GAC TGG ATG CGC CAA CAG GGA CTT ATT GCG CGC CCG GAA CAG GGAGAT CTG AGT GAT TTC ATC GCC TTA CGT CAC GAC GAG GGG GCC ACG GTC ACC GCC GCGCCC GAC GAC ACA CTG GCG GCT GTA TTT ACT CGC ATG CGC TTGTAC GATATC TCC CAG CTT CCG GTC TTG GAA GAC GGT CGT GTC GTT GGC ATT GTGGAC GAA TGG GAT TTA ATT CGC CAT GTA CGT GGC GAC CGT CAA CGCTTTTCC CTG CCA GTC AGC GAG GCT ATG TCC CGT CAC GTA GAA ACG TTA GAC AAA CGC GCC CCC GAA TCC GAA TTG CAA GCT ATC TTA GAC CGT GGA CTGGTA GCA GTC ATT GCA GAC AAT GCG CGC TTT CTG GGA CTG GTT ACA CGT TCA GAT GTC TTA ACG GCA TGG CGC AAT CGT GTG GCG CAA 53 cystathionine-ATG TCG TCT ATT CAC ACC CTG TCT GTT CAT AGT GGC ACC TTC ACG GAC gamma-TCA CAT GGC GCG GTG ATG CCC CCA ATC TAT GCC ACC TCC ACG TTC GC lyaseG CAACCT GCG CCC GGA CAG CAC ACC GGA TAT GAA TAC TCG CGC AGT GG(KlebsiellaA AAT CCT ACT CGT CAT GCC TTA GAG ACT GCG ATC GCA GAC CTG GAG ApneumoniaeAT GGA ACGCGC GGG TAC GCA TTT GCC TCG GGC TTG GCA GCG ATC TCG A subsp.CT GTC CTT GAA TTG TTG GAT AAG GAC AGC CAT TTA GTT GCA GTG GATpneumoniaeGAT GTC TAT GGTGGG ACC TAC CGT TTA CTT GAA AAC GTT CGT CGT CGT HS11286)TCT GCT GGG CTG CAA GTG TCG TGG GTC AAG CCA GAC GAT TTA GCG GGG NCBIATT GAG GCG GCT ATCCGT CCT GAC ACC CGT ATG ATC TGG GTC GAA ACA ReferenceCCT ACT AAT CCT TTG CTG AAA TTA GCC GAT TTG AGC GCC ATC GCA GC Sequence:T ATC GCA CGC CGT CAC AATCTT ATT TCA GTT GCG GAT AAC ACG TTC GCYP_005228837.1T TCA CCA GCC ATC CAC CGT CCT CTT GAA CAC GGT TTC GAC ATT GTG GTG CAT TCT GCG ACA AAA TAC TTAAAT GGA CAT TCC GAT GTG GTT GCG GGG TTA GCT GTC GTC GGA GAT AAC TCC GGC TTA GCC GAG AAA TTA GGTTAT TTA CAA AAT GCA GTT GGC GGG GTATTA GAC CCC TTT TCC TCG TTCCTT ACA TTG CGC GGC ATC CGC ACT CTG GCA CTG CGT ATG GAA CGT CATAGC GCG AAT GCA CTG CAG TTA GCC GAA TGGTTG GAA CAA CAG CCC GAAGTA GAG CGT GTA TGG TTT CCT TGG CTG GCC TCC CAT CCT CAT CAT CAA TTG GCA CGT CAG CAG ATG GCA TTA CCT GGC GGGATG ATT AGC GTA GTA GTC AAA GGA GAT GAG GGA TAT GCT GAG CGC ATC ATC AGT AAA CTG CGT TGG TTC ACT CTT GCC GAG TCT TTA GGC GGC GTC GAGTCG TTA GTT TCC CAG CCG TTC TCA ATG ACA CAT GCT TCG ATC CCA CTT GAA AAG CGTCTT GCG AAC GGC ATT ACG CCC CAG CTT ATT CGC CTT AGT GTGGGG ATCGAA GAC CCA CAT GAT CTT ATC GCG GAT TGG CAA CAA GCC CTG CGT GCC GAA 54cysteine ATG GAG TTA TAC GAG TGC ATC CAG GAC ATC TTC TCG GGG TTG AAA AACdioxygenaseCCT TCC GTG AAA GAT CTG GCA ACA TCC CTG AAA CAA ATC CCG AAT GC (BacillusA GCTAAA TTA TCT CAG CCT TAC ATT AAA GAG CCT GAC CAG TAT GCA TAsubtilis subC GGT CGC AAT GCC ATC TAC CGT AAC AAC GAG TTG GAG ATT ATT GTT Asp. subtilisTC AAC ATTCCT CCC AAC AAA GAG ACA ACC GTA CAC GAT CAC GGA CAA Tstr. BAB-1)CC ATT GGA TGC GCA ATG GTT CTG GAA GGT AAA TTA CTT AAT AGC ATT GenBank:TAT CGT TCT GCTGGT GAG CAC GCC GAG CTG TCC AAC TCT TAC TTT GTTAGI30235.1CAC GAG GGG GAA TGC CTT ATC TCG ACT AAA GGC TTG ATT CAC AAA ATGAGC AAC CCC ACA AGCGAG CGC ATG GTA TCG TTG CAT GTT TAT TCG CCACCG CTT GAG GAC ATG ACA GTA TTT GAG GAA CAG AAA GAG GTG TTA AA G AAC TCT55 GlutamateATG AGC GTT AGT AAA AAA CTG TTC TCT ACG GCT GTG CGT GGT AAG AGCOxaloacetateTGG TGG TCA CAC GTC GAG ATG GGC CCT CCT GAT GCG ATT TTG GGG GTTransaminaseG ACTGAA GCT TTC AAA GCT GAT TCT AAC CCC AAG AAG ATC AAT TTG GG(CaenorhabditisC GTG GGA GCG TAC CGT GAT GAC CAA GGA AAA CCG TTC GTA CTT CCT A elegans)GC GTC AAGGAA GCC GAA CGT CAA GTT ATT GCA GCA AAT CTT GAC AAG G NCBIAG TAC GCC GGG ATC GTT GGC CTG CCT GAA TTC ACG AAA CTT AGT GCT ReferenceCAG TTA GCA TTAGGG GAA AAC AGT GAC GTA ATC AAA AAC AAG CGT ATT Sequence:TTT ACG ACG CAA AGT ATT TCT GGG ACT GGT GCG CTG CGT ATT GGA AGTNP_741811.1GAG TTC CTG AGT AAATAT GCA AAG ACT AAG GTT ATC TAT CAA CCC ACGCCT ACA TGG GGA AAC CAC GTG CCT ATC TTC AAG TTC GCG GGC GTG GAT GTG AAA CAG TAT CGT TATTAT GAC AAG TCT ACA TGT GGA TTT GAT GAG ACG GGG GCA TTG GCT GAT ATT GCG CAA ATC CCC GAA GGT AGC ACT ATT TTG CTG CAC GCG TGC GCA CATAAC CCA ACG GGG GTC GAC CCT AGT CGT GAC CAA TGG AAA AAG ATT TCA GAT ATT GTT AAG AAA CGC AAT TTGTTC GTG TTT TTT GAC ATG GTG AAT GAGTCA GTC CTG AGT CCG TTA CTGCCT CGC ACG CTT ATG CGC CTG CTT GTG TTG TTA CTG AAA TCC CGC AGTCTT TTC GCC CAC TCA ACA CCC ACC CAT CAGTCG ATG GAA TTA GCT CTTTTG CCG GCC TCG TCG CGT ATC CAA CTT TCT ACC TCC AAT GGG TCA GAA ATG TCC AGC TCT TGG CTT ATC GTC AGC AGC CCT 56 methionineATG AAA CGC GAC CAA CAT TTT GAA ACA CGC GCG ATC CAT ACT GGT TACgamma lyaseAAG CCG AAC GAG CAT TTT GAT AGC TTG ACT CCC CCT ATT TAC CAA AC (BacillusC AGCACG TTC ACA TTT GCA TCA ATG GAG CAA GGT GGC AAC CGT TTC GChaloduransA GGC GAG GAA GCA GGA TAT GTT TAT TCA CGC CTG GGG AAC CCC ACC G C-125)TG CAA ATTTTG GAA CAA CGC ATT GCT GAG TTG GAG GGT GGG GAG GCA G GenBank:CT CTT GCC TTT GGA TCT GGC ATG GCT GCT GTC AGT GCG ATT TTG GTGBAB04518.1GGG CTT ACG AAGGCC AAC GAC CAC ATC TTA GTG AGC AAT GGA GTG TATGGT TGT ACG TTT GGG TTG TTA ACG ATG TTA AAG GAA AAA TAC AAC ATCGAC GCC ACT TTC AGTCCG ATG GAC AGC GTA GAG GAA ATC CTG GCA AACATC CAG GAT AAT ACC ACG TGC ATT TAT GTG GAA ACA CCT ATC AAC CCC ACC ATG CAG TTA ATC GATTTG GAA CTG GTT GTG CGC GTA GCG AAG GAA AAG GGT ATT AAG GTA ATC GTT GAT AAC ACG TTT GCC ACA CCA TAC TTA CAA CAA CCG ATT GCT CTG GGATGT GAC TTC GTT GTC CAT TCG GCC ACG AAA TAC ATC GGG GGT CAT GGG GAC GTG GTC GCC GGA GTG CTG ATTGGA GAC AAG GAA ACA ATT CAG TTG ATCCGT AAG ACC ACC CAG AAG GATATG GGG GGC GTA ATT TCT CCA TTT GAT GCG TGG CTG CTG TTG CGC GGATTG AAA ACA CTT GCA GTA CGT ATG GAT CGCCAT TGC GAG AAT GCT GAAAAA TTG GCC GAG AAA CTG AAA GAG CAT CCA AAA GTA AGT ACG GTT CTG TAC CCG GGA GAC TTT GAG CAT CCC GAT CAC TCCATC GTC GCC AAA CAG ATG AAA AAG GGA GGC GGT TTA TTA AGC TTT GAG ATC AAG GGG ACT GAG GCG GAC ATC GCC AAA GTT GTA AAT CAG TTA AAA CTGATT CGT ATT GCT GTT AGT TTG GGT GAC GCA GAG ACC TTG ATT CAG CAT CCT GCA ACCATG ACC CAT GCA GTA GTA CCC GAA AAG CGC CGC ACT CAA ATGGGT ATTAGT AAA AAG TTG TTA CGC ATG TCG GCC GGG TTA GAG GCC TGG CAA GATGTC TGG GCT GAC TTA GAG CAG GCG TTA AAT CAA CTG 57 MethionineATG ACC GCG ATT CCG GCC TTG GCA GAC CTG CAG GCT CGT TAT GCC GACaminotransferaseTTA CAA GGG CGT GGT CTG AAG TTA GAT ATG ACG CGC GGT AAA CCG GC(MethylobacteriumG CCAGAG CAG TTG GAT TTA TCG GAC GAT CTT TTC ACT TTA CCA GGT AAaquaticum)C CGC GAT CAC CGC ACA GAG AGC GGA GAA GAC GCG CGT AAT TAC GGC G GenBank:GA GTA CAGGGC CTG GCT GAG GTC CGT GCC TTA TTC GCC CCT GTG CTT GBAQ48233.1GT GCG TCA CCC GAT CGC ATT GCC GTA GGT AAT AAC TCA TCG TTG GCATTG ATG CAT GACTGC ATT GCC TAT GCA TTG CTT AAG GGT GTA CCC GGCGGC GCT CGT CCT TGG GCA AAG GAA GAG GAG ATT CGT TTT TTA TGC CCAGTC CCA GGG TAC GACCGT CAC TTC GCT CTG TGC GAG ACC TAC GGG ATTGGA ATG ATT CCA GTC CCT ATG ACC GCT GAC GGG CCT GAT ATG GAA ATG GTT GAA CGT GAG GTA CGCGAT CCA CGC GTC AAA GGT ATG TGG GCG GTG CCG CAG TAT AGT AAC CCA GGC GGT GAG ACA TAC TCC GAC GCG ACT GTT GAG CGC CTG GCT CGT ATG GAAACC GGT GCC CCT GAC TTC CGT CTT TTT TGG GAC AAC GCG TAT GCA CTT CAC CAT TTG ACC GAA CGT CGC CCAACC CTT CGT AAT GTG TTA GAT GCC TGTGCG GAA GCC GGG TCA CCG GATCGT GCT ATT GTG TTT GCT AGT ACG TCG AAA GTT ACA CTG GCG GGG GCAGGC CTT GCG ATG CTT GCG TCC AGC GAG GGCAAT ATT CGC TGG TAT TTAGCT AAC GCC GGC AAA CGC TCA ATT GGT CCA GAT AAG CTT AAC CAG TTG CGC CAT GTT CGC TTT CTG CGT GAC CAG GGC GGACTT GAT GCA TTA ATG GAC GGC CAC CGC CGT CTT TTA GCT CCT AAG TTC CGC GCT GTA ACG GAA ACC CTT GCT CGT CAT CTG GGC GGG ACT GGA GTA GCGCGC TGG AGC GAG CCG GAA GGG GGG TAC TTT ATC CTG CTG GAA GTC CCT GAG GGC TGTGCG ACA CGC GTA GTT AAG CTT GCT GCT GCT TGC GGA CTG GCTCTG ACGCCC GCA GGG GCG ACG CAC CCA TAC GGG CGT GAC CCT CAA GAT AAG CTGTTA CGT CTT GCC CCG TCA TAC CCG AAA CCA GCG GAG GTC GAG GCAGCCGCT GAG GTA GTC GCT GTG TGC GTT TTA CTT GCG GCA GCT GAA AGC CGC GAA GCT GGC GGT TCG GGG CAG GTT GCT GCA 58 Aro10pATG GCA CCC GTC ACT ATT GAG AAA TTC GTG AAT CAA GAA GAG CGT CATdecarboxylaseTTA GTG AGC AAT CGT TCC GCC ACG ATC CCT TTT GGA GAA TAT ATT TT(SaccharomycesC AAGCGC CTT CTT TCC ATT GAC ACC AAA AGC GTC TTC GGG GTT CCC GGcerevisiaeC GAC TTC AAT TTA TCT TTA TTG GAA TAT TTA TAC TCG CCC TCC GTG G YJM1615)AA TCT GCGGGT CTT CGT TGG GTT GGC ACC TGT AAC GAG TTA AAT GCA G GenBank:CC TAC GCT GCA GAT GGA TAT TCC CGC TAC TCT AAT AAA ATT GGA TGCAJV21157.1TTA ATC ACC ACATAC GGC GTA GGA GAA CTG AGT GCG CTT AAT GGA ATCGCG GGG TCA TTC GCT GAA AAT GTA AAG GTT CTG CAT ATC GTA GGG GTCGCC AAG TCC ATT GATTCC CGT TCG TCT AAC TTC TCG GAT CGT AAC TTACAT CAC TTG GTC CCG CAG TTA CAT GAT TCG AAC TTT AAA GGA CCC AAC CAT AAG GTC TAT CAC GACATG GTT AAA GAT CGT GTC GCA TGT TCC GTC GCC TAC CTG GAG GAT ATT GAG ACG GCC TGT GAC CAA GTT GAT AAC GTG ATC CGT GAC ATT TAT AAG TATTCA AAA CCT GGT TAC ATT TTC GTC CCA GCC GAC TTT GCC GAC ATG TCC GTA ACC TGC GAC AAC TTG GTC AATGTA CCG CGT ATC AGC CAA CAA GAT TGTATT GTC TAC CCC AGC GAG AACCAA CTG TCA GAC ATC ATT AAT AAA ATC ACT AGC TGG ATC TAC TCG TCTAAG ACT CCA GCA ATC CTT GGA GAC GTC TTAACT GAT CGT TAT GGG GTATCA AAC TTT CTG AAC AAA CTG ATC TGC AAA ACC GGT ATC TGG AAC TTC TCC ACC GTG ATG GGA AAA TCA GTC ATT GAC GAGAGT AAC CCA ACT TAT ATG GGT CAA TAC AAC GGC AAA GAA GGT CTT AAA CAG GTC TAT GAA CAT TTC GAG CTG TGT GAT TTG GTT TTA CAC TTC GGA GTAGAT ATT AAC GAG ATC AAT AAT GGT CAC TAC ACG TTC ACT TAC AAG CCA AAT GCG AAAATT ATT CAA TTC CAC CCT AAT TAT ATT CGT TTA GTA GAC ACTCGT CAGGGG AAT GAA CAA ATG TTC AAA GGC ATC AAT TTT GCG CCA ATC TTG AAAGAG TTG TAT AAG CGT ATC GAC GTC TCT AAA TTA TCG TTG CAA TACGATTCC AAT GTA ACA CAA TAC ACC AAT GAG ACT ATG CGT CTG GAG GAC CCA ACG AAT GGT CAA TCG AGC ATC ATT ACC CAA GTA CAC CTG CAA AAG ACCATG CCG AAA TTT TTG AAT CCC GGC GAC GTC GTC GTG TGT GAG ACT GGT AGT TTC CAA TTC AGT GTA CGC GAC TTC GCA TTC CCC AGT CAG TTGAAA TATATC AGC CAG GGT TTC TTT TTA TCC ATT GGT ATG GCC TTG CCTGCC GCG TTG GGG GTT GGG ATC GCA ATG CAG GAT CAT TCC AAC GCG CATATT AAC GGAGGG AAC GTC AAA GAA GAC TAC AAG CCC CGC TTA ATT TTGTTT GAA GGT GAC GGC GCC GCG CAG ATG ACC ATC CAG GAG CTT AGC ACG ATC CTT AAA TGCAAT ATC CCT TTG GAG GTC ATT ATC TGG AAT AAC AAT GGA TAC ACT ATC GAG CGT GCC ATC ATG GGT CCA ACA CGT TCA TAT AAC GAT GTG ATG TCG TGGAAA TGG ACA AAG TTG TTC GAA GCC TTT GGG GAT TTC GAT GGT AAG TAT ACG AAT TCG ACT TTA ATT CAG TGT CCT AGCAAA TTA GCG TTA AAA CTT GAAGAA TTG AAG AAT TCT AAT AAG CGT TCGGGG ATC GAA CTG TTA GAA GTG AAG CTG GGT GAG CTT GAC TTC CCA GAGCAA TTG AAG TGT ATG GTA GAG GCCGCA GCT CTT AAA CGT AAT AAG 59 MethionineATG TTT GAG AAG TAT TTT CCA AAT GTT GAC TTG ACC GAG TTA TGG AAT importGCC ACA TAT GAA ACT CTG TAT ATG ACA TTG ATT TCC TTA CTG TTT GC systemC TTCGTA ATC GGC GTC ATC CTG GGA TTG CTG TTA TTC TTA ACA TCT AA permeaseG GGG TCT CTT TGG CAA AAT AAA GCA GTA AAT TCC GTT ATC GCA GCC Gprotein MetPTT GTC AACATC TTT CGT TCA ATT CCC TTC CTT ATT TTA ATC ATC CTG C(Bacillus TT CTT GGT TTC ACT AAA TTC TTA GTG GGA ACA ATT TTG GGA CCA AATsubtilis) GCG GCT CTT CCCGCG TTA GTC ATC GGT AGT GCT CCC TTT TAT GCT CGTGenBank: CTG GTC GAA ATC GCA CTT CGT GAA GTG GAC AAA GGA GTG ATT GAG GCGKIX81758.1GCG AAA TCG ATG GGGGCT AAG ACG AGC ACT ATT ATT TTT AAG GTT CTTATC CCC GAG TCC ATG CCC GCG CTG ATT TCC GGA ATT ACA GTG ACT GCG ATT GCA TTG ATC GGG TCAACC GCC ATC GCA GGA GCT ATT GGT TCT GGT GGA TTG GGA AAC TTA GCA TAC GTT GAA GGC TAT CAA TCG AAT AAT GCG GAT GTG ACC TTC GTG GCC ACAGTT TTC ATC CTG ATT ATT GTT TTC ATC ATT CAG ATC ATT GGT GAC CTT ATT ACC AAC ATC ATC GAT AAA CGC 60 DL-ATG ATT AAA CTG AGC AAC ATT ACT AAG GTG TTC CAC CAA GGT ACA CGTmethionineACG ATC CAG GCT CTT AAT AAT GTG TCA CTG CAC GTT CCT GCT GGT CAtransporterG ATTTAT GGG GTT ATC GGT GCC AGT GGG GCT GGG AAG AGC ACT CTG ATsubunit MetNC CGC TGC GTC AAT CTG TTA GAG CGC CCT ACA GAG GGC TCG GTA CTG G(EscherichiaTG GAC GGTCAA GAG TTG ACT ACT CTG TCG GAG TCC GAG TTG ACA AAA Gcoli K-12])CA CGC CGC CAG ATT GGC ATG ATT TTC CAA CAT TTC AAT TTG TTA TCG GenBank:AGC CGT ACA GTTTTC GGG AAC GTG GCC TTA CCA CTG GAG TTG GAC AATCQR79802.1ACT CCC AAA GAC GAA GTC AAA CGT CGT GTG ACC GAA TTA TTG TCC TTGGTG GGT CTT GGT GACAAA CAC GAC AGT TAT CCC AGT AAT TTG AGT GGCGGG CAA AAA CAG CGT GTT GCC ATC GCA CGC GCA TTA GCT TCG AAT CCC AAG GTG CTG TTA TGT GATGAA GCG ACC AGC GCC CTT GAC CCA GCC ACA ACT CGT AGC ATC CTG GAG CTT TTG AAA GAT ATC AAT CGT CGC CTG GGT TTG ACC ATC TTA TTG ATT ACGCAC GAG ATG GAC GTT GTA AAG CGT ATC TGT GAC TGT GTA GCG GTG ATC TCC AAC GGT GAA TTA ATC GAA CAGGAC ACC GTA TCG GAG GTC TTC TCA CATCCT AAG ACA CCC CTT GCA CAAAAA TTC ATC CAA AGC ACG CTG CAT TTA GAT ATT CCT GAA GAT TAT CAGGAA CGC CTG CAG GCT GAA CCG TTT ACT GATTGC GTT CCA ATG CTT CGCTTA GAG TTC ACA GGG CAA TCG GTT GAC GCT CCC TTA TTG AGT GAA ACC GCC CGC CGT TTC AAT GTT AAT AAC AAC ATC ATTTCC GCG CAA ATG GAC TAC GCG GGG GGT GTT AAA TTT GGA ATC ATG TTA ACC GAA ATG CAC GGC ACA CAG CAG GAT ACA CAG GCG GCG ATC GCA TGG CTGCAG GAA CAT CAT GTT AAA GTA GAA GTC CTT GGG TAT GTG 61 metIATGTCTGAGCCGATGATGTGGCTGCTGGTTCGTGGCGTATGGGAAACGCTGGCAATGACCTTC(EscherichiaGTATCCGGTTTTTTTGGCTTTGTGATTGGTCTGCCGGTTGGCGTTCTGCTTTATGTCACGCGT coli)CCGGGGCAAATTATTGCTAACGCGAAGCTGTATCGTACCGTTTCTGCGATTGTGAACATTTTCCGTTCCATCCCGTTCATTATCTTGCTTGTATGGATGATTCCGTTTACCCGCGTTATTGTCGGTACATCGATTGGTTTGCAGGCAGCGATTGTTCCGTTAACCGTTGGTGCAGCACCGTTTATTGCCCGTATGGTCGAGAACGCTCTGCTGGAGATCCCAACCGGGTTAATTGAAGCTTCCCGCGCAATGGGTGCCACGCCGATGCAGATCGTCCGTAAGGTGCTGTTACCGGAAGCGCTGCCGGGTCTGGTGAATGCGGCAACTATCACCCTGATTACCCTGGTCGGTTATTCCGCGATGGGTGGTGCAGTCGGTGCCGGTGGTTTAGGTCAGATTGGCTATCAGTATGGCTACATCGGCTATAACGCGACGGTGATGAATACGGTACTGGTATTGCTGGTCATTCTGGTTTATTTAATTCAGTTCGCAGGCGACCGCATCGTCCGGGCTGTCACTCGCAAGTAA 62 metQATGGCGTTCAAATTCAAAACCTTTGCGGCAGTGGGAGCCCTGATCGGATCACTGGCACTGGTA(EscherichiaGGCTGCGGTCAGGATGAAAAAGATCCAAACCACATTAAAGTCGGCGTGATTGTTGGTGCCGAA coli)CAGCAGGTTGCAGAAGTCGCGCAGAAAGTTGCGAAAGACAAATATGGCCTGGACGTTGAGCTGGTAACCTTCAACGACTATGTTCTGCCAAACGAAGCATTGAGCAAAGGCGATATCGACGCCAACGCCTTCCAGCATAAACCGTACCTTGATCAGCAACTGAAAGATCGTGGCTACAAACTGGTCGCAGTAGGCAACACTTTTGTTTATCCGATTGCTGGTTACTCCAAGAAAATCAAATCACTGGATGAACTGCAGGATGGTTCGCAGGTTGCCGTGCCAAACGACCCAACTAACCTTGGTCGTTCACTGCTGCTGCTGCAAAAAGTGGGCTTGATCAAACTGAAAGATGGCGTTGGCCTGCTGCCGACCGTTCTTGATGTTGTTGAGAACCCCAAAAATCTGAAAATTGTTGAACTGGAAGCACCGCAACTGCCGCGTTCTCTGGACGACGCGCAAATCGCTCTGGCAGTTATCAATACCACCTATGCCAGCCAGATTGGCCTGACTCCGGCGAAAGACGGTATCTTTGTTGAAGATAAAGAGTCCCCGTACGTAAACCTGATCGTGACGCGTGAAGATAACAAAGACGCCGAGAACGTGAAGAAATTCGTCCAGGCTTATCAGTCTGACGAAGTTTACGAAGCAGCAAACAAAGTGTTTAACGGCGGAGCTGTTAAAGGCTGGTAA 63 MetEATG ACG ACT ATC AAA ACA TCA AAT CTG GGC TTC CCT CGC ATT GGA CTT(Bacillus AAT CGC GAA TGG AAA AAA TCA CTG GAA GCG TTT TGG AAA GGT AAC AGatrophaeusC GACAAA GAT ACA TTT CTT AAG CAG ATG GAT GAG TTA TTT CTT ACT GCUCMB-5137)C GTA AAA ACC CAG ATT GAT CAA AAA ATC GAC ATC GTG CCC GTG AGC G GenBank:AC TTC ACTCAC TAC GAC CAC GTT CTT GAC ACA GCT ATC TCT TTT AAT TAKL84080.1GG ATT CCA GAA CGC TTT AAA CAC ATT ACG GAT GCG ACT GAT ACA TATTTC GCG CTG GCACGT GGC ATT AAG GAT GCT GTT AGT TCG GAA ATG ACTAAG TGG TTT AAT ACC AAT TAC CAC TAT ATC GTT CCG GAA TAC AAT AAAGAC ATC GAA TTC CGTTTA ACC CGC AAC AAG CAG TTA GAG GAC TAC CGCCGC GTC AAA CAA GCG TTT GGC GTC GAA ACT AAA CCC GTC ATT GTC GGT CCT TAC ACA TTC GTG ACGCTT GCC AAG GGC TAC GAA CAA AGT GAG GCC AAA GAA ATC CAA AAG CGT TTA GTC CCA TTG TAT GTG CAA TTA TTG AAA GAA TTG GAA CAA GAG GGC GTGCAG TGG GTA CAA ATC GAT GAG CCA GCA CTT GTG ACA GCC TCA TCC GAG GAT GTT AGC GCG GCC AAG GAG TTATAC CAG GCC ATT ACG AAT GAG TTA TCCGGC TTG AAT GTC CTT TTG CAGACT TAC TTC GAT TCT GTT GAT GCT TAT GAG GAG TTA ATC AGC TAC CCGGTA CAG GGT ATC GGC TTG GAT TTT GTA CACGAT AAA GGG CGC AAC TTGGAG CAA TTA AAA GCG CAT GGA TTT CCG AAG GAT AAG GTA TTA GCA GCT GGT GTT ATT GAT GGT CGT AAC ATT TGG AAG ACGGAT TTA GAT GAG CGC TTG GAC GCC ATC CTT GCG CTG TTA TCT TCG ACG GAC ATT GAC GAA TTA TGG ATT CAA CCA AGC AAT TCG CTT CTT CAT GTA CCAGTA GCA AAG CAC CCA GAC GAG CAC CTG GAG AAG GAT CTG TTG AAT GGC TTG AGT TACGCA AAA GAA AAG CTG GCA GAA CTG TCC GCT TTA AAA GAG GGTTTG TTATCG GGT AAA GCG GCA ATC TCG GCC GAC ATT CAG CAG GCC AAA GCG GATTTA CAG GCC CTG AAG CAA TTC GCC ACC GGG GCT AAC AGT GAG CAGAAAGAG GAA TTA AAT CAG TTG ACC GAG AAA GAC TTT AAG CGC CCG ATC CCC TTC GAA GAG CGC CTG AAA ATC CAG AAT GAA TCC TTG GGG CTT CCC CTGCTT CCT ACT ACG ACT ATT GGT TCT TTT CCT CAA AGC GCC GAG GTG CGT TCG GCG CGC CAA AAG TGG CGC AAA AGT GAG TGG AGC GAC GAG CAATAT CAAGAA TTT ATC AAC GCG GAA ACG AAG CGC TGG ATC GAC ATT CAGGAA GAG CTT GAT CTT GAC GTT TTA GTA CAT GGA GAG TTC GAG CGC ACCGAC ATG GTCGAA TAT TTC GGT GAG AAA CTG GCT GGA TTC GCG TTT ACTAAA TAC GCA TGG GTC CAG AGC TAC GGA TCC CGC TGT GTA CGC CCT CCC GTC ATC TAT GGGGAC GTG GAG TTT ATT GAA CCT ATG ACT GTC AAG GAC ACA GTG TAC GCT CAA TCT TTA ACG AGT AAG CAG GTT AAA GGG ATG TTG ACT GGC CCG GTC ACAATC TTG AAT TGG AGC TTC CCG CGT AAC GAC ATT AGC CGT AAG GAG ATC GCC TTC CAA ATC GGG TTA GCT CTT CGC AAAGAG GTC AAG GCG TTG GAA GATGCT GGT ATT CAA ATC ATC CAA GTT GACGAA CCG GCC CTG CGT GAA GGG CTG CCT CTG AAA GAA AAC GAT TGG GAAGAG TAT TTA ACG TGG GCC GCG GAGGCG TTC CGC TTA ACT ACT TCG GCTGTG AAA AAC GAC ACT CAG ATT CAT ACA CAC ATG TGT TAT TCC AAT TTT GAG GAC ATT GTC GAC ACA ATT AAT GACTTG GAT GCG GAC GTC ATT ACA ATC GAA CAC TCC CGC AGT CAC GGT GGG TTC TTG GAC TAC TTG CGC GAT CAT CCG TAT CTT AAA GGT TTA GGT CTT GGCGTG TAC GAT ATT CAC AGC CCT CGT GTA CCC CCG ACA GAG GAA ATT TAT AAG ATC ATT GAC GAAGCC CTG ACC GTA TGT CCT ACT GAC CGC TTC TGG GTAAAC CCA GAC TGCGGG CTG AAG ACC CGT CAC CAG GAG GAA ACG ATT GCC GCG TTG AAG AACATG GTC GAG GCT GCT AAA CAG GCT CGT GCC AAA CAG AGTCAA CTT GTC 64 BrnFATG CAG AAA ACA CAG GAG ATT CAC AGC TCG TTA GAG GTT AGC CCC AGT(CorynebacteriumAAA GCT GCT CTG GAG CCC GAC GAT AAG GGG TAT CGT CGT TAC GAA ATglutamicum)C GCACAA GGC CTG AAG ACC TCT CTT GCT GCA GGC CTG GGA ATG TAT CC GenBank:T ATC GGA ATT GCA TTC GGC TTA CTG GTG ATT CAA TAT GGT TAT GAA TAAM46686.1GG TGG GCCGCT CCA CTG TTC TCC GGC CTG ATT TTT GCG GGG TCT ACG GAG ATG CTT GTA ATT GCA CTT GTG GTC GGC GCT GCT CCG CTG GGT GCCATT GCC CTT ACGACC TTA CTT GTT AAT TTC CGT CAT GTT TTC TAT GCCTTT TCC TTT CCC TTG CAC GTT GTT AAA AAC CCT ATT GCG CGC TTC TATTCT GTA TTC GCT CTTATT GAT GAA GCA TAC GCT GTT ACA GCC GCT CGTCCC GCC GGT TGG AGT GCA TGG CGT CTG ATT TCA ATG CAG ATT GCG TTC CAC TCC TAC TGG GTA TTTGGA GGC TTG ACC GGT GTA GCA ATC GCA GAG TTA ATT CCT TTC GAG ATC AAA GGC CTG GAG TTC GCA CTT TGT TCG TTA TTT GTA ACT CTT ACT TTA GACAGT TGT CGC ACT AAG AAA CAA ATT CCG AGT TTG TTA TTG GCT GGA CTG AGC TTT ACT ATC GCG TTA GTA GTGATC CCC GGC CAA GCT CTG TTC GCT GCGTTA CTT ATC TTT CTG GGG CTTCTG ACA ATC CGT TAT TTT TTC TTA GGG AAG GCA GCC AAA 65 BrnEATG ACG ACT GAT TTC TCC TGC ATC CTG TTG GTG GTC GCG GTA TGT GCA(CorynebacteriumGTC ATT ACA TTT GCG CTT CGT GCC GTA CCT TTT CTG ATC TTG AAA CCglutamicum)C TTGCGT GAA TCG CAA TTT GTG GGA AAA ATG GCC ATG TGG ATG CCT GC GenBank:G GGC ATT CTG GCA ATC CTG ACG GCT TCT ACC TTC CGT TCA AAC GCC AAAM46685.1TC GAT TTAAAG ACG TTG ACG TTC GGT CTG ATT GCC GTG GCA ATC ACA GTC GTA GCC CAC TTA TTA GGA GGC CGT CGC ACC TTA TTA TCT GTT GGCGCT GGA ACA ATTGTG TTT GTA GGT CTT GTT AAT TTG TTT Threonine 66threonine 3-ATG AAG GCC CTG AGC AAA TTG AAA GCC GAG GAG GGG ATC TGG ATG ACCdehydrogenaseGAT GTT CCT GAA CCA GAA GTG GGG CAC AAC GAC CTT TTA ATC AAA AT(SalmonellaT CGCAAG ACT GCA ATC TGC GGG ACA GAC GTA CAT ATC TAT AAC TGG GA entericaC GAG TGG AGT CAA AAA ACT ATT CCC GTC CCT ATG GTG GTC GGG CAC G subsp.AG TAT GTCGGA GAG GTT GTA GGA ATC GGA CAA GAA GTC AAA GGA TTT A entericaAA ATC GGG GAT CGT GTG AGT GGG GAG GGT CAC ATT ACC TGT GGG CAT serovarTGC CGC AAT TGCCGT GGA GGA CGC ACA CAT TTG TGC CGT AAC ACT ACA Typhistr.GGC GTA GGC GTG AAT CGT CCC GGA TGT TTC GCG GAA TAC CTT GTC ATT CT18)CCA GCG TTT AAC GCCTTT AAG ATC CCT GAC AAC ATT TCA GAT GAT TTA GenBank:GCA TCC ATT TTT GAC CCA TTC GGT AAC GCG GTC CAT ACT GCG TTG AGCAD03286.1C TTC GAC TTA GTT GGA GAAGAT GTA TTA GTT TCC GGC GCC GGA CCG ATT GGC GTC ATG GCA GCT GCC GTT GCG AAG CAC GTG GGC GCA CGT CAT GTG GTA ATT ACG GAC GTA AAT GAGTAT CGT CTG GAG CTG GCA CGT AAA ATG GGG GTT ACA CGT GCC GTA AAC GTT GCG AAA GAG TCT TTA AAC GATGTC ATG GCT GAA CTG GGC ATG ACG GAAGGG TTT GAT GTC GGA CTG GAAATG TCC GGT GCC CCG CCA GCC TTC CGT ACC ATG TTG GAC ACC ATG AACCAT GGG GGC CGT ATC GCA ATG TTG GGA ATTCCC CCG AGC GAC ATG TCTATC GAC TGG ACA AAG GTA ATT TTT AAA GGC CTG TTC ATT AAG GGG ATT TAC GGT CGT GAG ATG TTT GAG ACG TGG TAC AAGATG GCT GCC TTG ATT CAA TCG GGG TTG GAT CTG AGC CCT ATC ATC ACA CAC CGT TTT TCA GTG GAT GAC TTT CAA AAA GGG TTT GAC GCC ATG TGC AGCGGT CAA TCA GGG AAA GTA ATT CTT TCT TGG GAC 67 threonineATG ATT GAC CTT CGT TCG GAC ACC GTA ACC CGC CCA TCT CAC GCA ATG aldolaseTTG GAA GCT ATG ATG GCC GCG CCT GTG GGG GAT GAC GTT TAT GGG GA(EscherichiaT GACCCG ACC GTC AAC GCT TTA CAA GAT TAC GCT GCT GAA TTG TCG GGcoli O26: H11C AAA GAA GCA GCA ATC TTC TTA CCT ACA GGT ACA CAA GCT AAT CTT G str.TC GCC CTGCTT AGT CAC TGT GAG CGT GGC GAA GAA TAC ATT GTT GGT CCVM10026) AA GCA GCG CAT AAT TAC CTG TTC GAA GCT GGA GGG GCT GCT GTT CTTGenBank: GGT AGC ATT CAGCCC CAA CCC ATT GAT GCT GCT GCC GAT GGT ACT CTTEIL35157.1CCT CTG GAT AAA GTC GCT ATG AAA ATT AAG CCA GAC GAC ATT CAC TTCGCA CGC ACA AAG CTGCTG TCG CTT GAG AAT ACA CAC AAT GGA AAA GTCCTG CCC CGT GAG TAC CTG AAA GAG GCT TGG GAA TTT ACA CGC GAA CGC AAC CTG GCT CTG CAC GTAGAC GGT GCT CGC ATC TTC AAC GCC GTT GTC GCC TAC GGT TGC GAA TTG AAA GAG ATT ACG CAA TAC TGT GAC TCC TTC ACG ATT TGC TTG TCC AAA GGCTTA GGC ACC CCG GTG GGT TCA TTG TTG GTA GGA AAC CGT GAC TAT ATT AAG CGC GCC ATC CGC TGG CGT AAAATG GCA GGG GGT GGA ATG CGT CAA TCAGGG ATT CTT GCG GCA GCT GGCATG TAC GCG CTG AAA AAT AAT GTG GCT CGC CTT CAA GAG GAT CAC GATAAT GCT GCG TGG ATG GCT GAG CAA TTA CGTGAG GCG GGT GCA GAC GTAATG CGC CAA GAT ACC AAT ATG CTG TTC GTA CGT GTT GGG GAA GAA AAC GCT GCG GCC TTA GGA GAA TAC ATG AAG GCG CGTAAC GTG TTG ATC AAC GCA TCC CCT ATT GTT CGC CTT GTA ACT CAC CTT GAT GTT TCA CGT GAA CAA TTG GCG GAA GTT GCC GCC CAC TGG CGT GCC TTTCTT GCT CGC 68 serineATG CTT AAA CGT GAG ATG AAT ATC GCC GAC TAC GAC GCC GAA TTA TGGhydroxymethyl-CAG GCG ATG GAG CAG GAG AAA GTC CGC CAA GAG GAA CAC ATT GAG CTtransferaseT ATTGCG TCG GAG AAC TAT ACA TCC CCT CGC GTT ATG CAG GCG CAA GG(EscherichiaC TCA CAG TTG ACG AAC AAA TAC GCT GAG GGA TAT CCG GGA AAG CGT T coli)AT TAT GGCGGT TGC GAG TAC GTT GAC ATT GTT GAA CAG TTA GCG ATT G GenBank:AT CGT GCT AAG GAG TTA TTT GGA GCG GAT TAT GCC AAT GTT CAA CCTAAA23912.1CAC TCG GGC AGCCAG GCT AAC TTT GCT GTA TAC ACC GCA CTT TTA GAACCT GGT GAC ACG GTC CTG GGT ATG AAT TTG GCC CAT GGA GGC CAC TTAACT CAT GGA AGC CCTGTG AAT TTT AGT GGG AAG TTG TAT AAC ATC GTGCCC TAC GGG ATC GAC GCC ACA GGA CAC ATT GAT TAC GCA GAT TTG GAG AAA CAA GCC AAG GAA CATAAG CCT AAA ATG ATC ATC GGC GGA TTT TCA GCA TAT AGC GGA GTG GTA GAC TGG GCC AAA ATG CGC GAG ATT GCT GAT TCG ATT GGT GCT TAC CTG TTTGTC GAT ATG GCG CAT GTC GCT GGT CTG GTC GCT GCG GGA GTT TAT CCT AAC CCC GTG CCT CAC GCT CAC GTCGTG ACG ACT ACT ACA CAT AAG ACT TTAGCG GGT CCT CGT GGG GGT TTGATT CTT GCG AAG GGG GGC TCA GAG GAA CTT TAT AAG AAG CTT AAC TCTGCC GTA TTT CCC GGC GGT CAG GGG GGC CCTCTT ATG CAC GTC ATC GCAGGA AAG GCG GTG GCT CTG AAG GAA GCG ATG GAA CCC GAA TTC AAG ACT TAC CAA CAG CAA GTA GCC AAA AAC GCC AAA GCCATG GTG GAG GTA TTC CTG GAG CGC GGC TAC AAG GTA GTT AGC GGG GGG ACG GAC AAC CAT TTG TTC TTA GTC GAT TTA GTG GAC AAA AAC CTT ACT GGTAAG GAG GCT GAT GCT GCT CTT GGG CGT GCA AAT ATC ACA GTC AAT AAG AAT AGC GTGCCC AAT GAC CCA AAG TCG CCA TTT GTG ACT TCT GGC ATC CGCGTT GGGACT CCG GCA ATC ACC CGT CGT GGC TTT AAG GAG GCA GAG GCC AAG GAGCTG GCA GGG TGG ATG TGT GAC GTA CTG GAC TCT ATT AAT GAT GAGGCAGTT ATC GAA CGT ATT AAA GGC AAA GTG CTT GAC ATT TGT GCG CGC TAC CCC GTG TAT GCC 69 tdcC (EscherichiaATG TCT ACT TCG GAC TCT ATT GTT TCA TCG CAA ACA AAA CAG TCA TCC coli)TGG CGT AAA TCA GAT ACC ACC TGG ACT TTG GGT CTG TTT GGT ACC GC GenBank:G ATCGGG GCT GGT GTA TTG TTT TTC CCG ATC CGC GCT GGA TTT GGT GGAAA24662.1T TTA ATT CCT ATC CTG CTG ATG CTT GTA CTG GCA TAT CCT ATT GCT TTT TAT TGTCAT CGC GCA GCG CGC TTG TGT TTA AGC GGA AGC AAC CCC TCG GGT AAT ATC ACA GAG ACG GTG GAG GAG CAT TTC GGG AAA ACA GGAGGG GTC GTA ATCACA TTT CTG TAC TTT TTT GCT ATT TGT CCC CTG TTGTGG ATT TAT GGG GTT ACG ATC ACC AAT ACT TTT ATG ACG TTT TGG GAGAAT CAA CTG GGC TTTGCA CCG CTT AAC CGC GGA TTC GTG GCG CTG TTCCTT TTA CTG TTG ATG GCG TTT GTC ATC TGG TTC GGT AAA GAC TTA ATG GTG AAA GTC ATG TCT TATTTG GTA TGG CCT TTC ATT GCT TCA CTT GTC TTA ATT AGT CTG TCA TTA ATC CCT TAT TGG AAC TCG GCA GTA ATC GAT CAA GTA GAT CTG GGT AGC CTGTCT TTG ACC GGA CAT GAT GGG ATC TTA ATT ACC GTA TGG CTG GGC ATT TCT ATT ATG GTC TTT AGT TTT AACTTT TCA CCT ATC GTG TCC TCC TTT GTGGTG TCC AAG CGC GAG GAA TATGAG AAG GAT TTT GGT CGT GAT TTT ACG GAA CGT AAG TGC TCA CAA ATTATT AGC CGC GCG TCT ATG CTT ATG GTG GCTGTC GTT ATG TTC TTT GCTTTC TCC TGC TTA TTT ACC TTG TCA CCG GCG AAC ATG GCG GAA GCG AAG GCG CAA AAC ATT CCA GTT TTA TCA TAT CTT GCTAAT CAT TTC GCT TCT ATG ACA GGG ACC AAA ACT ACT TTT GCC ATC ACA TTG GAG TAT GCG GCG TCT ATC ATT GCA TTA GTG GCC ATT TTT AAG TCG TTCTTT GGC CAT TAT TTA GGT ACT TTA GAA GGG TTG AAT GGC TTA GTC TTG AAA TTC GGATAC AAG GGG GAC AAA ACT AAA GTT TCC TTG GGT AAG TTG AACACA ATCTCG ATG ATC TTT ATT ATG GGG AGT ACA TGG GTC GTT GCG TAT GCA AATCCA AAC ATT CTG GAT TTA ATT GAG GCG ATG GGA GCA CCG ATT ATCGCGTCA TTG TTG TGC CTT TTG CCG ATG TAC GCC ATC CGT AAG GCG CCT TCA CTG GCC AAA TAT CGT GGG CGC TTG GAT AAC GTG TTC GTA ACC GTC ATCGTT TGC 70 Threonine/ATG CCT GGT TCC TTG CGT AAA ATG CCG GTT TGG TTG CCG ATT GTT ATThomoserineCTT CTG GTT GCA ATG GCT AGC ATC CAA GGA GGC GCT AGT TTA GCA AAexporter RhtA AGTCTG TTT CCT TTG GTG GGG GCA CCG GGT GTG ACC GCG CTG CGT TT AG GCT TTG GGC ACT TTA ATT TTG ATT GCC TTC TTT AAG CCC TGG CGC CUniProtKB/TT CGT TTTGCT AAA GAA CAA CGT TTG CCG CTT TTG TTC TAC GGC GTC TSwiss-Prot:CA CTT GGT GGC ATG AAC TAT CTT TTT TAT TTA AGC ATC CAA ACC GTA P0AA67.1CCC CTG GGT ATTGCG GTG GCT TTG GAG TTC ACG GGT CCA TTG GCA GTTGCC CTT TTC AGC TCG CGT CGC CCA GTC GAT TTC GTC TGG GTA GTG CTTGCG GTA CTT GGA CTGTGG TTC TTA CTG CCC TTA GGC CAA GAC GTG AGTCAC GTA GAC CTT ACC GGG TGT GCG CTG GCT TTG GGA GCC GGT GCT TGT TGG GCA ATT TAC ATC CTGTCG GGA CAG CGT GCG GGA GCA GAG CAC GGG CCT GCG ACA GTA GCG ATT GGG TCG CTG ATC GCA GCC CTG ATT TTC GTC CCC ATT GGT GCC TTA CAG GCAGGA GAG GCG TTG TGG CAC TGG TCA GTG ATT CCC TTA GGT TTG GCG GTA GCA ATC CTG TCT ACC GCA CTT CCTTAT TCT TTA GAG ATG ATT GCC TTA ACCCGT CTG CCG ACA CGT ACG TTTGGC ACC TTA ATG TCG ATG GAA CCG GCA TTG GCT GCC GTT TCA GGT ATGATC TTC CTG GGA GAG ACG TTA ACT CCC ATTCAG TTG TTA GCT CTT GGGGCA ATC ATC GCT GCG AGT ATG GGA TCG ACC CTT ACG GTT CGT AAA GAG TCG AAG ATT AAA GAA TTG GAC ATC AAT 71 htB rATG ACG CTG GAG TGG TGG TTC GCA TAC TTG CTG ACA TCC ATC ATC CTG(EscherichiaAGT TTA AGC CCC GGA TCT GGT GCA ATC AAC ACG ATG ACT ACG TCT TTcoli FVEC130G AATCAC GGC TAT CGT GGT GCT GTT GCA TCC ATT GCC GGC TTG CAG AC 2)G GGA TTA GCC ATC CAT ATT GTT TTA GTG GGT GTA GGA CTT GGA ACA T GenBank:TA TTC AGTCGC TCG GTT ATC GCC TTT GAG GTC TTA AAG TGG GCT GGT GEFI17945.1CC GCT TAT TTG ATT TGG CTG GGA ATT CAG CAA TGG CGT GCA GCC GGTGCG ATT GAC TTGAAG AGC CTT GCG TCC ACA CAG AGC CGC CGT CAC TTGTTT CAA CGT GCA GTA TTC GTC AAT TTG ACC AAC CCC AAA AGT ATC GTCTTT CTG GCG GCA CTGTTT CCC CAG TTC ATT ATG CCT CAA CAG CCG CAGTTG ATG CAG TAC ATC GTC TTG GGC GTC ACC ACC ATC GTA GTG GAC ATT ATT GTA ATG ATT GGA TACGCC ACT CTG GCC CAA CGT ATT GCG CTG TGG ATC AAG GGC CCG AAA CAG ATG AAG GCA CTG AAC AAA ATT TTT GGT TCT TTG TTT ATG TTG GTT GGG GCACTT CTT GCC AGT GCA CGT CAC GCG 72RhtC threonineATG CTG ATG CTT TTT TTA ACA GTA GCA ATG GTG CAT ATC GTC GCA TTG RhtATG TCA CCG GGA CCT GAC TTT TTT TTT GTT TCA CAA ACA GCA GTA TCTransporterA CGCTCA CGT AAG GAG GCA ATG ATG GGT GTC TTA GGG ATC ACT TGC GG(EscherichiaC GTA ATG GTA TGG GCC GGT ATT GCA CTT CTG GGA CTG CAT TTA ATT Acoli BL21(DE3))TT GAG AAGATG GCC TGG CTT CAC ACA TTA ATC ATG GTA GGC GGT GGG C GenBank:TT TAT TTA TGT TGG ATG GGC TAT CAA ATG CTG CGT GGA GCT CTT AAGCAQ34168.1AAA GAA GCC GTGTCC GCA CCG GCT CCC CAA GTG GAA CTT GCG AAA TCAGGT CGC TCC TTC TTG AAG GGG TTG TTG ACT AAT CTT GCG AAC CCT AAGGCC ATC ATT TAT TTCGGT TCT GTG TTT AGT TTG TTC GTT GGG GAT AATGTG GGA ACC ACG GAA CGC TGG GGA ATC TTC GCA TTA ATC ATT ATC GAG ACG TTA GCT TGG TTC ACCGTC GTG GCC TCC CTT TTT GCT CTG CCG CAA ATG CGC CGT GGT TAC CAA CGT TTA GCA AAG TGG ATC GAC GGT TTT GCT GGA GCT TTA TTT GCG GGT TTCGGC ATT CAT CTG ATT ATT AGC CGT 73cysteine ATG CCC CTG CAC AAC TTA ACA CGT TTT CCA CGC CTG GAA TTC ATT GGTdesulfhydraseGCA CCG ACT CCC TTG GAA TAT CTG CCT CGC TTT TCG GAC TAC TTA GG(EscherichiaC CGCGAG ATT TTC ATT AAG CGC GAT GAT GTT ACA CCG ATG GCT ATG GG coli)G GGT AAC AAA TTG CGT AAA TTG GAA TTT CTT GCA GCG GAT GCA CTG C GenBank:GT GAA GGCGCG GAC ACT TTA ATT ACC GCT GGT GCA ATT CAG TCA AAT CALI49110.1AC GTA CGC CAA ACT GCG GCA GTT GCT GCG AAG TTA GGT CTT CAT TGTGTC GCC CTT TTGGAA AAT CCA ATT GGC ACA ACG GCA GAA AAT TAC CTTACC AAC GGG AAC CGT TTG TTG CTT GAC CTT TTT AAC ACA CAG ATC GAAATG TGC GAC GCT TTAACT GAT CCC AAC GCT CAA TTG GAG GAG CTT GCGACT CGC GTG GAA GCT CAA GGC TTC CGT CCG TAT GTT ATT CCG GTC GGC GGC AGC AAT GCT CTT GGGGCA TTA GGG TAT GTA GAG TCC GCT CTG GAG ATC GCG CAA CAA TGT GAG GGC GCG GTT AAC ATT TCG AGT GTA GTT GTG GCC TCT GGA AGT GCG GGC ACCCAC GCC GGG CTG GCT GTG GGT CTT GAG CAC TTA ATG CCT GAA TCT GAA CTG ATC GGG GTC ACA GTC TCG CGTTCC GTC GCA GAT CAG TTA CCT AAG GTAGTA AAC TTA CAG CAA GCC ATTGCG AAA GAA TTA GAA TTA ACC GCT AGT GCA GAA ATC TTA TTA TGG GATGAT TAC TTT GCG CCT GGG TAC GGT GTC CCCAAT GAT GAA GGT ATG GAAGCA GTC AAG CTT TTA GCT CGT TTG GAG GGG ATC TTG CTG GAC CCT GTT TAC ACC GGC AAA GCA ATG GCA GGC TTA ATT GACGGT ATC AGT CAG AAA CGC TTC AAA GAC GAG GGA CCA ATT CTG TTC ATC CAT ACC GGC GGC GCT CCT GCC CTT TTT GCC TAC CAC CCT CAC GTT 74 tnaAATG GAG AAT TTC AAG CAT TTG CCC GAG CCG TTC CGC ATT CGT GTC ATT(EscherichiaGAG CCT GTC AAG CGT ACT ACT CGC GCG TAT CGC GAA GAG GCG ATT AT coli DH1)C AAATCG GGT ATG AAT CCA TTT TTA CTT GAT TCA GAA GAT GTG TTC AT GenBank:C GAT TTA CTT ACA GAT TCT GGG ACA GGC GCG GTA ACG CAA TCG ATG CBAJ45452.1AA GCA GCGATG ATG CGC GGT GAC GAA GCC TAT TCT GGC TCG CGC TCC TAT TAT GCT CTG GCC GAA TCA GTC AAA AAC ATT TTT GGT TAC CAA TATACG ATT CCC ACGCAT CAG GGA CGC GGA GCA GAG CAA ATC TAT ATC CCAGTC TTA ATC AAA AAG CGC GAG CAA GAA AAG GGA TTG GAC CGC TCG AAAATG GTA GCC TTC TCAAAT TAC TTC TTC GAC ACT ACT CAG GGG CAC TCGCAA ATC AAC GGC TGC ACT GTT CGC AAT GTG TAT ATC AAG GAA GCC TTT GAT ACA GGC GTA CGT TACGAT TTC AAG GGG AAC TTT GAC CTG GAA GGT CTT GAA CGT GGC ATT GAA GAA GTA GGA CCC AAC AAC GTA CCC TAT ATC GTC GCC ACG ATC ACA TCT AATAGC GCA GGA GGT CAG CCT GTG TCT TTG GCG AAT CTG AAA GCG ATG TAT TCG ATC GCC AAA AAG TAT GAT ATCCCC GTC GTA ATG GAT TCT GCA CGT TTTGCA GAG AAC GCC TAC TTC ATTAAA CAG CGT GAA GCG GAG TAC AAA GAT TGG ACC ATC GAA CAG ATC ACTCGT GAG ACT TAT AAA TAT GCT GAC ATG CTGGCT ATG TCG GCT AAG AAGGAC GCT ATG GTC CCA ATG GGA GGC CTT TTA TGC ATG AAG GAC GAT AGT TTT TTT GAC GTT TAT ACG GAA TGT CGC ACC CTTTGT GTA GTG CAG GAA GGA TTC CCC ACT TAT GGC GGC CTT GAA GGT GGA GCG ATG GAA CGT TTA GCT GTT GGA CTG TAT GAT GGT ATG AAT CTG GAT TGGCTG GCA TAT CGT ATT GCG CAG GTG CAG TAC CTG GTA GAC GGG TTA GAG GAG ATC GGGGTT GTG TGC CAG CAG GCC GGG GGC CAT GCG GCG TTC GTG GACGCA GGAAAA CTG CTT CCC CAC ATT CCC GCC GAT CAG TTC CCT GCG CAG GCA CTTGCT TGC GAG TTA TAC AAG GTG GCC GGT ATC CGT GCG GTA GAG ATCGGCTCG TTT CTT TTG GGG CGC GAC CCT AAA ACA GGA AAA CAA TTG CCC TGC CCT GCC GAA CTT CTT CGC CTT ACT ATC CCT CGT GCG ACC TAC ACT CAAACC CAC ATG GAC TTT ATT ATC GAG GCC TTC AAA CAT GTG AAG GAG AAT GCT GCT AAT ATC AAG GGC CTG ACC TTT ACC TAC GAG CCA AAG GTTTTG CGCCAC TTT ACA GCA AAA CTT AAA GAA GTT 75 cysKATG TCA AAA ATT TTC GAG GAT AAC TCG TTA ACG ATC GGC CAC ACT CCC(EscherichiaTTG GTT CGT CTG AAT CGT ATC GGT AAC GGG CGC ATT CTG GCA AAG GTcoli O104: H4T GAATCA CGC AAT CCG TCC TTC TCA GTT AAG TGC CGT ATT GGA GCG AAstr. C227-T ATG ATT TGG GAT GCT GAG AAG CGC GGA GTC CTG AAG CCT GGG GTG G 11)AG TTG GTGGAG CCA ACC TCT GGG AAT ACA GGT ATC GCG CTG GCT TAT G GenBank:TA GCT GCA GCG CGT GGC TAC AAA TTA ACA CTT ACC ATG CCC GAG ACCEGT66151.1ATG TCA ATC GAACGT CGT AAG TTG TTG AAG GCA TTA GGA GCG AAT CTGGTA CTG ACC GAA GGA GCT AAG GGA ATG AAG GGC GCT ATT CAA AAA GCGGAA GAA ATT GTC GCAAGT AAC CCC GAA AAG TAT CTT TTA CTG CAA CAGTTT TCT AAC CCT GCA AAT CCT GAG ATC CAC GAA AAA ACA ACA GGT CCC GAA ATC TGG GAA GAC ACCGAC GGT CAA GTT GAC GTA TTT ATC GCC GGG GTA GGA ACT GGA GGA ACC TTA ACG GGG GTC AGT CGT TAT ATT AAG GGT ACG AAG GGA AAG ACT GAT TTGATT AGC GTA GCA GTG GAG CCA ACG GAT AGT CCT GTT ATT GCC CAA GCC CTG GCG GGG GAG GAA ATC AAA CCGGGA CCT CAC AAA ATC CAA GGG ATT GGTGCG GGT TTT ATC CCA GCC AATCTG GAT CTG AAA CTT GTC GAC AAG GTC ATT GGA ATT ACT AAT GAA GAGGCG ATC TCC ACT GCG CGC CGT TTG ATG GAGGAA GAA GGG ATT TTG GCAGGG ATT TCA AGC GGT GCG GCG GTG GCA GCA GCT TTG AAA TTG CAA GAA GAC GAG TCA TTC ACT AAT AAG AAT ATT GTT GTTATT TTA CCA AGC AGC GGT GAG CGC TAC TTA TCA ACC GCT TTG TTC GCT GAT TTA TTT ACG GAA AAA GAG TTA CAA CAA 76 cysmATG TCA ACA TTA GAA CAG ACA ATT GGT AAT ACC CCC CTG GTC AAA TTG(EscherichiaCAG CGC ATG GGG CCA AAC AAT GGA AGC GAG GTT TGG CTG AAA TTG GAcoli FVEC1412)A GGCAAC AAC CCG GCG GGA TCT GTG AAA GAC CGT GCC GCA CTG TCC AT GenBank:G ATC GTA GAA GCT GAG AAA CGT GGC GAG ATT AAA CCT GGG GAT GTT TEFF01099.1TA ATC GAGGCT ACA AGT GGG AAC ACT GGA ATC GCC CTT GCC ATG ATT GCG GCT TTA AAG GGT TAT CGT ATG AAG TTA CTT ATG CCC GAT AAC ATGAGC CAG GAG CGCCGT GCC GCT ATG CGT GCC TAT GGT GCT GAA CTT ATCTTA GTT ACC AAG GAG CAA GGC ATG GAA GGT GCG CGT GAC TTG GCA TTAGAA ATG GCG AAT CGTGGC GAA GGG AAG CTG CTT GAC CAA TTT AAT AATCCA GAT AAC CCT TAT GCA CAC TAT ACC ACG ACC GGC CCG GAA ATC TGG CAA CAA ACC GGC GGG CGCATC ACC CAC TTT GTA TCA TCC ATG GGC ACA ACT GGT ACA ATT ACG GGC GTT TCT CGT TTC ATG CGC GAG CAG AGT AAA CCT GTT ACA ATC GTG GGA CTTCAA CCT GAG GAG GGA TCT TCG ATC CCA GGC ATT CGT CGT TGG CCT GCT GAG TAC TTA CCT GGC ATT TTC AACGCA TCC TTA GTG GAT GAA GTT CTT GACATT CAT CAG CGC GAA GCA GAGAAT ACC ATG CGC GAG TTG GCA GTA CGT GAG GGC ATT TTC TGC GGG GTTTCT TCT GGG GGG GCC GTG GCG GGT GCT TTACGT GTC GCC AAA GCA AACCCC GGA GCA GTA GTT GTT GCC ATT ATT TGT GAT CGT GGT GAC CGC TAC TTA TCT ACG GGA GTC TTC GGA GAG GAA CAC TTTTCA CAA GGG GCC GG A ATT 77ATG TTC GAT TTT TCG AAA GTC GTC GAT CGT CAT GGG ACC TGG TGC ACT malYCAA TGG GAC TAC GTG GCG GAC CGC TTT GGG ACA GCA GAT TTG TTA CC(EscherichiaG TTCACT ATT AGC GAC ATG GAT TTT GCC ACA GCA CCT TGC ATT ATC GA coli)G GCA CTG AAT CAG CGC TTA ATG CAT GGG GTT TTC GGT TAT AGC CGT T GenBank:GG AAG AACGAT GAG TTC CTT GCA GCA ATT GCA CAT TGG TTC AGT ACC CAAA24099.1AA CAT TAT ACC GCT ATC GAT TCC CAG ACG GTT GTG TAC GGC CCC AGCGTT ATT TAC ATGGTG AGC GAA TTG ATC CGT CAG TGG TCT GAA ACA GGAGAA GGT GTA GTA ATC CAT ACT CCC GCC TAT GAC GCG TTC TAC AAA GCCATT GAG GGG AAT CAACGT ACA GTA ATG CCC GTT GCC TTA GAA AAA CAGGCA GAC GGA TGG TTT TGC GAT ATG GGA AAA TTA GAG GCG GTA CTT GCA AAA CCC GAG TGC AAA ATCATG CTT TTA TGC AGT CCG CAA AAC CCA ACA GGC AAG GTC TGG ACC TGT GAT GAA TTA GAG ATT ATG GCG GAT TTG TGC GAG CGT CAC GGA GTC CGT GTCATC TCT GAC GAG ATT CAC ATG GAC ATG GTC TGG GGG GAA CAG CCG CAC ATT CCT TGG TCT AAT GTC GCA CGTGGT GAT TGG GCC CTT TTG ACA TCG GGTTCG AAA AGC TTT AAC ATT CCAGCC CTG ACC GGG GCA TAT GGA ATT ATC GAA AAC TCG TCG AGC CGT GACGCG TAT TTA TCT GCC CTT AAG GGA CGT GATGGA CTT TCG AGC CCG TCGGTT CTT GCC TTG ACG GCA CAC ATT GCT GCT TAC CAA CAG GGA GCG CCG TGG CTG GAC GCT CTT CGC ATT TAC CTG AAG GATAAC CTT ACT TAC ATT GCG GAT AAG ATG AAT GCG GCC TTC CCA GAA CTT AAC TGG CAG ATT CCC CAG TCA ACG TAT TTA GCC TGG CTT GAC CTT CGT CCCTTA AAC ATT GAT GAC AAC GCA CTG CAA AAG GCA CTG ATC GAA CAG GAA AAG GTA GCCATC ATG CCT GGC TAT ACC TAC GGC GAG GAG GGC CGT GGG TTCGTC CGCCTG AAC GCA GGA TGT CCC CGC TCG AAA CTT GAA AAA GGG GTA GCT GGTCTT ATT AAT GCT ATT CGC GCT GTG CGC 78 MetCATG GCC GAC AAG AAG TTG GAT ACT CAA CTG GTG AAC GCC GGG CGT TCC(EscherichiaAAA AAA TAT ACC TTG GGA GCT GTT AAT AGC GTT ATC CAA CGT GCA TC coli)A AGTTTA GTT TTC GAT AGT GTC GAA GCA AAG AAG CAT GCG ACA CGC AA GenBank:T CGC GCA AAT GGG GAA TTA TTT TAT GGA CGC CGC GGG ACC TTG ACC CADK47401.1AC TTC TCTTTA CAG CAG GCC ATG TGT GAG CTG GAA GGG GGA GCC GGT TGT GTA TTG TTC CCC TGC GGA GCC GCG GCG GTG GCT AAC AGT ATC CTGGCG TTC GTG GAGCAG GGT GAT CAC GTC CTG ATG ACG AAC ACC GCG TACGAA CCC TCG CAA GAC TTC TGC AGT AAA ATC TTA TCC AAA TTA GGT GTGACT ACC TCG TGG TTTGAC CCG TTG ATC GGG GCG GAC ATT GTG AAA CATCTG CAG CCC AAC ACG AAA ATT GTT TTT TTG GAG TCT CCC GGT TCG ATT ACT ATG GAG GTA CAC GACGTG CCA GCT ATC GTT GCA GCA GTT CGT TCC GTG GCG CCC GAC GCA ATT ATC ATG ATC GAC AAT ACA TGG GCC GCA GGC GTC CTT TTT AAA GCC TTA GATTTT GGC ATT GAT GTA AGT ATC CAA GCG GCT ACC AAG TAC TTG GTC GGA CAT TCC GAT GCG ATG ATT GGT ACAGCA GTA TGC AAT GCA CGC TGC TGG GAGCAA TTG CGT GAA AAC GCT TACCTG ATG GGG CAA ATG GTA GAC GCA GAT ACC GCT TAT ATT ACC AGT CGTGGG TTG CGT ACA TTA GGA GTG CGT TTG CGTCAA CAC CAC GAG TCA TCCCTG AAA GTG GCT GAA TGG CTG GCT GAA CAT CCC CAG GTT GCT CGC GTA AAC CAC CCC GCA CTT CCG GGA TCA AAG GGC CATGAA TTT TGG AAG CGC GAC TTC ACG GGC TCC AGT GGA TTG TTT TCT TTC GTA CTT AAG AAA AAG TTG TCT AAT GAA GAA TTG GCG AAT TAC CTT GAT AACTTT AGC TTG TTT AGT ATG GCA TAT AGT TGG GGG GGA TAT GAA TCA CTG ATT TTG GCAAAT CAA CCA GAA CAT ATT GCT GCG ATT CGT CCT CAA GGC GAAATT GATTTT AGC GGA ACG TTA ATT CGT CTG CAC ATC GGG CTT GAG GAT GTG GACGAT TTA ATT GCA GAT TTG GAT GCG GGA TTT GCA CGT ATT GTG 79 cystathioneATG TCA GGT GCC CAG CAC TTG TTC GCA GAT TTC AGC GAA GGA TCA GGAgamma lyaseTCG TGG CAA CCC CAG GCC CAA GGG TTT GAG ACG CTT CTG GTA CAT GG(TrypanosomaT GGCGTA AAG CCA GAT CCC GTC ACG GGG GCA ATC CTG ACC CCC GTC TA grayi)C CAG TCT ACG ACG TTC GTG CAA GAG AGT ATC GAA CGT TAT CAA GCA A NCBIAG GGC TATAGC TAT ACC CGT TCA GCC AAT CCT ACC GTA TCT GCA TTG GReference AA GAG AAA TTG TGC GCA ATC GAG CAC GGC GAA TAT GCC ACT GTG TATSequence: AGC ACC GGC ATGTCC GCT ACG ACA ACG GCC ATC AGT AGT TTT ATG TCTXP_009313447.1GCT GGC GAC CAC GCT ATT GTG ACC GAA TGT AGC TAT GGC GGA ACC AATCGT GCC TGC CGT GTCTTC TTC ACG CGC TTA GGT ATG TCT TTT ACA TTCGTA GAT ATG CGC GAC GTT AAA AAT GTA GAG GCT GCC ATC AAA CCC AAT ACC AAG CTG GTT ATC TCAGAA TCG CCA GCA AAC CCT ACA CTG ACG CTT ACT GAT ATT GAC GCA CTT AGC TCG CTT TGC AAG GCT AAG GGT ATT ATT CAC ATG TGT GAC AAC ACT TTCGCA ACC GCT TTC ATT ATG CGT CCG CTT GAT CAC GGA GCA GAC GTG ACC CTG ATC TCC ACG ACT AAG TTT GTTGAT GGC CAC AAT ATG ACC GTC GGA GGGGCC TTG GTC ACT AAA TCC AAGGAA TTA GAC GGA AAG GTA CGT TTA ACG CAA AAT ATC TTA GGT AAC TGTATG AGT CCA TTT GTT GCG TTC CTT CAA TTACAA ACG GTG AAG ACG ATGAGC CTT CGC ATT TCT CGT CAA TCA GAA AAC GCC CAG AAA GTA GCG GAA TTT CTT GAG ACC CAC CCC GCA GTG GAA CGC GTAATG TAT CCA GGT CTT AAA TCT TTC CCA CAG AAG GCC TTA GCG GAT CGT CAG CAC GCA AAC AAT TTA CAT GGC GGT ATG TTA TGG TTT GAA GTG CGC GGAGGA ACA GCG GCA GGG CGT CGC TTG ATG GAC ACC GTT CAG CGC CCG TGG AGC TTA TGCGAG AAT CTG GGT GCG ACG GAA TCC ATC ATT ACT TGC CCG AGTGTC ATGACC CAC GCG AAC ATG ACT ACT GAG GAC CGT ATG AAG GTC GGT ATC ACCGAC GGA TTT GTA CGT GTC AGC TGC GGG ATC GAA GAT GCA GCC GATCTTATC TCA GCT TTG AAG GCC GCA CTG GAT GCC TTG GGC AAG 80 CystathioneATG ATC TTA ACA GCA ATG CAA GAT GCA ATC GGG CGT ACA CCT ATC TTC beta-AAG TTT ACA CGT AAA GAT TAC CCA ATT CCA TTG AAG TCG GCA ATT TA synthaseC GCGAAA TTG GAA CAC TTA AAC CCG GGG GGA TCC GTG AAA GAT CGC CT(HelicobacterT GGG CAG TAT CTT ATT AAG GAG GCC TTC CGT ACA CAC AAG ATT ACC T pyloriCT ACT ACCACT ATC ATC GAA CCT ACT GCT GGG AAT ACT GGC ATC GCC C 2017)TT GCC CTT GTA GCT ATC AAA CAT CAT CTT AAA ACG ATC TTT GTT GTT GenBank:CCC GAA AAA TTTTCG GTT GAG AAA CAA CAG ATC ATG CGT GCT CTT GGTADZ49193.1GCC TTA GTA ATC AAT ACG CCT ACC TCA GAG GGT ATC TCA GGG GCC ATTAAA AAA AGC AAA GAGTTA GCC GAG TCT ATC CCG GAC AGC TAC TTG CCTCTT CAA TTT GAG AAT CCC GAC AAT CCG GCT GCT TAT TAC CAC ACT CTT GCT CCT GAA ATT GTA AAGGAA CTG GGG ACG AAT TTT ACC TCT TTT GTA GCG GGC ATC GGT TCT GGA GGA ACT TTC GCA GGC ACC GCC AAG TAC CTT AAA GAA CGT ATC CCG AAC ATCCGC TTG ATT GGA GTT GAA CCA GAA GGT TCT ATT TTA AAT GGG GGT GAA CCG GGG CCC CAC GAA ATC GAA GGAATT GGA GTA GAG TTC ATC CCA CCA TTCTTC GCT AAT TTG GAT ATT GATGGG TTT GAG ACG ATT TCA GAC GAA GAG GGC TTC AGT TAT ACG CGC AAATTA GCC AAA AAG AAC GGA TTA TTA GTG GGTAGT TCG TCC GGA GCA GCGTTC GCC GCG GCT CTT AAG GAA GTA CAA CGT CTG CCC GAA GGG TCA CAA GTG TTG ACG ATT TTC CCA GAT ATG GCT GAT CGCTAC CTT AGT AAA GGC ATT TAT TCC 81 putative aminoATG CAA GCT TTC TTG AAC CGT TCG TTC GCG CCC CTT TTA AAC CCA AATtransferaseGAG AAC CTG CTG GAT CAA GTT AAG AGT TCG ATT ATT TTG AAG AAA GG(HelicobacterT GTTAGC TAC TTT GAC TGG GGT GCT AGT GGG CTG GCC AGT GCA TTG GT pyloriC GAG AAA CGT GTT AAG TCC CTG CTT CCA TAT TAT GCC AAT GCC CAC A 2017)GC GTA GCAAGT AAA CAT GCC ATC TTA ATG GGC ATG TTA CTT AAA GAA T GenBank:GC CAA GAG AAG CTG AAA CGC TCG TTA AAC CTT AGT ACT AAC CAT TGCADZ50111.1GTG CTT AGC GCCGGG TAT GGC GCG AGC TCA GCG ATC AAG AAA TTC CAAGAG ATC CTG GGA GTT TGC ATC CCC TCT AAA ACC AAA AAG AAT CTG GAACCT TAT TTA AAA GACATG GCG CTG AAA CGC GTA ATC GTA GGT CCT TATGAA CAT CAC TCT AAC GAG GTC TCT TGG CGC GAG TCT CTT TGT GAG GTG GTG CGC ATT CCA CTT AACGAA CAT GGA CTG CTG GAT TTG GAG ATT TTA GAG CAG ATC TTA AAG AAA TCC CCC AAT TCT CTG GTC TCC GTC TCG GCC GCA AGT AAT GTA ACG GGG ATTCTG ACA CCC CTG AAA GAA ATT AGC TCA CTG TGC AAG GAG TAT CGC GCG ATC CTG GCG CTT GAT CTG GCC AACTTT TCC GCA CAC GCG AAC CCG AAA GACTGC GAG TAC CAG ACG GGG TTCTAT GCA CCA CAC AAG TTG TTG GGT GGT ATT GGG GGA TGC GGG CTT CTTGGA ATC TCC AAA GAC TTG ATC GAT ACA CAGATC CCA CCT AGT TTT TCAGCC GGA GGA GTC ATT AAG TAC GCA AAC CGC ACG CGT CAC GAA TTT ATT GAT GAG CTG CCG TTG CGT GAG GAG TTC GGA ACTCCG GGA CTG CTG CAA TTT TAT CGC TCA GTG TTA GCC TAC CAG TTA CGT GAC GAA TGC GGT TTG GAT TTC ATT CAT AAG AAG GAG AAT AAT CTG CTT CGTGTG TTA ATG CAT GGC TTG AAA GAT CTG CCA GCT ATC AAC ATT TAC GGC AAT TTA ACCGCA AGC CGC GTA GGA GTA GTC GCG TTT AAC ATC GGA GGC ATTAGT CCATAC GAT CTT GCC CGT GTC CTG AGT TAC GAA TAT GCT ATT GAG ACT CGCGCA GGG TGC TCT TGT GCC GGC CCG TAT GGA CAT GAC TTA CTG AATTTGAAT GCA CAA AAG TCT TCC GAT TTC AAT GCA AAA CCT GGA TGG TTG CGC GTC TCA CTT CAT TTT ACA CAC AGT ATT AAT GAC ATT GAC TAT CTG TTGGAC TCT CTG AAG AAA GCT GTT AAG AAA CTG CGT 82 YdeDATG AAC GGT GAA CAC GCC GCG TTG GCC CAC TCC CGC ACA AAA GGG ATT(Bacillus GCT TTG GTT TTA ACG GGC AGT ATC TTA TGG GGC GTT TCA GGG ACA GTatrophaeusT GCGCAG TAC TTA TTC CAA CAA CAA CAT TTT AAC GTA GAG TGG TTG ACUCMB-5137)C GTC GTT CGC TTG TTG CTG TCT GGT ATC TTG CTG CTT GGC CTT GCC T GenBank:AT CGT AAGGAA AAG CAA CGC ATC TGG GCT GTC TGG AAA GAC AAG ACA GAKL87093.1AT GGT CTG AAT CTG GTT CTG TTC GGG ATT TTG GGG ATG TTG TCC GTCCAG TAC ACA TACTTT GCG GCT ATC CAG CAT GGT AAT GCG GCG ACG GCAACT GTA CTT CAG TAT CTG GCC CCG GCA CTT ATT ACC TGC TAC GTA GCCATT CGC TCT AAG CGTCTT CCA ACC GTC AAA GAG TTG ATC GCA GTT TTCCTG GCT ATT ATT GGA ACG TTT TTT TTA GTC ACC CAT GGG GAC ATC CAC AGT CTT AGT ATC TCA GGGTGG GCT TTA TTC TGG GGA TTA AGT TCG GCG TTT GCC CTG GCG TTT TAC ACT TTG CAC CCT CAT AAA CTT CTG GCC AAG TGG GGG GCG GCT ATC GTT GTTGGC TGG GGT ATG CTT ATC GGA GGG CTT GGT CTT TCC TTA ATC CAT CCT CCA TGG AAA TTT GAG GGA CAG TGGTCG GTC TCG GCT TAT GCC GCC GTT ATTTTC ATT GTC CTG TTT GGG ACCCTG ACT GCC TTC TAC TGC TAC CTG GAA TCT TTA AAG TAC TTA ACT GCCAGC GAA ACT TCA TTA ATC GCC TGC GCG GAGCCC TTA AGT GCT GCG TTCTTA AGC GTG ATT TGG TTG CAT GTG ACT TTT GGT ATC AGC GAG TGG CTT GGT ACT TGT TGT ATT TTA TCT ACG ATT ATG ATCTTA TCG ATT AAG GAG AAG AAG CTG AAG 83 protein YfiKATG ACA CCC ACG TTG CTT AGC GCC TTC TGG ACG TAC ACC CTT ATT ACA(EscherichiaGCC ATG ACG CCT GGG CCA AAT AAT ATC CTT GCC TTA TCA TCC GCA AC coli)G TCGCAT GGG TTC CGC CAG TCC ACC CGT GTG CTT GCA GGT ATG TCT CT GenBank:T GGC TTT TTA ATC GTT ATG CTG TTG TGC GCG GGA ATC AGT TTC TCC TAJE57139.1TG GCG GTAATC GAC CCC GCC GCC GTA CAT TTA TTG TCT TGG GCT GGT GCC GCG TAT ATT GTT TGG CTG GCT TGG AAA ATT GCC ACG TCT CCG ACTAAG GAA GAT GGTTTA CAA GCA AAA CCC ATC TCG TTT TGG GCT TCA TTTGCA CTT CAG TTC GTG AAT GTC AAG ATT ATT CTT TAC GGG GTA ACA GCCCTG TCC ACT TTC GTTTTA CCC CAG ACG CAG GCG TTG TCA TGG GTA GTCGGA GTG TCC GTC TTA TTA GCC ATG ATC GGT ACG TTT GGG AAT GTG TGC TGG GCG CTG GCG GGC CACTTG TTT CAA CAA TTA TTC CGT CAG TAC GGT CGC CAG TTA AAT ATC GTT CTT GCT TTA TTA CTG GTG TAT TGT GCA GTC CGC ATC TTC TAT 84 multidrugATG ACG ACC CGC CAG CAT AGC TCG TTC GCA ATC GTA TTT ATT CTT GGA effluxTTG CTT GCT ATG TTG ATG CCA TTA TCA ATC GAC ATG TAC TTA CCA GCtransporter.C CTGCCT GTT ATT TCG GCC CAA TTT GGA GTA CCC GCT GGG TCA ACC CABcr (EscherichiaA ATG ACA TTA TCA ACA TAC ATT CTG GGG TTC GCT TTA GGA CAG TTG A coli)TT TAT GGTCCA ATG GCT GAC TCG TTT GGG CGC AAA CCA GTG GTC TTG G GenBank:GC GGG ACA CTG GTC TTT GCG GCC GCA GCC GTT GCG TGT GCC TTG GCTCDZ21005.1AAC ACG ATC GACCAG CTT ATT GTA ATG CGT TTC TTC CAT GGC TTA GCTGCG GCG GCT GCC AGT GTA GTG ATT AAT GCG CTT ATG CGT GAC ATC TATCCG AAG GAG GAA TTCAGC CGC ATG ATG AGC TTC GTA ATG TTG GTA ACGACC ATC GCT CCA TTA ATG GCC CCT ATT GTT GGG GGT TGG GTC TTA GTC TGG CTT TCA TGG CAT TACATT TTT TGG ATC CTT GCC CTG GCG GCT ATT CTG GCC TCA GCG ATG ATT TTC TTC CTG ATT AAA GAA ACC CTT CCT CCG GAG CGC CGT CAG CCT TTC CATATT CGC ACT ACT ATC GGT AAT TTT GCG GCC TTG TTT CGC CAT AAA CGC GTG CTG TCA TAC ATG TTG GCA AGCGGC TTT TCT TTC GCG GGT ATG TTC TCGTTT TTA AGT GCT GGT CCC TTCGTG TAT ATC GAA ATC AAT CAC GTA GCC CCG GAG AAC TTC GGC TAT TACTTC GCA TTA AAT ATC GTG TTT CTT TTC GTCATG ACC ATC TTC AAC TCTCGC TTC GTC CGT CGT ATC GGT GCC TTA AAT ATG TTT CGT TCG GGG CTG TGG ATC CAA TTT ATC ATG GCT GCG TGG ATG GTGATC TCC GCA CTG TTG GGG CTT GGG TTT TGG TCG CTT GTG GTG GGC GTG GCT GCA TTC GTT GGA TGT GTC AGC ATG GTA TCT TCT AAC GCG ATG GCT GTAATT TTG GAT GAG TTC CCA CAT ATG GCA GGG ACT GCT TCC TCT CTG GCT GGC ACA TTTCGC TTC GGA ATT GGT GCA ATC GTA GGC GCG TTG CTG AGC TTAGCG ACATTC AAT TCG GCG TGG CCC ATG ATT TGG TCC ATT GCG TTT TGT GCG ACCAGC AGC ATC CTG TTC TGC CTT TAT GCT TCC CGT CCA AAG AAG CGT 85 TolCATG AAC AAA CTT AGT ATG CTG GGA GCT GCC TTC GCG TTG TTG GCA GGG(PseudomonasAAC TCA GCA TTG GCA GCA ATG GGG CCT TTC GAA ATC TAC GAA CAG GCfluorescensT CTTCGC AAT GAC CCA GTT TTC TTA GGG GCC ATT AAG GAG CGT GAC GC R124)C GGA TTG GAA AAC CGC ATC ATC GGC CGC GCA GGA TTG TTA CCA CGC T GenBank:TG GGG TACAAC TAC AAT CGT GGC CAT AAC ACC TCT AAA GCG ACC CAG TEJZ58348.1TG ACA AAT CGT GGC TCT CTG ACT GAA GAC CGT AAC TAT AAT TCG TATGGT TCA ACT CTTACA TTA CAG CAA CCC TTA TTA GAC TAT GAG GCC TATGCC GCC TAC CGT AAG GGA GTA GCG CAA AGC TTG TTC GCC GAT GAA GCCTTT CGC GGT AAG TCACAG GAA TTA TTG GTT CGC GTC TTA GAT AAT TACACG AAA GCG TTG TTC GCA CAA GAC CAA ATC GAT ATC GCA CAG GCG AAA AAA AAA GCT TAT GAA CAACAA TTT CAG CAG AAC GAA CAT ATG TTC AAA CAA GGC GAG GGG ACG CGC ACT GAC ATT TTG GAA GCT GAA AGT CGT TAT GAA CTT GCC ACG GCA GAA GAAATC GAG GCG CGT AAC GAA CAG GAT GCC GCT CTT CGC GAG CTT GGT GCG CTT GTC GGT GTC CCA ACT GTC GACATT TCT GAA CTT GCA CCC TTA GAC CAGAAT TTT CAA ACG TTC GCG CTGATG CCT GCT AAC TAT GAT ACG TGG CAC GAG TTA GCA ATT TCT AAT AATCCG AAC CTG GCA TCA CAG CGT CAG GCC GTGGAA GTA GCA AAA TAC GAAGTT GAA CGT AAC CGT GCA GGA CAT TTA CCC AAG GTC TCA GCA TAT GCC AGC ATT CGT CAG ACT GAG TCT GAC AGT GGT AATACC TAC AAT CAA CGT TAT GAT ACG AAC ACC ATT GGC TTT GAG GTA AAC GTC CCT CTG TAT GCA GGA GGA GGA GTC TCA GCA AGT ACA CGC CAA GCA TCACGC ACG ATG GAG CAG GCG GAG TAT GAA TTA GAT GGA AAG ACG CGT GAG ACG TTA ATTGAA TTA CGT CGT CAG TTC AGC GCG TGC CTT AGT GGA GTT AATAAG TTACGC GCC TAT CAG AAA GCC CTG GCC TCG GCC GAA GCA CTG GTG GTC TCAACC AAG CAG AGC ATT CTT GGC GGC GAA CGC ACC AAC TTG GAC GCGCTTAAC GCG GAA CAG CAG CTG TTC ACC ACG CGT CGC GAC CTT GCA CAG GCC CGC TAT GAC TAC TTG ATG GCG TGG ACG AAA CTG CAT TAT TAC GCA GGAACC CTG AAC GAA CAA GAT TTA GCG CGT GTG GAC GAG GCA TTT GGC CAA GGG CCC AAA TCA AAT CCT CGC 86 TyrosineATG TTC GAT GCG CTG GCG CGT CAA GCG GAT GAT CCG CTT TTG GCG CTGtransaminaseATC GGA CTG TTT CGC AAA GAC GAG CGC CCC GGT AAA GTG GAC TTA GG(SinorhizobiumT GTGGGA GTT TAC CGC GAC GAA ACT GGC CGC ACT CCG ATC TTT CGC GC melilotiG GTT AAA GCA GCC GAA AAA CGC TTG CTT GAG ACT CAG GAC TCG AAG G AK83)CC TAC ATCGGC CCG GAA GGA GAC CTG GTT TTT CTT GAC CGT TTG TGG G GenBank:AA CTT GTT GGG GGG GAT ACC ATT GAA CGT TCT CAC GTA GCT GGT GTAAEG55340.1CAA ACA CCT GGCGGG AGC GGC GCA CTT CGT TTG GCG GCA GAT TTA ATCGCC CGC ATG GGC GGT CGC GGG ATT TGG TTG GGG TTG CCA TCC TGG CCGAAT CAC GCT CCC ATTTTC AAA GCG GCT GGA CTG GAT ATC GCG ACT TACGAT TTC TTT GAT ATC CCG AGT CAA TCC GTT ATT TTT GAT AAC CTG GTG TCT GCC CTG GAA GGT GCAGCA TCT GGC GAT GCC GTC TTA TTG CAT GCT AGC TGC CAC AAT CCA ACT GGA GGG GTA TTA TCC GAG GCA CAG TGG ATG GAA ATT GCC GCG CTG GTC GCCGAA CGC GGA CTG TTA CCA CTT GTT GAT CTT GCG TAT CAA GGG TTC GGA CGT GGG CTG GAT CAA GAC GTC GCGGGC TTA CGC CAT TTA TTA GGT GTA GTTCCC GAA GCC CTT GTC GCC GTTAGC TGC TCT AAA TCG TTC GGC TTG TAC CGC GAA CGC GCT GGA GCC ATCTTC GCC CGT ACA TCA TCT ACC GCT TCA GCCGAC CGC GTC CGC AGT AACTTA GCT GGC CTT GCT CGC ACA TCG TAT AGT ATG CCC CCC GAT CAC GGG GCC GCG GTT GTC CGT ACG ATC TTA GAC GAC CCAGAG CTG CGT CGT GAC TGG ACC GAG GAA TTA GAG ACA ATG CGC TTG CGT ATG ACG GGT CTT CGC CGC TCT CTT GCA GAG GGC TTG CGC ACC CGT TGG CAGTCT CTT GGC GCC GTA GCT GAC CAA GAA GGG ATG TTC TCG ATG CTG CCG TTG TCC GAAGCA GAG GTT ATG CGC CTT CGC ACT GAG CAT GGA ATT TAC ATGCCC GCATCA GGA CGC ATT AAC ATT GCG GGG TTA AAA ACG GCG GAG GCT GCC GAAATT GCA GGT AAA TTT ACG AGT TTG 87 tyrosineATG AAG AAC CGC ACT CTT GGA TCA GTA TTC ATT GTT GCG GGG ACC ACCtransporterATC GGT GCA GGT ATG CTT GCC ATG CCC CTG GCT GCA GCT GGC GTC GGTyrP (EscherichiaG TTCAGC GTT ACC CTG ATT TTA CTG ATT GGT CTG TGG GCT CTG ATG TG coli W)T TAC ACG GCA TTG CTT TTG CTT GAA GTG TAC CAG CAT GTA CCC GCA G GenBank:AC ACC GGTCTT GGC ACT CTG GCG AAA CGT TAT TTA GGA CGT TAT GGT CAFH11702.1AA TGG CTG ACC GGT TTC TCC ATG ATG TTT CTG ATG TAT GCG CTG ACGGCC GCA TAC ATTAGT GGT GCA GGT GAA CTG CTG GCA AGT TCA ATT TCTGAC TGG ACG GGC ATC TCT ATG AGC GCG ACT GCT GGG GTT TTA TTG TTTACA TTT GTG GCT GGCGGT GTA GTG TGT GTA GGG ACG TCA TTA GTT GATCTG TTT AAC CGC TTC CTT TTC AGT GCA AAA ATC ATT TTC CTT GTA GTA ATG CTT GTC TTA TTA TTACCA CAT ATT CAT AAG GTA AAT CTT TTG ACA TTA CCA TTG CAG CAG GGA TTG GCG TTA TCA GCC ATC CCT GTA ATC TTC ACA TCC TTC GGA TTC CAC GGGTCC GTC CCA TCC ATC GTG TCC TAC ATG GAC GGC AAT GTA CGC AAG TTA CGT TGG GTC TTT ATC ACA GGG AGCGCC ATT CCC CTT GTA GCG TAT ATT TTTTGG CAA GTT GCT ACT CTG GGGTCA ATC GAC TCT ACC ACC TTC ATG GGT TTA CTT GCG AAC CAC GCG GGGTTG AAC GGA CTG TTA CAG GCT TTG CGT GAAATG GTT GCC TCG CCA CATGTT GAG TTG GCG GTT CAT CTT TTT GCT GAC TTA GCC TTA GCT ACC TCT TTC CTT GGG GTT GCG CTG GGA TTA TTC GAC TATCTG GCT GAT CTT TTT CAA CGC TCC AAC ACC GTA GGT GGA CGT TTA CAG ACT GGA GCC ATT ACT TTC TTG CCC CCT TTA GCC TTT GCG CTG TTT TAT CCACGT GGG TTT GTT ATG GCC TTG GGG TAT GCT GGA GTC GCC TTA GCT GTA CTT GCT CTTATT ATT CCA TCG TTA TTA ACG TGG CAA TCG CGT AAA CAC AACCCC CAAGCA GGG TAC CGC GTG AAG GGA GGA CGC CCC GCG CTG GTG GTT GTT TTTCTG TGC GGG ATT GCC GTC ATC GGC GTG CAA TTT TTG ATT GCA GCAGGTTTG TTG CCG GAG GTG GGG Phenylalanine 88 Beta-ATG ACT CAT GCT GCA ATT GAC CAG GCG TTG GCA GAC GCC TAT CGT CGTphenylalanineTTT ACT GAC GCA AAC CCT GCC AGC CAG CGT CAG TTT GAA GCG CAA GCCtransaminaseCGCTAT ATG CCC GGG GCT AAC TCT CGC TCT GTT TTG TTT TAT GCA CCC (AromaticTTT CCA TTG ACG ATC GCA CGT GGG GAA GGC GCC GCT CTT TGG GAT GCGbeta-aminoGAC GGCCAC CGT TAC GCT GAC TTT ATC GCG GAA TAC ACA GCT GGG GTG acidTAT GGA CAC AGT GCC CCA GAG ATT CGT GAC GCA GTA ATC GAA GCT ATGaminotransferase;CAG GGT GGGATT AAT TTG ACG GGT CAT AAT TTG TTG GAA GGC CGC TTA Beta-GCC CGC CTT ATT TGT GAG CGT TTC CCA CAG ATC GAA CAG TTG CGT TTCphenylalanine-ACG AAT AGC GGAACA GAG GCC AAT CTG ATG GCC CTT ACC GCG GCG CTTaminotransferase;CAT TTT ACT GGT CGC CGC AAA ATC GTC GTA TTT AGT GGA GGT TAT CAT VpAT)GGG GGG GTT CTT GGGTTC GGT GCC CGT CCT AGC CCT ACC ACA GTA CCAUniProtKB/TTT GAC TTC CTT GTG CTG CCT TAC AAC GAT GCT CAG ACG GCT CGT GCTSwiss-Prot:CAG ATC GAG CGC CAC GGCCCG GAG ATC GCG GTC GTG TTA GTC GAG CCC H8WR05.1ATG CAA GGT GCT TCT GGC TGC ATC CCA GGT CAG CCC GAC TTT CTG CAAGCC CTG CGC GAA TCC GCT ACTCAG GTA GGG GCG CTG TTA GTT TTT GACGAA GTG ATG ACT AGT CGC TTA GCG CCA CAT GGT TTA GCT AAC AAA TTGGGG ATC CGT TCG GAT TTG ACA ACCCTG GGT AAG TAC ATT GGC GGC GGTATG TCA TTT GGG GCC TTT GGC GGT CGT GCT GAT GTC ATG GCC CTG TTCGAC CCT CGC ACT GGA CCT TTG GCT CATTCC GGT ACG TTT AAC AAC AATGTG ATG ACG ATG GCT GCC GGT TAT GCT GGC TTA ACG AAA TTA TTC ACTCCG GAA GCG GCA GGG GCA TTG GCA GAG CGTGGA GAA GCG CTT CGC GCACGT CTT AAC GCC CTG TGT GCT AAC GAA GGA GTA GCA ATG CAG TTC ACTGGC ATC GGC TCG CTG ATG AAT GCC CAC TTC GTCCAG GGA GAC GTT CGTAGC TCT GAG GAT CTG GCC GCA GTT GAT GGG CGT TTA CGT CAG TTG TTGTTC TTT CAT TTA TTG AAT GAA GAT ATT TAC TCT TCACCG CGT GGG TTTGTT GTA TTA TCG TTG CCA TTG ACT GAC GCT GAT ATT GAC CGC TAC GTTGCT GCG ATC GGT TCA TTT ATT GGC GGT CAT GGG GCG TTGTTA CCG CGC GCT AAC89 gadA ATGGACCAGAAGCTGTTAACGGATTTCCGCTCAGAACTACTCGATTCACGTTTTGGCGCAAAGglutamateGCCATTTCTACTATCGCGGAGTCAAAACGATTTCCGCTGCACGAAATGCGCGATGATGTCGCAdecarboxylaseTTTCAGATTATCAATGATGAATTATATCTTGATGGCAACGCTCGTCAGAACCTGGCCACTTTC(EscherichiaTGCCAGACCTGGGACGACGAAAACGTCCATAAATTGATGGATTTGTCGATCAATAAAAACTGG coli)ATCGACAAAGAAGAATATCCGCAATCCGCAGCCATCGACCTGCGTTGCGTAAATATGGTTGCCGATCTGTGGCATGCGCCTGCGCCGAAAAATGGTCAGGCCGTTGGCACCAACACCATTGGTTCTTCCGAGGCCTGTATGCTCGGCGGGATGGCGATGAAATGGCGTTGGCGCAAGCGTATGGAAGCTGCAGGCAAACCAACGGATAAACCAAACCTGGTGTGCGGTCCGGTACAAATCTGCTGGCATAAATTCGCCCGCTACTGGGATGTGGAGCTGCGTGAGATCCCTATGCGCCCCGGTCAGTTGTTTATGGACCCGAAACGCATGATTGAAGCCTGTGACGAAAACACCATCGGCGTGGTGCCGACTTTCGGCGTGACCTACACCGGTAACTATGAGTTCCCACAACCGCTGCACGATGCGCTGGATAAATTCCAGGCCGACACCGGTATCGACATCGACATGCACATCGACGCTGCCAGCGGTGGCTTCCTGGCACCGTTCGTCGCCCCGGATATCGTCTGGGACTTCCGCCTGCCGCGTGTGAAATCGATCAGTGCTTCAGGCCATAAATTCGGTCTGGCTCCGCTGGGCTGCGGCTGGGTTATCTGGCGTGACGAAGAAGCGCTGCCGCAGGAACTGGTGTTCAACGTTGACTACCTGGGTGGTCAAATTGGTACTTTTGCCATCAACTTCTCCCGCCCGGCGGGTCAGGTAATTGCACAGTACTATGAATTCCTGCGCCTCGGTCGTGAAGGCTATACCAAAGTACAGAACGCCTCTTACCAGGTTGCCGCTTATCTGGCGGATGAAATCGCCAAACTGGGGCCGTATGAGTTCATCTGTACGGGTCGCCCGGACGAAGGCATCCCGGCGGTTTGCTTCAAACTGAAAGATGGTGAAGATCCGGGATACACCCTGTACGACCTCTCTGAACGTCTGCGTCTGCGCGGCTGGCAGGTTCCGGCCTTCACTCTCGGCGGTGAAGCCACCGACATCGTGGTGATGCGCATTATGTGTCGTCGCGGCTTCGAAATGGACTTTGCTGAACTGTTGCTGGAAGACTACAAAGCCTCCCTGAAATATCTCAGCGATCACCCGAAACTGCAGGGTATTGCCCAGCAGAACAGCTTTAAACACACCTGA 90 glutamateATG GAT AAA AAG CAA GTG ACG GAC CTG CGC TCT GAA CTT CTT GAC AGTdecarboxylaseCGT TTT GGG GCA AAG AGT ATT AGT ACC ATT GCT GAG TCA AAG CGT TT(EscherichiaT CCTTTG CAT GAG ATG CGC GAT GAC GTC GCA TTC CAG ATT ATC AAC GAcoli KO11FL)C GAG CTG TAT TTG GAC GGC AAT GCC CGC CAA AAC TTG GCC ACG TTT T GenBank:GT CAG ACTTGG GAT GAC GAG AAT GTT CAT AAA CTT ATG GAC CTT TCA AADX50933.1TT AAC AAA AAT TGG ATT GAC AAA GAA GAG TAC CCC CAA TCT GCC GCAATT GAT TTA CGTTGT GTT AAT ATG GTG GCC GAC TTA TGG CAT GCA CCAGCC CCT AAA AAC GGC CAA GCG GTG GGA ACC AAC ACG ATC GGG TCT AGTGAG GCA TGT ATG TTAGGC GGG ATG GCC ATG AAG TGG CGT TGG CGT AAACGC ATG GAG GCA GCA GGG AAA CCA ACC GAT AAA CCT AAT TTA GTC TGC GGA CCG GTT CAG ATC TGTTGG CAT AAA TTT GCG CGC TAC TGG GAT GTG GAA TTA CGC GAA ATT CCG ATG CGT CCG GGC CAA CTG TTC ATG GAT CCC AAA CGT ATG ATC GAA GCA TGTGAC GAA AAC ACG ATT GGG GTG GTA CCC ACC TTT GGG GTC ACA TAT ACA GGT AAC TAC GAG TTT CCA CAA CCGTTG CAT GAT GCT CTG GAC AAG TTT CAAGCT GAC ACC GGG ATC GAC ATTGAT ATG CAC ATT GAC GCT GCC TCC GGC GGA TTC TTG GCC CCA TTT GTAGCC CCT GAC ATT GTC TGG GAC TTT CGT CTTCCC CGT GTG AAA TCC ATCAGC GCA TCC GGT CAC AAG TTT GGG CTT GCC CCA TTA GGG TGT GGA TGG GTC ATC TGG CGT GAT GAG GAA GCA TTA CCC CAAGAA CTT GTC TTC AAT GTA GAT TAC CTT GGG GGA CAG ATT GGC ACT TTT GCC ATC AAC TTT TCT CGC CCA GCG GGT CAA GTG ATC GCC CAG TAT TAC GAGTTT CTG CGC CTG GGA CGT GAG GGA TAT ACA AAA GTG CAG AAC GCA TCG TAC CAG GTAGCG GCT TAC CTT GCG GAC GAA ATT GCA AAG CTG GGA CCA TACGAG TTTATC TGT ACC GGG CGT CCA GAT GAA GGT ATT CCG GCT GTG TGT TTT AAGCTG AAA GAC GGG GAA GAT CCC GGA TAT ACG CTG TAT GAT CTG TCTGAACGT TTA CGT TTG CGC GGT TGG CAA GTT CCA GCC TTC ACG TTG GGT GGC GAA GCC ACT GAT ATT GTA GTC ATG CGT ATC ATG TGT CGT CGC GGC TTTGAA ATG GAT TTC GCA GAG TTA CTT CTG GAA GAC TAC AAA GCG AGC TTA AAA TAT TTG TCT GAC CAT CCC AAG TTG CAA GGG ATC GCA CAG CAAAAT TCGTTT AAA CAC ACT 91 GltTATG AAG AAA TTA CGC TTC GGA CTG GCG ACT CAA ATC TTT GTG GGG CTG(Bacillus ATT CTT GGG GTA GTA GTG GGC GTT ATC TGG TAC GGT AAT CCG GCG GTatrophaeusG GTAACT TAT TTG CAG CCA GTT GGG GAC CTT TTT TTA CGT TTG ATT AAUCMB-5137)A ATG ATC GTT ATT CCT ATC GTG GTG TCT TCT TTG ATC ATT GGC GTC G GenBank:CG GGA GCTGGG TCC GGA AAA CAG GTC GGA AAG CTG GGC TTT CGT ACT AAKL83763.1TT CTG TAC TTC GAG ATC ATC ACT ACC TTT GCC ATC ATT CTG GGA CTTGCT CTG GCG AATCTT TTC CAG CCT GGT ACA GGA GTA AAT ATC GAG AGCGCG CAG AAA AGT GAC ATT TCC CAG TAC GTG GAG ACT GAA AAA GAG CAATCC ACC AAA TCC GTAGCT GAG ACT TTC CTG CAT ATC GTG CCC ACC AATTTC TTT CAA TCA CTT GCG GAA GGT GAT CTT CTT GCT ATT ATC TGC TTT ACC GTA CTT TTC GCC CTTGGC ATT TCG GCT ATC GGT GAA CGT GGC AAA CCG GTG CTT GCT TTC TTT GAC GGA GTA TCC CAC GCG ATG TTT CAT GTA GTG AAC CTT GTG ATG AAG GTTGCT CCG TTC GGC GTA TTT GCT CTG ATT GGA GTA ACA GTA AGC AAA TTT GGA CTG GGT TCT TTA CTG AGC CTGGGT AAA CTT GTG GGG CTG GTA TAT GTTGCT CTG GCA TTT TTT CTT ATTGTA ATC TTT GGT ATT GTT GGA AAG CTG GCT GGC GTG AAT ATC TTC AAGTTT TTA GCT TAC ATG AAG GAT GAA ATC TTATTA GCG TTC TCG ACC TCATCG TCC GAG ACT GTG TTG CCC CGC ATC ATG GAG AAA ATG GAG AAG ATC GGG TGT CCA AAG GGA ATT GTA AGC TTT GTA GTCCCC ATC GGT TAC ACA TTC AAT CTT GAC GGC TCG GTC TTA TAC CAA TCT ATT GCT GCG CTG TTC TTG GCA CAG GTT TAC GGA ATC GAC CTG ACT ATT TGGCAT CAG ATT ACT CTG GTG TTA GTT CTG ATG GTC ACT AGC AAA GGC ATG GCA GCC GTTCCT GGA ACT AGC TTT GTA GTC CTG CTG GCA ACC TTA GGT ACCATT GGTGTT CCA GCG GAA GGG CTT GCA TTC ATT GCG GGG GTT GAC CGC ATT ATGGAC ATG GCT CGC ACT GTG GTC AAT TTA ACA GGC AAT GCT CTT GCGAGTGTC GTA ATG AGC AAG TGG GAG GGT CAG TAC GAC CCG GTG AAA GGT GCA GAG ATT ATG AGC CGC AGC AAG ACG GAA CAG GAC GCT ACT ATC TCC G GA 92mechanosensitiveATG GAG GAC TTG AAC GTA GTA GAT AGC ATT AAT GGA GCG GGC TCA TGGchannel MscTTA GTA GCC AAC CAA GCC CTG TTG TTA TCG TAT GCT GTA AAT ATC GTS (EscherichiaC GCAGCC TTA GCC ATC ATT ATC GTT GGG TTA ATC ATC GCC CGT ATG AT coli)T TCT AAT GCG GTG AAT CGC TTA ATG ATC TCG CGC AAG ATC GAC GCC A GenBank:CT GTC GCGGAT TTC TTG TCC GCC CTG GTG CGT TAC GGT ATC ATC GCG TCTX26261.1TC ACA TTG ATT GCG GCA TTA GGG CGC GTA GGA GTC CAG ACA GCT TCTGTG ATT GCG GTATTA GGT GCA GCA GGA TTA GCT GTG GGA TTG GCG TTACAG GGG TCT CTT TCC AAT CTG GCG GCC GGC GTA CTT CTG GTT ATG TTTCGC CCC TTT CGC GCCGGA GAG TAT GTG GAT TTG GGA GGA GTG GCC GGAACA GTG CTG TCA GTG CAA ATC TTT TCT ACC ACG ATG CGT ACA GCA GAT GGA AAA ATC ATC GTG ATCCCC AAT GGC AAG ATC ATC GCG GGT AAC ATT ATC AAC TTC TCC CGC GAA CCT GTT CGC CGC AAC GAA TTT ATC ATC GGT GTT GCC TAT GAT TCA GAC ATCGAT CAG GTC AAA CAA ATT CTT ACG AAC ATC ATT CAG TCA GAG GAC CGT ATT CTG AAA GAC CGC GAA ATG ACGGTG CGT TTG AAT GAG TTA GGG GCT TCAAGT ATC AAC TTC GTA GTC CGCGTG TGG AGC AAT TCC GGT GAT TTG CAA AAC GTG TAT TGG GAC GTC CTTGAG CGC ATT AAG CGT GAA TTC GAT GCT GCCGGG ATC TCC TTT CCG TATCCT CAG ATG GAT GTG AAT TTC AAG CGT GTA AAG GAA GAT AAG GCT GC C 93 HutHATG ATG GTC ACC TTG GAT GGG TCT TCA TTA ACG ACG GCT GAT GCA CAA(Bacillus CGT GTA CTT TTC GAT TTT GAA GAG GTA CAG GCA TCG GCT GAA TCG ATamyloliquefaciensG GAGCGC GTA AAA AAG AGC CGT GCC GCC GTG GAA CGC ATT GTA CAA GA subsp.A GAA AAA ACT ATC TAC GGA ATC ACT ACG GGG TTT GGT AAG TTT TCC GplantarumAT GTG CTGATC CAA AAA GAG GAC GCT GCG GAT TTA CAA TTG AAT TTG Astr. FZB42)TC TTG TCA CAT GCA TGT GGA GTC GGC GAT CCT TTC CCA GAG TCA GTC GenBank:TCC CGC GCC ATGCTG CTT CTG CGT GCA AAC GCA TTG TTA AAA GGC TTCABS75970.1TCC GGT GTT CGT ACG GAA TTA ATT GAC CAG CTT TTA GCG TAC TTA AACCAC CGT ATC CAC CCTGTT ATC CCC CAA CAA GGT TCG CTG GGG GCC TCCGGC GAT TTG GCC CCT CTT AGC CAC CTT GCG TTG GCA CTG ATC GGA CAA GGG GAA GTG TTC TAC GAAGGA GCA CGT ATG CCC ACT GCT CAT GCC CTT GAA CAA ACC AAT CTG CAG CCC GCA GTC CTG ACA TCG AAG GAA GGG CTG GCG TTG ATC AAT GGG ACT CAGGCT ATG ACC GCA ATG GGC TTA ATC GCA TAC CTT GAA GCC GAA AAG TTG GCA TAT CAG AGC GAG CGC ATC GCTTCA TTG ACT ATC GAA GGA TTG CAA GGTATT ATT GAC GCG TTT GAC GAAGAT ATT CAT GCC GCT CGT GGA TAC CAG GAA CAA ATG GAT GTC GCT GAGCGC ATT CGC TAT TAT CTT TCG GAT TCG AAGCTG ACA ACC GTA CAA GGCGAG CTG CGT GTG CAA GAT GCT TAC TCC ATT CGC TGC ATC CCT CAA GTC CAC GGA GCT TCT TGG CAG ACC CTG GCG TAT GTGAAG GAG AAG TTA GAA ATT GAG ATG AAC GCT GCT ACT GAT AAC CCT TTA ATT TTT GAA GAC GGG GCC AAA ATT ATC TCG GGG GGG AAC TTT CAC GGG CAACCG ATC GCG TTT GCA ATG GAC TTC TTG AAA GTA GCT GCT GCT GAG TTG GCT AAT ATCAGC GAG CGC CGT ATT GAG CGT CTT GTC AAT CCA CAG CTG AATGAC CTTCCT CCT TTT CTT TCG CCG CAA CCG GGT TTA CAG TCT GGT GCC ATG ATTATG CAG TAC GCC GCT GCC TCC TTG GTC TCG GAA AAC AAA ACA CTTGCGCAT CCC GCC TCA GTC GAC TCA ATC CCC TCC TCG GCT AAC CAG GAG GAT CAC GTC TCC ATG GGG ACG ATC GCT TCA CGT CAT GCT TAC CAG ATT ATTGCA AAC ACT CGT CGC GTA TTA GCC GTC GAG GCC ATT TGC GCT TTA CAA GCT GTA GAG TAC CGT GGG GAA GAG CAC TGC GCT AGC TAC ACG AAACAA CTTTAC CAT GAG ATG CGT AAC ATC GTG CCA TCG ATT CAG GAG GACCGT GTT TTC TCG TAC GAC ATC GAG CAC TTA TCC GAC TGG CTT AAA AAGGAA TCC TTCTTA CCT AAT GAA CAC CAC CAA AAG TTA ATG ACT AAT GAGGGC GGG TTA ACT CGC 94 HistidineATG AAG AAA CTT GTC CTT TCA TTG TCT CTG GTA TTA GCG TTC AGT TCA ABCGCA ACT GCA GCA TTC GCT GCT ATT CCG CAA AAT ATC CGC ATC GGG ACtransporter,G GATCCC ACG TAT GCG CCA TTC GAG TCA AAG AAT TCA CAA GGT GAA TThistidine-G GTC GGG TTC GAT ATT GAC CTG GCG AAA GAA TTG TGT AAA CGT ATC A bindingAT ACC CAATGC ACG TTC GTG GAA AAT CCC TTG GAT GCA TTA ATT CCG TperiplasmicCT TTG AAA GCG AAA AAA ATC GAT GCC ATC ATG TCA TCC CTT TCT ATC proteinACA GAA AAG CGCCAG CAG GAG ATT GCC TTC ACA GAC AAG TTG TAC GCTprecursor HisJGCA GAC AGC CGC CTG GTC GTT GCA AAG AAT TCT GAC ATT CAA CCT ACC(EscherichiaGTG GAA TCG CTG AAGGGC AAG CGC GTA GGG GTC TTG CAG GGC ACT ACTcoli O145: H28CAG GAA ACA TTT GGG AAC GAA CAT TGG GCG CCT AAG GGA ATT GAG AT str.C GTG TCT TAT CAG GGT CAGGAT AAC ATC TAC AGT GAT CTG ACA GCC GGRM12581])A CGT ATT GAC GCC GCT TTT CAG GAC GAG GTG GCG GCA TCT GAA GGG T GenBank:TC TTA AAG CAG CCA GTC GGC AAAGAC TAC AAA TTT GGT GGG CCG AGC GAHY71563.1TG AAG GAC GAG AAA TTG TTT GGG GTA GGA ACA GGG ATG GGC TTG CGTAAG GAG GAC AAT GAA TTA CGT GAA GCTCTT AAT AAA GCC TTT GCT GAGATG CGT GCG GAC GGG ACT TAC GAA AAA CTT GCA AAA AAG TAT TTC GACTTT GAC GTC TAC GGC GGT 95 HistidineATG CTG TAT GGA TTC AGT GGC GTT ATC TTG CAG GGG GCT CTT GTC ACT ABCTTA GAG TTA GCT ATC TCG TCC GTT GTG TTA GCT GTC ATT ATT GGA CTtransporter,T ATCGGG GCT GGT GGC AAA TTG AGT CAG AAC CGT TTG AGC GGC CTT AT permeaseT TTT GAA GGG TAC ACA ACC TTA ATT CGC GGA GTC CCA GAC TTA GTG Cprotein HisQTG ATG TTGCTT ATT TTC TAT GGT TTA CAG ATC GCT TTG AAT ACG GTT A(EscherichiaCC GAG GCA ATG GGG GTC GGC CAA ATC GAT ATC GAT CCT ATG GTG GCTcoli O145: H28GGA ATC ATT ACTTTG GGC TTC ATT TAC GGG GCA TAT TTC ACG GAG ACG str.TTC CGC GGA GCT TTC ATG GCC GTC CCG AAG GGC CAC ATT GAA GCG GCA RM12581)ACA GCT TTT GGA TTCACT CGT GGG CAA GTT TTC CGT CGC ATC ATG TTT GenBank:CCA GCG ATG ATG CGC TAT GCG CTT CCT GGG ATC GGG AAT AAC TGG CAAHY71562.1G GTA ATC TTA AAA TCG ACGGCT TTA GTC AGT TTA TTG GGG TTG GAA GAT GTC GTA AAA GCG ACC CAG TTG GCT GGG AAA TCG ACT TGG GAG CCC TTT TAC TTC GCT ATT GTG TGT GGCGTT ATT TAC TTA GTT TTC ACT ACA GTA TCA AAC GGT GTG TTA TTG TTT TTG GAA CGT CGC TAC AGC GTG GGTGTA AAG CGT GCT GAT TTG 96 hisPATG TCC GAG AAC AAA TTA AAT GTT ATC GAT TTG CAT AAG CGT TAT GGA(EscherichiaGAG CAT GAA GTG TTG AAA GGA GTG TCT CTT CAA GCA AAC GCG GGG GA coli EPECC GTAATT TCT ATC ATC GGA TCG TCT GGT TCT GGT AAG TCA ACC TTC CT C342-62)G CGT TGT ATT AAC TTC TTA GAG AAG CCG TCT GAG GGT TCT ATT GTA G GenBank:TT AAT GGGCAG ACC ATC AAT CTT GTG CGC GAT AAG GAC GGC CAG TTG AEIQ70323.1AA GTG GCA GAC AAA AAC CAA CTT CGT TTG CTT CGC ACC CGT CTT ACCATG GTA TTC CAACAC TTC AAC CTG TGG TCG CAC ATG ACG GTA CTT GAGAAC GTG ATG GAA GCG CCA ATT CAG GTA CTT GGA TTG AGC AAA CAA GAAGCC CGC GAA CGT GCGGTG AAA TAT TTG GCC AAG GTG GGT ATC GAC GAGCGT GCG CAG GGC AAA TAC CCC GTT CAC TTG TCC GGG GGT CAA CAA CAG CGT GTC AGT ATT GCC CGCGCT CTG GCT ATG GAA CCA GAG GTG CTT CTG TTT GAC GAG CCG ACG TCA GCT TTG GAC CCG GAA TTA GTG GGC GAA GTA TTG CGC ATC ATG CAG CAG TTAGCA GAA GAA GGC AAG ACC ATG GTT GTT GTC ACA CAC GAA ATG GGG TTT GCG CGT CAT GTC TCG ACT CAT GTAATC TTC TTG CAT CAA GGT AAA ATC GAGGAA GAA GGA GCG CCG GAA CAGTTA TTC GGG AAT CCT CAA TCC CCC CGT CTG CAG CAG TTT CTT AAA GGGTCC TTA AAG 97 prolineATG TCA ATG TCC GCT GAG CAC GCT GAG GAA TTA AAA AAT GAA CCT GCGreductase GTC GTT TGT TGT CGC ACT GAG GAG GGG ACC ATC TTG TCA GCC GAT AA(ClostridiumT TTGGAA GAC CCA AAC ATT TTT CCA GAT ATG GTG GAT AGC GGT TTA CTbotulinum)G AAC ATT CCT GGG GAC TGC TTA AAA GTT GGG GAA GTA ATC GGG GCC A NCBIAA CTG CTTAAG ACG ATT GAC TCT TTG ACC CCT CTT GCC AAG GAC ATC AReference TT GAG GGG GCC AAA TCC TTA GAC GGA GAC GTA CGC AGT AAA TCA GAGSequence: ATT CAG ATC GAATCA CCA GAG GAG AAG GCG ATC CTT AAA AAC AAT TTGWP_024933653.1AAG GCG GGA GAT ATT ATC AAG GTT GAG GAC CTG GAG AAC CCT ATG CACTTC GCC AAG TTA CAAGAT TCG CTT CTT ATC AAG CTG GAT GAG AAA GTGCTT ACG CGC CGC GAA GTT GTA GAC GCG AAA CTT ACG GAA GAT GCA CCG GCG ATT TCA GGG GTC ACTGCA TCA ATG TTG GAA GGC TTC GAG GAA AAG GCC CTG GAG ATT ACC CAA GAT AGC AAG GAT GTG GAC TTC AAT TCA GTA ATT CCA CTG AAC GGC AAT CGTGAA TTC CTT CGT TTG AAA ATC GAG GAA GGC ACA GGC ATT TAT ATC GAA ATT CCC TTT ACC CAA GTC 98 Proline porterATG TCA GAA AAA CTT CCG GCA CCT CGC GAG GGT TTA TCC GGT AAA GCT IIATG CGT CGT GTT GTC ATG GGT AGC TTT GCC GGT GCA TTA ATG GAA TG(EscherichiaG TATGAT TTC TTC ATC TTT GGG ACG GCG GCG GGT CTT GTT TTT GCA CCcoli PMV-G CTG TTT TAT CCT GAC AGT GAT CCG TTT ATT GGG TTG ATC GCG TCG T 1)TC GCT ACATTT GGA GTT GGT TTT TTG ACC CGC CCG TTA GGA GGT ATC G GenBank:TG TTC GGT CAT TTT GGT GAC AAG ATC GGG CGT AAG ATT ACC TTA ATCCDH67546.1TGG ACA TTG GCGATT GTG GGG TGT TCT ACA TTC TTA ATC GGT TTC ATTCCA ACG TAC CAA GAA ATC GGC ATT TGG GCC CCT TTG GTC CTT ATG GTTTTG CGC CTG ATT CAGGGT TTT GGC TTG GGA GGA GAA TAC GGA GGG GCGGCG TTA ATG ACC ATC GAA AGT GCC CCC GAA AGC CGC CGT GGT TTT CTT GGG TCA TTG CCA CAG ACGGCC GCC AGC GTC GGC ATC ATG CTT GCA ACG GGT ATT TTC GCG CTT TGT AAT CAT TTC CTT ACT TCT GAA CAG TTC TTA TCA TGG GGC TGG CGT ATT CCCTTC TGG TTG TCC GCG GTT ATG TTA ATC GTC GGA CTT TTT ATC CGT CTG CAT ACT GAA GAG ACG CTT GAC TTTCAG AAG CAA AAA ACG ACT AAC AAT AAAGAA AAG TCG GTT CCC CCC CTTATC GAG CTT TTT AAG AAA CAT CCA CGC AAT ATT TTG TTG GCC TTG GGGGCC CGC CTT GCG GAG TCA GTA AGC AGC AACATC ATT AAT GCA TTC GGCATC GTC TAT ATC AGC AGT CAA CTT GCA CTG AGC CGT GAC ATC CCC TTG ACT GGG ATG CTG ATT GCA AGC GCC ATC GGA ATTTTT AGT TGC CCA TTG GTA GGC TGG CTT TCG GAC CGT ATC GGA CAG AAA TCA TTA TAT TTG TCA GGC GCT GGA TTT TGT GTC CTG TTT GCC TTC CCG TTTTTT CTG CTG TTG GAC TCG AAG AGT ACA CTG ATT ATC TGG TGC TCA ATG ATT TTG GGCTAT AAC TTG GGT CCA ACT ATG ATG TTT GCT GTA CAA CCA ACATTG TTTACT CGT ATG TTC GGC ACC AAG GTC CGC TAC ACA GGC TTA TCA TTT GCTTAC CAG TTC TCG GCT ATC TTA GGC GGC CTG TCC CCA CTG ATT GCATCCTCA CTT CTT GCG TTG GGG GGC GGC AAA CCC TGG TAT GTC GCC TTG TTC CTT TTC GCT GTG TCC GTG TTA TCT TTC GTC TGT GTA TGG TTA ATC GAGCCC ACA GAC GAA CAA GAG ACG GCT TCA TAC CGC TAC ATC CGC GAA CAA AGT CAT GAG AAC 99 EscherichiaATGAAAAACGCGTCAACCGTATCGGAAGATACTGCGTCGAATCAAGAGCCGACGCTTCATCGCcoli PhePGGATTACATAACCGTCATATTCAACTGATTGCGTTGGGTGGCGCAATTGGTACTGGTCTGTTTCTTGGCATTGGCCCGGCGATTCAGATGGCGGGTCCGGCTGTATTGCTGGGCTACGGCGTCGCCGGGATCATCGCTTTCCTGATTATGCGCCAGCTTGGCGAAATGGTGGTTGAGGAGCCGGTATCCGGTTCATTTGCCCACTTTGCCTATAAATACTGGGGACCGTTTGCGGGCTTCCTCTCTGGCTGGAACTACTGGGTAATGTTCGTGCTGGTGGGAATGGCAGAGCTGACCGCTGCGGGCATCTATATGCAGTACTGGTTCCCGGATGTTCCAACGTGGATTTGGGCTGCCGCCTTCTTTATTATCATCAACGCCGTTAACCTGGTGAACGTGCGCTTATATGGCGAAACCGAGTTCTGGTTTGCGTTGATTAAAGTGCTGGCAATCATCGGTATGATCGGCTTTGGCCTGTGGCTGCTGTTTTCTGGTCACGGCGGCGAGAAAGCCAGTATCGACAACCTCTGGCGCTACGGTGGTTTCTTCGCCACCGGCTGGAATGGGCTGATTTTGTCGCTGGCGGTAATTATGTTCTCCTTCGGCGGTCTGGAGCTGATTGGGATTACTGCCGCTGAAGCGCGCGATCCGGAAAAAAGCATTCCAAAAGCGGTAAATCAGGTGGTGTATCGCATCCTGCTGTTTTACATCGGTTCACTGGTGGTTTTACTGGCGCTCTATCCGTGGGTGGAAGTGAAATCCAACAGTAGCCCGTTTGTGATGATTTTCCATAATCTCGACAGCAACGTGGTAGCTTCTGCGCTGAACTTCGTCATTCTGGTAGCATCGCTGTCAGTGTATAACAGCGGGGTTTACTCTAACAGCCGCATGCTGTTTGGCCTTTCTGTGCAGGGTAATGCGCCGAAGTTTTTGACTCGCGTCAGCCGTCGCGGTGTGCCGATTAACTCGCTGATGCTTTCCGGAGCGATCACTTCGCTGGTGGTGTTAATCAACTATCTGCTGCCGCAAAAAGCGTTTGGTCTGCTGATGGCGCTGGTGGTAGCAACGCTGCTGTTGAACTGGATTATGATCTGTCTGGCGCATCTGCGTTTTCGTGCAGCGATGCGACGTCAGGGGCGTGAAACACAGTTTAAGGCGCTGCTCTATCCGTTCGGCAACTATCTCTGCATTGCCTTCCTCGGCATGATTTTGCTGCTGATGTGCACGATGGATGATATGCGCTTGTCAGCGATCCTGCTGCCGGTGTGGATTGTATTCCTGTTTATGGCATTTAAAACGCTGCGTCGGAAATAA 100 AnabaenaATGAAAACACTATCACAGGCCCAATCTAAAACTTCTTCACAGCAATTCAGCTTTACCGGGAACvariabilisTCGTCTGCGAATGTAATTATCGGCAATCAAAAGCTGACCATTAATGATGTAGCTCGCGTTGCC PAL1CGGAATGGCACTTTGGTGTCACTGACGAACAATACCGACATTCTGCAAGGTATTCAAGCTAGCTGCGATTATATCAATAACGCCGTTGAATCTGGCGAGCCAATCTACGGGGTAACAAGCGGTTTTGGTGGGATGGCGAACGTTGCCATTAGCCGTGAACAGGCGAGCGAACTTCAGACCAACCTCGTTTGGTTCCTAAAGACAGGAGCTGGTAATAAGTTACCTCTGGCTGACGTAAGAGCCGCGATGCTGCTTCGCGCTAATAGTCACATGCGCGGCGCCAGTGGTATCCGTCTTGAGCTTATCAAGAGGATGGAAATCTTCCTCAACGCGGGTGTCACACCATATGTTTATGAGTTTGGTAGTATCGGAGCCAGTGGTGATCTTGTTCCCCTGAGTTATATTACGGGTTCATTGATTGGTTTAGACCCGTCCTTTAAAGTGGATTTTAACGGGAAAGAAATGGACGCCCCGACCGCTTTACGACAGCTTAATCTGAGCCCACTTACTTTGCTCCCTAAAGAAGGTCTTGCCATGATGAATGGCACCTCTGTGATGACTGGAATTGCCGCGAATTGTGTGTATGACACGCAGATCCTAACGGCCATTGCCATGGGTGTTCACGCGTTGGACATTCAAGCCCTGAATGGTACAAACCAGTCGTTTCATCCGTTTATCCATAATTCAAAACCCCATCCGGGACAGCTTTGGGCTGCTGATCAGATGATCTCACTCCTGGCCAATAGTCAACTGGTTCGGGACGAGCTCGACGGCAAACATGATTATCGCGATCATGAGCTCATCCAGGACCGGTATTCACTTCGTTGTCTCCCACAATACCTGGGGCCTATCGTTGATGGTATATCTCAAATTGCGAAGCAAATTGAAATTGAGATCAATAGCGTAACCGACAACCCGCTTATCGATGTTGATAATCAGGCCTCTTATCACGGTGGCAATTTTCTGGGCCAGTATGTTGGTATGGGGATGGATCACCTGCGGTACTATATTGGGCTTCTGGCTAAACATCTTGATGTGCAGATTGCCTTATTAGCTTCACCAGAATTTTCAAATGGACTGCCGCCATCATTGCTCGGTAACAGAGAAAGGAAAGTAAATATGGGCCTTAAGGGCCTTCAGATATGTGGTAACTCAATCATGCCCCTCCTGACCTTTTATGGGAACTCAATTGCTGATCGTTTTCCGACACATGCTGAACAGTTTAACCAAAACATTAACTCACAGGGCTATACATCCGCGACGTTAGCGCGTCGGTCCGTGGATATCTTCCAGAATTATGTTGCTATCGCTCTGATGTTCGGCGTACAGGCCGTTGATTTGCGCACTTATAAAAAAACCGGTCACTACGATGCTCGGGCTTGCCTGTCGCCTGCCACCGAGCGGCTTTATAGCGCCGTACGTCATGTTGTGGGTCAGAAACCGACGTCGGACCGCCCCTATATTTGGAATGATAATGAACAAGGGCTGGATGAACACATCGCCCGGATATCTGCCGATATTGCCGCCGGAGGTGTCATCGTCCAGGCGGTACAAGACATACTTCCTTGCCTGCAT TAA 101PhotorhabdusATGAAAGCTAAAGATGTTCAGCCAACCATTATTATTAATAAAAATGGCCTTATCTCTTTGGAAluminescensGATATCTATGACATTGCGATAAAACAAAAAAAAGTAGAAATATCAACGGAGATCACTGAACTT PAL3TTGACGCATGGTCGTGAAAAATTAGAGGAAAAATTAAATTCAGGAGAGGTTATATATGGAATCAATACAGGATTTGGAGGGAATGCCAATTTAGTTGTGCCATTTGAGAAAATCGCAGAGCATCAGCAAAATCTGTTAACTTTTCTTTCTGCTGGTACTGGGGACTATATGTCCAAACCTTGTATTAAAGCGTCACAATTTACTATGTTACTTTCTGTTTGCAAAGGTTGGTCTGCAACCAGACCAATTGTCGCTCAAGCAATTGTTGATCATATTAATCATGACATTGTTCCTCTGGTTCCTCGCTATGGCTCAGTGGGTGCAAGCGGTGATTTAATTCCTTTATCTTATATTGCACGAGCATTATGTGGTATCGGCAAAGTTTATTATATGGGCGCAGAAATTGACGCTGCTGAAGCAATTAAACGTGCAGGGTTGACACCATTATCGTTAAAAGCCAAAGAAGGTCTTGCTCTGATTAACGGCACCCGGGTAATGTCAGGAATCAGTGCAATCACCGTCATTAAACTGGAAAAACTATTTAAAGCCTCAATTTCTGCGATTGCCCTTGCTGTTGAAGCATTACTTGCATCTCATGAACATTATGATGCCCGGATTCAACAAGTAAAAAATCATCCTGGTCAAAACGCGGTGGCAAGTGCATTGCGTAATTTATTGGCAGGTTCAACGCAGGTTAATCTATTATCTGGGGTTAAAGAACAAGCCAATAAAGCTTGTCGTCATCAAGAAATTACCCAACTAAATGATACCTTACAGGAAGTTTATTCAATTCGCTGTGCACCACAAGTATTAGGTATAGTGCCAGAATCTTTAGCTACCGCTCGGAAAATATTGGAACGGGAAGTTATCTCAGCTAATGATAATCCATTGATAGATCCAGAAAATGGCGATGTTCTACACGGTGGAAATTTTATGGGGCAATATGTCGCCCGAACAATGGATGCATTAAAACTGGATATTGCTTTAATTGCCAATCATCTTCACGCCATTGTGGCTCTTATGATGGATAACCGTTTCTCTCGTGGATTACCTAATTCACTGAGTCCGACACCCGGCATGTATCAAGGTTTTAAAGGCGTCCAACTTTCTCAAACCGCTTTAGTTGCTGCAATTCGCCATGATTGTGCTGCATCAGGTATTCATACCCTCGCCACAGAACAATACAATCAAGATATTGTCAGTTTAGGTCTGCATGCCGCTCAAGATGTTTTAGAGATGGAGCAGAAATTACGCAATATTGTTTCAATGACAATTCTGGTAGTTTGTCAGGCCATTCATCTTCGCGGCAATATTAGTGAAATTGCGCCTGAAACTGCTAAATTTTACCATGCAGTACGCGAAATCAGTTCTCCTTTGATCACTGATCGTGCGTTGGATGAAGATATAATCCGCATTGCGGATGCAATTATTAATGATCAACTTCCTCTGCCAGAAATCATGCTGGAAGAATAA 102 LegionellaATGGAGTTTAGTAGCCGGTATGTCGCACATGTCCCTGATGCTCAGGGTTTAGTCGATTATTCGpneumophilaGCACAAGAAAATAGAATTTGGAATATTTTATTTGAGAGGCAACTCAAGTTATTGCCAGGAAGA phhAGCTTGTGATGAATTTCTGTCTGGATTACAGACTTTAGGACTTAACTCCTCGACTATTCCACAACTTCCAGAAGTAAGTGAGCGATTAAAGGCCAAAACGGGATGGCAAGTAGCGCCAGTTGCTGCTTTAATTTCAGCCAGGGAATTTTTTGAATTATTAGCAGAAAAATATTTTCCTGCGGCGACTTTTATTCGAAGTGAAGAAGAATTGGATTATGTTCAAGAACCTGATATTTTTCATGAGCTTTTTGGTCATTGTCCTATGTTAACCGATAGAGTCTATGCTGAATTTGTCCATGATTACGCATGTAAGGTATTAACTTTTCCTGAACAGGATTGGCCTTTATTGCAAAGAATGTTTTGGTTTACTGTAGAGTTTGGATTGATTAAAACGCCTAAAGGGCTTAGAGCATACGGCGGGGGAATTTTATCTTCTATCAGTGAAACGGTATATTGTGTGGAAAGTGATATTCCTGTGCGAATTTTATTTGATCCAGTGGTGGCTTTTCGAATGCCTTATCGGATTGACCAGCTACAACCTGTTTATTTCGTTATTGACAGCTATCAAAATTTATATGATTTCGTGCTTTCTGACATGGGTAAATTCATGGATCGTGCGCGAGAGTTAGGTGAATTTCCACCGTATTTTGATGTGGATCCGGATAATCCAAATATTCATATAAGGGCTTGTTAA 103EscherichiaGTGATCGAAATCTTACATGAATACTGGAAACCGCTGCTGTGGACCGACGGTTATCGCTTTACTcoli hisMGGTGTGGCGATCACTCTGTGGCTGCTTATTTTGTCGGTAGTGATAGGCGGAGTCCTGGCGCTGTTTCTGGCGATTGGTCGTGTCTCCAGTAATAAATACATCCAGTTTCCAATCTGGTTATTTACCTATATTTTTCGCGGTACGCCGCTGTATGTTCAGTTGCTGGTGTTCTATTCCGGCATGTACACGCTTGAGATTGTTAAGGGAACCGAATTCCTTAACGCTTTCTTCCGCAGTGGCCTGAACTGTACCGTGCTGGCGCTGACGCTTAACACCTGCGCTTACACTACCGAGATTTTTGCTGGGGCAATCCGTTCGGTTCCGCATGGGGAAATTGAAGCCGCCAGAGCCTATGGCTTCTCGACTTTTAAAATGTATCGCTGCATTATTTTGCCTTCTGCGCTGCGTATTGCGTTACCGGCATACAGCAACGAAGTGATCCTGATGCTGCACTCTACTGCGTTGGCATTTACTGCCACGGTGCCGGATCTGCTGAAAATAGCCCGCGATATTAACGCCGCCACGTATCAACCTTTTACCGCCTTCGGCATTGCCGCGGTGCTCTATTTAATCATCTCTTATGTCCTGATCAGCCTCTTTCGCAGAGCGGAAAAACGCTGGTTGCAGCATGTGAAACCTTCTTCAACGCACTGA 104 clbA (wild-caaatatcacataatcttaacatatcaataaacacagtaaagtttcatgtgaaaaacatcaaa type)cataaaatacaagctcggaatacgaatcacgctatacacattgctaacaggaatgagattatctaaatgaggattgatatattaattggacatactagtttttttcatcaaaccagtagagataacttccttcactatctcaatgaggaagaaataaaacgctatgatcagtttcattttgtgagtgataaagaactctatattttaagccgtatcctgctcaaaacagcactaaaaagatatcaacctgatgtctcattacaatcatggcaatttagtacgtgcaaatatggcaaaccatttatagtttttcctcagttggcaaaaaagattttttttaacctttcccatactatagatacagtagccgttgctattagttctcactgcgagcttggtgtcgatattgaacaaataagagatttagacaactcttatctgaatatcagtcagcatttttttactccacaggaagctactaacatagtttcacttcctcgttatgaaggtcaattacttttttggaaaatgtggacgctcaaagaagcttacatcaaatatcgaggtaaaggcctatctttaggactggattgtattgaatttcatttaacaaataaaaaactaacttcaaaatatagaggttcacctgtttatttctctcaatggaaaatatgtaactcatttctcgcattagcctctccactcatcacccctaaaataactattgagctatttcctatgcagtcccaactttatcaccacgactatcagctaattcattcgtcaaatgggcagaattgaatcgccacggataatctagacacttctgagccgtcgataatattgattttcatattccgtcggtggtgtaagtatcccgcataatcgtgccattcacatttag 105 clbA knock-ggatggggggaaacatggataagttcaaagaaaaaaacccgttatctctgcgtgaaagacaag outtattgcgcatgctggcacaaggtgatgagtactctcaaatatcacataatcttaacatatcaataaacacagtaaagtttcatgtgaaaaacatcaaacataaaatacaagctcggaatacgaatcacgctatacacattgctaacaggaatgagattatctaaatgaggattgaTGTGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTCGAAGTTCCTATACTTTCTAGAGAATAGGAACTTCGGAATAGGAACTTCGGAATAGGAACTAAGGAGGATATTCATATGtcgtcaaatgggcagaattgaatcgccacggataatctagacacttctgagccgtcgataatattgattttcatattccgtcggtgg 106 PrpTTACCCGTCTGGATTTTCAGTACGCGCTTTTAAACGACGCCACAGCGTGGTACGGCTGATCCC promoterCAAATAACGTGCGGCGGCGCGCTTATCGCCATTAAAGCGTGCGAGCACCTCCTGCAATGGAAG (prpRCGCTTCTGCTGACGAGGGCGTGATTTCTGCTGTGGTCCCCACCAGTTCAGGTAATAATTGCCGsequence -CATAAATTGTCTGTCCAGTGTTGGTGCGGGATCGACGCTTAAAAAAAGCGCCAGGCGTTCCATunderlined;CATATTCCGCAGTTCGCGAATATTACCGGGCCAATGATAGTTCAGTAGAAGCGGCTGACACTG RibosomeCGTCAGCCCATGACGCACCGATTCGGTAAAAGGGATCTCCATCGCGGCCAGCGATTGTTTTAA bindingAAAGTTTTCCGCCAGAGGCAGAATATCAGGCTGTCGCTCGCGCAAGGGGGGAAGCGGCAGACG site -CAGAATGCTCAAACGGTAAAACAGATCGGTACGAAAACGTCCTTGCGTTATCTCCCGATCCAGlower case;ATCGCAATGCGTGGCGCTGATCACCCGGACATCTACCGGGATCGGCTGATGCCCGCCAACGCGstart codonGGTGACGGCTTTTTCCTCCAGTACGCGTAGAAGGCGGGTTTGTAACGGCAGCGGCATTTCGCCof gene ofAATTTCGTCAAGAAACAGCGTGCCGCCGTGGGCGACCTCAAACAGCCCCGCACGTCCACCTCG interestTCTTGAGCCGGTAAACGCTCCCTCCTCATAGCCAAACAGTTCAGCCTCCAGCAACGACTCGGT(italicizedAATCGCGCCGCAATTAACGGCGACAAAGGGCGGAGAAGGCTTGTTCTGACGGTGGGGCTGACG atg)GTTAAACAACGCCTGATGAATCGCTTGCGCCGCCAGCTCTTTCCCGGTCCCTGTTTCCCCCTGAATCAGCACTGCCGCGCGGGAACGGGCATAGAGTGTAATCGTATGGCGAACCTGCTCCATTTGTGGTGAATCGCCGAGGATATCGCTCAGCGCATAACGGGTCTGTAATCCCTTGCTGGAGGTATGCTGGCTATACTGACGCCGTGTCAGGCGGGTCATATCCAGCGCATCATGGAAAGCCTGACGTACGGTGGCCGCTGAATAAATAAAGATGGCGGTCATTCCTGCCTCTTCCGCCAGGTCGGTAATTAGTCCTGCCCCAATTACAGCCTCAATGCCGTTAGCTTTGAGCTCGTTAATTTGCCCGCGAGCATCCTCTTCAGTGATATAGCTTCGCTGTTCAAGACGGAGGTGAAACGTTTTCTGAAAGGCGACCAGAGCCGGAATGGTCTCCTGATAGGTCACGATTCCCATTGAGGAAGTCAGCTTTCCCGCTTTTGCCAGAGCCTGTAATACATCGAATCCGCTGGGTTTGATGAGGATGACAGGTACCGACAGTCGGCTTTTTAAATAAGCGCCGTTGGAACCTGCCGCGATAATCGCGTCGCAGCGTTCGGTTGCCAGTTTTTTGCGAATGTAGGCTACTGCCTTTTCAAAACCGAGCTGAATAGGCGTGATCGTCGCCAGATGATCAAACTCCAGGCTGATATCCCGAAATAGTTCGAACAGGCGCGTTACCGAGACCGTCCAGATCACCGGTTTATCGCTATTATCGCGCGAAGCGCTATGCACAGTAACCATCGTCGTAGATTCATGTTTAAGGAACGAATTCTTGTTTTATAGATGTTTCGTTAATGTTGCAATGAAACACAGGCCTCCGTTTCATGAAACGTTAGCTGACTCGTTTTTCTTGTGACTCGTCTGTCAGTATTAAAAAAGATTTTTCATTTAACTGATTGTTTTTAAATTGAATTTTATTTAATGGTTTCTCGGTTTTTGGGTCTGGCATATCCCTTGCTTTAATGAGTGCATCTTAATTAACAATTCAATAACAAGAGGGCTGAATagtaatttcaacaaaataacgagcattcgaatg 107 Tsx -AtgaaaaaaactttactcgcagtcagcgcagcgctggcgctcacctcatcttttactgctaacSalmonellagcagcagaaaatgatcagccgcagtatttgtccgactggtggcaccagagcgtaaacgtggta entericaggcagctaccatacccgtttctcgccgaaattgaacaacgacgtctatctggaatatgaagca subsp.tttgccaaaaaagactggtttgatttctacggctatatcgatattcccaaaacctttgattgg entericaggtaacggcaacgataaaggtatctggtccgacggttctccgctgttcatggaaatcgaaccg serovarcgtttctcaattgataagctgaccggcgcagacctgagcttcggcccgtttaaagagtggtatTyphimuriumttcgccaacaactacatctacgatatgggcgataacaaagccagccgccagagcacgtggtat LT2atgggtctggggaccgatatcgacaccggcctgccgatgggtctgtcgctgaacgtgtatgcg(STM0413)aaatatcagtggcaaaactacggcgcgtccaatgaaaacgaatgggacggctaccgtttcaaagtgaaatacttcgtccccatcaccgatctgtggggcggtaaactgagctatatcggctttaccaactttgactggggatctgatttaggcgacgatccgaaccgtaccagcaactccatcgcttccagccatatcctggcgctgaactacgatcactggcactactcggtcgttgcgcgttacttccataacggcggacagtggcagaatggcgcaaaactgaactggggcgacggcgatttcagcgcgaaatctaccggctggggcggctacctggtcgtgggttacaacttctaa 136 Tsx -MKKTLLAVSAALALTSSFTANAAENDQPQYLSDWWHQSVNVVGSYHTRFSPKLNNDVYLEYEASalmonellaFAKKDWFDFYGYIDIPKTFDWGNGNDKGIWSDGSPLFMEIEPRFSIDKLTGADLSFGPFKEWY entericaFANNYIYDMGDNKASRQSTWYMGLGTDIDTGLPMGLSLNVYAKYQWQNYGASNENEWDGYRFK subsp.VKYFVPITDLWGGKLSYIGFTNFDWGSDLGDDPNRTSNSIASSHILALNYDHWHYSVVARYFH entericaNGGQWQNGAKLNWGDGDFSAKSTGWGGYLVVGYNF serovar Typhimurium LT2 (STM0413)108 Tsx - atgaaaaaaacattactggcagccggtgcggtactggcgctctcttcgtcttttactgtcEscherichia aacgcagctgaaaacgacaaaccgcagtatctttccgactggtggcaccagagcgttaaccoli K-12 gttgtcggaagctatcacacccgtttcggaccgcagatccgcaacgatacctaccttgagMG1655 tacgaagcattcgctaaaaaagactggttcgacttctatggttatgcggatgcgccggta(b0411) ttcttcggcggtaactccgatgctaaaggtatctggaaccacggttctccgctgtttatggaaatcgaaccacgtttctccatcgacaagctgaccaatactgaccttagcttcggtccgttcaaagagtggtacttcgcgaacaactacatttacgacatgggtcgtaataaagatggtcgccagagcacctggtacatgggtctgggtaccgatatcgacactggcctgccgatgagcctgtccatgaacgtctatgcgaaataccagtggcagaactatggcgcagcgaacgaaaacgagtgggacggttaccgtttcaaaattaaatactttgtgccgattaccgatctgtggggcggtcagctgagctacatcggcttcaccaacttcgactggggttccgatttaggggatgacagcggtaacgcaatcaacggtattaagacccgtactaataactctatcgcttccagccatattctggctctgaactacgatcactggcactactctgtcgtagctcgttactggcacgacggtggtcagtggaacgacgatgcagaactgaacttcggcaacggcaacttcaacgttcgctctaccggctggggtggttacctggtagtaggttacaacttctga 109 BH1446 -atgaatattttgtggggtttattaggaatcgtcgttgtttttctaatcgcttttgcattttcc Bacillusacaaatcgtcgtgcaattaaaccacgaacgatattaggtggtctcgcgattcagctattattthaloduransgcgattattgtattaaaaattccagctggacaagcgttacttgagagcttaaccaatgtagtt(BAB05165)ttgaacattattagttatgcgaatgaagggatcgacttcgtatttggtggatttttcgaagaaggttcaggcgtaggcttcgtttttgcaattaacgttttgtctgtcgtcattttcttctcagcactaatctcgatcctttattatttagggatcatgcaatttgtcattaaaattatcggtggtgcgctgtcctggctactcggaacatcaaaggcagaatcaatgtcagcagcagctaacattttcgttgggcaaacggaagcgccactcgttgttaagccatacttaccaaaaatgacgcaatccgagctctttgcggttatgaccgggggacttgcttctgttgctggttctgttttaatcggttattctcttttaggagtaccgctacaatatttattagcggcaagctttatggctgctcctgcgggcttgattatggcgaaaatgatcatgcctgaaacggagaaaacaaccgatgcagaagatgactttaagctcgcaaaggatgaagagtccacgaacttgattgacgcggccgccaatggggcgagcactgggttaatgctcgttctaaatattgcggcgatgttactagcgttcgttgcattgattgcattaattaatggaattcttggatggatcggaggattgtttggggcgtcgcaattgtctttagagttaatcctcggatacgtgtttgctccgcttgcgtttgtcatcggaattccttgggctgaagcgcttcaagcgggaagctacatcggacagaaactcgtagtgaacgaatttgttgcctacttaagctttgcaccagaaattgaaaacctttcagataaagcggtgatggtgattagttttgccctttgcggatttgctaacttctcatccctcggaatccttttaggaggattgggtaagcttgctccgagccgtcgccctgatattgcccgtctcggattacgcgcgatccttgcaggtacgctagcttctttactcagcgcctccattgcgggaatgttattctaa 137 BH1446 -MNILWGLLGIVVVFLIAFAFSTNRRAIKPRTILGGLAIQLLFAIIVLKIPAGQALLESLTNVV BacillusLNIISYANEGIDFVFGGFFEEGSGVGFVFAINVLSVVIFFSALISILYYLGIMQFVIKIIGGAhaloduransLSWLLGTSKAESMSAAANIFVGQTEAPLVVKPYLPKMIQSELFAVMTGGLASVAGSVLIGYSL(BAB05165)LGVPLQYLLAASFMAAPAGLIMAKMIMPETEKTTDAEDDFKLAKDEESTNLIDAAANGASTGLMLVLNIAAMLLAFVALIALINGILGWIGGLFGASQLSLELILGYVFAPLAFVIGIPWAEALQAGSYIGQKLVVNEFVAYLSFAPEIENLSDKAVMVISFALCGFANFSSLGILLGGLGKLAPSRRPDIARLGLRAILAGTLASLLSASIAGMLF 110 nupC -atgaagtatttgattgggattatcggtttaatcgtgtttttaggcctcgcgtggatcgcgagc Bacillusagcggcaaaaaaagaattaagatccgcccaattgttgttatgctcattttgcaatttattctt Subtilisggctacattctcctcaataccggaatagggaatttcctcgtgggaggatttgcaaaaggattc subsp.ggttacctgcttgaatacgcggcagagggaattaactttgtgtttggcggcttggtgaatgcg subtilisgaccaaacgacattctttatgaatgttctcttgccaatcgtgtttatttccgctctgatcggg 168attctgcaaaagtggaaagtcctcccgtttatcattagatatatcggccttgccctcagcaag(BSU39410;gtaaacggtatgggaagattggaatcgtataacgcagtggcttctgcgattttagggcagtcaCAA57663 )gaagtatttatctccttgaagaaagaactcggtcttttaaatcagcagcgcttgtacacgctttgcgcatctgcgatgtcaactgtatcaatgtcgattgtcggtgcgtatatgacaatgctgaaaccggaatatgttgtaacagcgcttgttttgaacttatttggcggtttcattatcgcttctattatcaatccgtacgaggttgcaaaagaagaggatatgcttcgtgttgaggaagaagaaaaacaatccttcttcgaagtgctcggagaatacattcttgacggtttcaaagtagcggttgtcgtcgctgcgatgctgattggatttgtcgcgattattgcattgatcaatggcatttttaatgcagtattcggtatttcgttccaaggcattcttggatatgtgtttgctccattcgcttttcttgtcggtatcccatggaatgaagctgttaatgcgggaagcattatggcaacaaaaatggtatcgaatgaatttgtcgccatgacgtcgcttacgcaaaacggtttccatttcagcggccgtacaacagcgatcgtatcggtattccttgtgtcatttgcgaacttctcctcaatcggaatcattgccggtgccgtaaaaggactgaatgaaaagcaaggaaatgtcgtcgctcgtttcggcttgaaattattatacggtgctacgcttgtcagctttttatcagcagcaattgtgggcttgatttactga 138MKYLIGIIGLIVFLGLAWIASSGKKRIKIRPIVVMLILQFILGYILLNTGIGNFLVGGFAKGFGYLLEYAAEGINFVFGGLVNADQTTFFMNVLLPIVFISALIGILQKWKVLPFIIRYIGLALSKVNGMGRLESYNAVASAILGQSEVFISLKKELGLLNQQRLYTLCASAMSTVSMSIVGAYMTMLKPEYVVTALVLNLFGGFIIASIINPYEVAKEEDMLRVEEEEKQSFFEVLGEYILDGFKVAVVVAAMLIGFVAIIALINGIFNAVFGISFQGILGYVFAPFAFLVGIPWNEAVNAGSIMATKMVSNEFVAMTSLIQNGFHFSGRTTAIVSVFLVSFANFSSIGIIAGAVKGLNEKQGNVVARFGLKLLYGATLVSFLSAAIVGLIY 111 yutK -atgaatgttctgtgggggctgctgggcgcagttgcgatcattgctatcgcgtttttattttca Bacillusgaaaagaaaagcaatattaagataagaaccgtcatcgttggtttatgcacacaggtggcgttt Subtilisggatacatcgtgttgaaatgggaagcgggacgcgctgtttttttatggttttcaagccgtgta subsp.cagcttctgattgactatgcgaatgaaggcatcagttttatttttggaccgcttctaaaggtc subtilisggagacagtccggcatttgcattaagtgtactgcccgttatcattttcttctcagcactgatt 168:gcagttttatatcatttgaaaatcatgcagctcgttttccgtgtcattggcggcggattgtcg BSU32180aagctccttggaacaagcaaaacggaatctctggcggctgctgccaatatttttgtaggacaatcagaatctccgttagtgatcaaacccctgattgccgggctgacgcgctctgagttgtttacgattatgacgagcggtctatcggcagttgcgggatctaccttgtttgggtacgcgcttctcggtattccgattgagtacttgctggcggccagctttatggctgctccagctggactagtctttggtaaattgattatacccgaaacggaaaaaacgcaaaccgtaaaaagcgatttcaaaatggatgaaggcgaaggcgcagccaatgtcattgacgcagctgcaaagggagcgtcaacaggactgcaaattgcgttaaatgttggggcgatgctgcttgcgtttgttgcgttaatcgctgtagtaaacggtattctcggcggggctttcggcttgttcggtttaaaaggcgtaacattagaatccattctcggctatgtgttttctcctatcgcctttttgattggcgtgccttggcatgaagcattgcaggcgggaagctatatcggccagaaattggtgctgaatgagtttgtcgcttattctaacttcggttcgcacatcggcgagttttctaagaaaactgctaccattatcagtttcgcgttatgcggattcgccaatttttcatcaattgcgattatgcttggtacgcttggcggtttagcgcccagccgccgttcagatatcgcacgtctcggcctgaaggctgttcttgcaggaacattagccaatctgctcagcgcagccattgccggcatgtttatataa 139MNVLWGLLGAVAIIAIAFLFSEKKSNIKIRTVIVGLCTQVAFGYIVLKWEAGRAVFLWFSSRVQLLIDYANEGISFIFGPLLKVGDSPAFALSVLPVIIFFSALIAVLYHLKIMQLVFRVIGGGLSKLLGTSKTESLAAAANIFVGQSESPLVIKPLIAGLTRSELFTIMTSGLSAVAGSTLFGYALLGIPIEYLLAASFMAAPAGLVFGKLIIPETEKTQTVKSDFKMDEGEGAANVIDAAAKGASTGLQIALNVGAMLLAFVALIAVVNGILGGAFGLFGLKGVTLESILGYVFSPIAFLIGVPWHEALQAGSYIGQKLVLNEFVAYSNFGSHIGEFSKKTATIISFALCGFANFSSIAIMLGTLGGLAPSRRSDIARLGLKAVLAGTLANLLSAAIAGMFI 112 yxjA -atgtactttttattaaaccttgtcggtctcattgtgattatggcagttgtgttcctatgctcc Bacillusccgcagaaaaagaaaatccagtggcgtccgatcattacgttaattgttctggaattgctgatt Subtilisacttggtttatgctgggaacaaaggtcgggagctgggccatcggtaaaattggtgatttcttc subsp.acttggctgattgcttgcgccagtgacggtatcgcgtttgccttcccgtcagtcatggcgaatspizizeniigaaacagtagactttttctttagtgcacttcttccaattatctttatcgtcacattctttgat W23attttaacatatttcggcattttgccttggctgattgataaaatcggatgggtgatttcaaag(BSUW23_19355)gcttcccgcttgccgaaattagaaagctttttctctattcaaatgatgttcttgggaaatactgaagcacttgcggtcatccgccagcagcttacggtattaaataacaaccgcttgcttacatttggcttaatgagcatgagcagcatcagcggctccattattggatcttacctgtcaatggtgccggcgacatacgtgtttacagcgattccattgaactgcttaaacgcgctgattattgcaaacctgctgaaccctgttcatgtgccggaggatgaagatatcatctatacaccgcctaaagaagagaagaaagactttttctctacgatttctaacagtatgcttgtcggcatgaacatggttatcgttattttggcaatggtgatcggatatgtagcattaacgtctgcagtcaatggcattcttggtgttttcgtacacggcctgaccatccagacaatttttgcttatctcttcagtccgttcgcattcctgcttggtctgccagtacatgatgcaatgtatgtcgctcagctaatgggaatgaaattggcaacgaacgagtttgttgcgatgcttgacttgaaaaacaatcttacaacacttccgcctcacacagttgcggtggcgacgacattcctgacgtcatttgccaacttcagtactgtcggcatgatttacggaacgtacaactcgatccttgacggcgaaaagtcaacggtcatcgggaaaaacgtgtggaaattgctcgtcagcggcattgcggtatctttactaagtgctgcgattgtcggcctgtttgtgtggtag 140 yxjA -MYFLLNLVGLIVIMAVVFLCSPQKKKIQWRPIITLIVLELLITWFMLGTKVGSWAIGKIGDFF BacillusTWLIACASDGIAFAFPSVMANETVDFFFSALLPIIFIVTFFDILTYFGILPWLIDKIGWVISK subtilisASRLPKLESFFSIQMMFLGNTEALAVIRQQLTVLNNNRLLTFGLMSMSSISGSIIGSYLSMVP sus.ATYVFTAIPLNCLNALIIANLLNPVHVPEDEDIIYTPPKEEKKDFFSTISNSMLVGMNMVIVIspizizeniiLAMVIGYVALTSAVNGILGVFVHGLTIQTIFAYLFSPFAFLLGLPVHDAMYVAQLMGMKLATN W23EFVAMLDLKNNLTTLPPHTVAVATTFLTSFANFSTVGMIYGTYNSILDGEKSTVIGKNVWKLL(BSUW23_19355) VSGIAVSLLSAAIVGLFVW 113 ccCNTatgttccgtcccgagaacgttcaggccctcgcgggtctggcgctcaccctgggcctgtgctgg(CC2089) -ctcgtttccgagaatcgcaagcggttcccctggggcctggccatcggcgcggtcgtcattcagCaulobactergtcctgctggtcctggtcctgttcggcctgccgcaagcccagcagatgctgcgcggcgtcaaccrescentusggcgcggtggagggccttgccgcctcgacccaggccggcaccgccttcgtgttcggctttctg CB15gccggcggcgaccagccctatccggtcagcaatccgggcgcgggcttcatcttcgccttccgc(AAK24060 )gtgctgccggtgatcctggtggtctgcgccctgtcggcgctgctgtggcactggaagattctcaagtggctggctcagggcttcggctttgtgttccagaagacgctgggcctgcgcggcccgccggccctggccaccgccgcgaccatcttcatgggtcaggtcgaggggccgatcttcatccgcgcctatctcgacaagctgagccgctcggaactcttcatgctgatcgcggtcggcatggcctgcgtgtcgggctcgaccatggtcgcctacgccaccatcctggccgacgtcctgcccaacgccgccgcccacgtgctgaccgcctcgatcatctcggctccggccggcgtgctgctggcccggatcattgtgccgtccgatccgatggagaagagcgccgatcttgatctgtcgaccgaggacaagacctatggcagctcgatcgacgccgtgatgaagggcaccaccgacggcctgcagatcgcgctgaacgtcggcgccaccctgatcgtcttcgtggccctggccaccatggtcgacaaggtcctgggcgccttcccgccggtgggcggcgagccgctgagcatcgcgcgcggcctgggcgtggtcttcgcgccgctggcctggtcgatgggcatcccgtggaaagaagcgggcacggccggcggtctgctgggcgtgaagctgatcctgaccgagttcaccgccttcatccagctgtccaaggtgggcgaagccctgctggacgaacgcacccggatgatcatgacctacgctctgtgcggtttcgccaatatcggctcggtcggcatgaacgtcgccggcttctcggtgctggtgccccagcgccggcaggaagtgctgggcctggtctggaaggcgatgatggccggcttcctggccacctgcctgaccgcctcgctggtcggcctgatgccgcgaagcctgtttgggctgtaa 141 ccCNTMFRPENVQALAGLALTLGLCWLVSENRKRFPWGLAIGAVVIQVLLVLVLFGLPQAQQMLRGVN(CC2089) -GAVEGLAASTQAGTAFVFGFLAGGDQPYPVSNPGAGFIFAFRVLPVILVVCALSALLWHWKILCaulobacterKWLAQGFGFVFQKTLGLRGPPALATAATIFMGQVEGPIFIRAYLDKLSRSELFMLIAVGMACVcrescentusSGSTMVAYATILADVLPNAAAHVLTASIISAPAGVLLARIIVPSDPMEKSADLDLSTEDKTYG CB15SSIDAVMKGTTDGLQIALNVGATLIVFVALATMVDKVLGAFPPVGGEPLSIARGLGVVFAPLA(AAK24060)WSMGIPWKEAGTAGGLLGVKLILTEFTAFIQLSKVGEALLDERTRMIMTYALCGFANIGSVGMNVAGFSVLVPQRRQEVLGLVWKAMMAGFLATCLTASLVGLMPRSLFGL 114 yeiJ -atggatgtcatgagaagtgttctgggaatggtggtattgctgacgattgcgtttttactgtcaEscherichiagtaaacaagaagaagatcagcctgcgtaccgttggcgcggcgttagtgttacaggtcgtgattcoli K-12ggcggcattatgctttggttaccgccagggcgttgggtcgctgaaaaagtcgcttttggcgtg W3110cataaagtgatggcgtacagcgacgcgggtagcgcatttatcttcggttctctggtcggaccg(AAC75222;aaaatggataccttatttgatggtgcaggatttatctttggtttcagggtgttaccggcaatt JW2148)atcttcgtcaccgcgctggtgagtattctctactacatcggtgtgatggggattttaattcgaattctcggcggtatcttccagaaagcattaaatatcagcaagatcgagtcattcgtcgcggtcaccaccattttcctcgggcaaaacgaaattccggcaatcgtcaaaccctttatcgatcgtctgaatcgcaatgaattatttacagcgatttgtagtggcatggcctcgattgctggttcgacaatgattggttacgccgcactgggcgtgcctgtggaatatctgctggcggcatcattaatggcgatccctggcgggatcttgtttgcccgcctgttaagcccggcaacggaatcttcgcaggtttcctttaataacctctctttcaccgaaacaccgccaaaaagcattattgaagccgctgcgacaggggcaatgaccgggctgaaaatcgccgcaggtgtggcaacagtggtgatggcatttgttgcaataattgcgttgattaacggtattatcggcggcgttggtggctggtttggttttgaacatgcctcgctggagtccattttaggttacctgctggctccactggcgtgggtgatgggtgtggactggagtgatgcgaatcttgccgggagtttgattggacagaaactggcaataaatgaatttgtcgcttatctcaatttctcaccctatctgcaaacggctggcactctcgatgctaaaactgtggcgattatttccttcgcgttgtgcggtttcgctaactttggttctatcggggtggtggtgggggcgttttctgcggttgcgccacaccgtgcgccggaaatcgcccagcttggtttacgggcgctggcggcggcgacgctttccaacttgatgagtgcgaccattgccgggttctttattggtttagcttga 142 yeiJ -MDVMRSVLGMVVLLTIAFLLSVNKKKISLRTVGAALVLQVVIGGIMLWLPPGRWVAEKVAFGVEscherichiaHKVMAYSDAGSAFIFGSLVGPKMDTLFDGAGFIFGFRVLPAIIFVTALVSILYYIGVMGILIRcoli K-12ILGGIFQKALNISKIESFVAVTTIFLGQNEIPAIVKPFIDRLNRNELFTAICSGMASIAGSTM W3110IGYAALGVPVEYLLAASLMAIPGGILFARLLSPATESSQVSFNNLSFTETPPKSIIEAAATGA(AAC75222;MTGLKIAAGVATVVMAFVAIIALINGIIGGVGGWFGFEHASLESILGYLLAPLAWVMGVDWSD JW2148)ANLAGSLIGQKLAINEFVAYLNFSPYLQTAGILDAKTVAIISFALCGFANFGSIGVVVGAFSAVAPHRAPEIAQLGLRALAAATLSNLMSATIAGFFIGLA 115 yeiM -atggatataatgagaagtgttgtggggatggtggtgttactggcaatagcatttctgttgtcaEscherichiagtgaataaaaagagcatcagtttgcgcacggttggagccgcactgctgctgcaaatcgctattcoli K-12ggtggcatcatgctctacttcccaccgggaaaatgggcagtagaacaggcggcattaggcgtt W3110cataaagtgatgtcttacagtgatgccggtagcgccttcatttttggttcgctggttgggccg(AAC75225;aaaatggatgtcctgtttgacggtgcgggttttatcttcgcctttcgcgtacttccggcgatt JW2151 )attttcgttactgcgctcatcagtctgctgtactacattggcgtgatggggctgctgattcgcatccttggcagcattttccagaaagccctcaacatcagcaaaatcgaatcttttgttgcggttactactattttcctcgggcaaaatgagatcccggcgatcgttaaaccgtttatcgatcgcatgaatcgcaacgagttgtttaccgcaatttgtagcgggatggcgtccattgctggttcgatgatgattggttatgccggaatgggcgtaccaattgactacctgttagcggcatcgctgatggcgatccctggcgggattttgtttgcacgtattcttagcccggcaaccgagccttcgcaggtcacatttgaaaatctgtcgttcagcgaaacgccgccaaaaagctttatcgaagcggcggcgagcggtgcgatgaccgggctaaaaatcgccgctggtgtggcgacggtggtaatggcgtttgtcgcaattattgcgctgatcaacggcattatcggcggaattggcggctggtttggtttcgccaatgcctctctggaaagtatttttggctatgtgctggcaccgctggcgtggatcatgggtgtggactggagtgatgccaatcttgcgggtagcctgattgggcagaaactggcgattaacgaattcgtcgcttacctgagtttctccccatacctgcaaacgggcggcacgctggaagtgaaaaccattgcgattatctcctttgcgctttgtggttttgctaactttggttctatcggtgttgtcgttggcgcattttcggctatttcgccaaaacgcgcgccggaaatcgcccagcttggtttacgggcgctggcagcagcaacgctttccaacctgatgagtgcgactattgccgggttctttattggtctggcgtaa 143 yeiM -MDIMRSVVGMVVLLAIAFLLSVNKKSISLRTVGAALLLQIAIGGIMLYFPPGKWAVEQAALGVEscherichiaHKVMSYSDAGSAFIFGSLVGPKMDVLFDGAGFIFAFRVLPAIIFVTALISLLYYIGVMGLLIRcoli K-12ILGSIFQKALNISKIESFVAVTTIFLGQNEIPAIVKPFIDRMNRNELFTAICSGMASIAGSMM W3110IGYAGMGVPIDYLLAASLMAIPGGILFARILSPATEPSQVTFENLSFSETPPKSFIEAAASGA(AAC75225;MTGLKIAAGVATVVMAFVAIIALINGIIGGIGGWFGFANASLESIFGYVLAPLAWIMGVDWSD JW2151)ANLAGSLIGQKLAINEFVAYLSFSPYLQTGGTLEVKTIAIISFALCGFANFGSIGVVVGAFSAISPKRAPEIAQLGLRALAAATLSNLMSATIAGFFIGLA 116 HI0519 -atgagtgtgttaagcagcattttgggaatggtcgtattaatcgctattgccgtgttactttctHaemophilusaataatcgtaaagcgattagtattcgaaccgtagtaggggcgttagcaatccaagtaggatttinfluenzaegccgcccttattttatatgtgccagcaggtaaacaagcgttgggtgccgctgcggatatggta Rd KW20tccaatgttattgcctatggtaatgacgggattaatttcgttttcggcggattggcagatcca serotypeagtaaaccatccggtttcatttttgcagtgaaagtattaccgattatcgtgttcttctctggcd(AAC22177ttaatttctgtgctttactatctcggcattatgcaagtcgtgattaaagtattaggtggcgcattacaaaaagcattgggtacgtcaaaagcggaatcaatgtcagcggcggcgaatatcttcgtcggtcaaactgaagcaccattagttgttcgcccttacattaaaaatatgacccaatctgaattatttgccattatggtgggtggtacagcgtctatcgcgggttcagtaatggcaggttatgctggaatgggcgtgccattgacatacttaatcgctgcgtcatttatggcggcaccagcaggtttattatttgcgaaattaatgttcccacaaaccgaacaattcacagataaacaaccagaagacaatgattcagaaaaaccaactaacgtacttgaagcaatggcgggcggtgcgagtgcaggtatgcaacttgcgttaaacgtaggtgcaatgttaatcgcattcgttggtttaattgcattaattaatggtattttaagtggcgtaggcggatggttcggctatggcgacttaaccttacaatctatctttggtttaatttttaaaccattagcatacttaatcggtgtaactgatggtgctgaagcaggtattgcaggacaaatgatcgggatgaaattagcggttaatgaatttgtgggttatcttgaatttgcaaaatatttacaaccagattctgcaattgtattaactgaaaaaaccaaagcgattattactttcgcactttgtggttttgctaacttcagctcaattgcaatcttaattggtggtttaggtggtatggcaccaagccgtcgtagtgatgttgctcgtttaggtatcaaagccgttatcgctggtactctcgctaacttaatgagtgcaactattgctggtttatttatcggcttaggtgctgcagcactttaa 144 HI0519 -MSVLSSILGMVVLIAIAVLLSNNRKAISIRTVVGALAIQVGFAALILYVPAGKQALGAAADMVHaemophilusSNVIAYGNDGINFVFGGLADPSKPSGFIFAVKVLPIIVFFSGLISVLYYLGIMQVVIKVLGGAinfluenzaeLQKALGTSKAESMSAAANIFVGQTEAPLVVRPYIKNMTQSELFAIMVGGIASIAGSVMAGYAG Rd KW 20MGVPLTYLIAASFMAAPAGLLFAKLMFPQTEQFTDKQPEDNDSEKPTNVLEAMAGGASAGMQL serotypeALNVGAMLIAFVGLIALINGILSGVGGWFGYGDLTLQSIFGLIFKPLAYLIGVTDGAEAGIAGd(AAC22177QMIGMKLAVNEFVGYLEFAKYLQPDSAIVLTEKTKAIITFALCGFANFSSIAILIGGLGGMAPSRRSDVARLGIKAVIAGTLANLMSATIAGLFIGLGAAAL 117 nupCatgatttttagctctctttttagtgttgtagggatggcggtgctttttcttattgcttgg (HP1180) -gtgttttctagcaataaaagggctattaattatcgcacgattgtcagtgcctttgtgattHelicobactercaagtggctttaggggcgttggctttatatgtgcctttgggtagggaaatgctgcaaggc pylorittagccagcggcatacaaagcgtgatttcttacggctatgagggggtgcgttttttattt 26695ggcaatctcgctccaaacgctaagggcgatcaagggataggggggtttgtctttgcgatc (AAD08224)aatgttttagcgatcattatcttttttgctagcttgatttcacttctatattatttaaaaatcatgcctttatttatcaatctcatcggtggggcgttgcaaaaatgcttaggcacttctagagcagaaagcatgagtgcagcggctaatatttttgtagcgcacaccgaagcgcccttagtcattaaaccttatttgaaaagcatgagcgattcagagatttttgcggtcatgtgcgtgggcatggctagcgttgcggggcctgtgttagccgggtatgcgagcatgggcattcctttgccttatttgatcgccgcttcgtttatgtccgctcctggggggttgttgttcgctaaaatcatttacccacaaaacgaaaccatttctagccatgcagatgtttctatagaaaagcatgtcaatgccatagaagctatcgctaatggggcaagcacagggctaaatttagccttgcatgtgggagcgatgcttttagcctttgtggggatgctcgcgctcattaacgggcttttaggggttgtagggggttttttaggcatggagcatttgtctttagggttgattttaggcacgctcttaaaacccttagcctttatgttaggcattccttggagccaggccgggattgccggagaaatcataggcattaaaatcgcgctcaatgaatttgtgggctatatgcagttattgccttatttgggcgataaccctcctttaatcttgagcgagaaaactaaagcgatcatcacttttgcgttgtgcgggtttgctaatttaagctcagtcgctatgctcattggagggcttggcagtttagtgcctaaaaagaaggatctcattgtaaggcttgctttaaaagcggtgcttgtaggcacgctttctaatttcatgagcgcgactatcgccgggttattcatagggctaaacgctcattaa 145 nup CMIFSSLFSVVGMAVLFLIAWVFSSNKRAINYRTIVSAFVIQVALGALALYVPLGREMLQG (HP1180) -LASGIQSVISYGYEGVRFLFGNLAPNAKGDQGIGGFVFAINVLAIIIFFASLISLLYYLKHelicobacterIMPLFINLIGGALQKCLGTSRAESMSAAANIFVAHTEAPLVIKPYLKSMSDSEIFAVMCV pyloriGMASVAGPVLAGYASMGIPLPYLIAASFMSAPGGLLFAKIIYPQNETISSHADVSIEKHV 26695NAIEAIANGASTGLNLALHVGAMLLAFVGMLALINGLLGVVGGFLGMEHLSLGLILGTLL (AAD08224)KPLAFMLGIPWSQAGIAGEIIGIKIALNEFVGYMQLLPYLGDNPPLILSEKTKAIITFALCGFANLSSVAMLIGGLGSLVPKKKDLIVRLALKAVLVGTLSNFMSATIAGLFIGLNAH 118 nupCATGTTTTTATTAATCAACATTATTGGTCTAATTGTATTTCTTGGTATTGCGGTATTATTTTCA(SA0600) -AGAGATCGCAAAAATATCCAATGGCAATCAATTGGGATCTTAGTTGTTTTAAACCTGTTTTTAStaphylococcusGCATGGTTCTTTATTTATTTTGATTGGGGTCAAAAAGCAGTAAGAGGAGCAGCCAATGGTATC aureusGCTTGGGTAGTTCAGTCAGCGCATGCTGGTACAGGTTTTGCATTTGCAAGTTTGACAAATGTT subsp.AAAATGATGGATATGGCTGTTGCAGCCTTATTCCCAATATTATTAATAGTGCCATTATTTGATaureus N315ATCTTAATGTACTTTAATATTTTACCGAAAATTATTGGAGGTATTGGTTGGTTACTAGCTAAA(BAB41833)GTAACAAGACAACCTAAATTCGAGTCATTCTTTGGGATAGAAATGATGTTCTTAGGAAATACTGAAGCATTAGCCGTATCAAGTGAGCAACTAAAACGTATGAATGAAATGCGTGTATTAACAATCGCAATGATGTCAATGAGCTCTGTATCCGGAGCTATTGTAGGTGCGTATGTACAAATGGTACCAGGAGAACTGGTACTAACGGCAATTCCACTAAATATCGTTAACGCGATTATTGTGTCATGCTTGTTGAATCCAGTAAGTGTTGAAGAGAAAGAAGATATTATTTACAGTCTTAAAAACAATGAAGTTGAACGTCAACCATTCTTCTCATTCCTTGGAGATTCTGTATTAGCAGCAGGTAAATTAGTATTAATCATCATCGCATTTGTTATTAGTTTTGTAGCGTTAGCTGATCTATTTGATCGTTTTATCAATTTGATTACAGGATTGATAGCAGGATGGATAGGCATAAAAGGTAGTTTCGGTTTAAACCAAATTTTAGGTGTGTTTATGTATCCATTTGCGCTATTACTCGGTTTACCTTATGATGAAGCGTGGTTGGTAGCACAACAAATGGCTAAGAAAATTGTTACAAATGAATTTGTTGTTATGGGTGAAATTTCTAAAGATATTGCATCTTATACACCACACCATCGTGCGGTTATTACAACATTCTTAATTTCATTTGCAAACTTCTCAACGATTGGTATGATTATCGGTACATTGAAAGGCATTGTTGATAAAAAGACATCAGACTTTGTATCTAAATATGTACCTATGATGCTATTATCAGGTATCCTAGTTTCATTATTAACAGCAGCTTTCGTTGGTTTATTTGCATGGTAA 146 nupCMFLLINIIGLIVFLGIAVLFSRDRKNIQWQSIGILVVLNLFLAWFFIYFDWGQKAVRGAANGI(SA0600) -AWVVQSAHAGTGFAFASLTNVKMMDMAVAALFPILLIVPLFDILMYFNILPKIIGGIGWLLAKStaphylococcusVTRQPKFESFFGIEMMFLGNTEALAVSSEQLKRMNEMRVLTIAMMSMSSVSGAIVGAYVQMVP aureusGELVLTAIPLNIVNAIIVSCLLNPVSVEEKEDIIYSLKNNEVERQPFFSFLGDSVLAAGKLVL subsp.IIIAFVISFVALADLFDRFINLITGLIAGWIGIKGSFGLNQILGVFMYPFALLLGLPYDEAWLaureus N315VAQQMAKKIVTNEFVVMGEISKDIASYTPHHRAVITTFLISFANFSTIGMIIGTLKGIVDKKT(BAB41833) SDFVSKYVPMMLLSGILVSLLTAAFVGLFAW 119 nup Catgtttttattaatcaacattattggtctaattgtatttcttggtattgcggtattattt (SAV0645) -tcaagagatcgcaaaaatatccaatggcaatcaattgggatcttagttgttttaaacctgStaphylococcustttttagcatggttctttatttattttgattggggtcaaaaagcagtaagaggagcagcc aureusaatggtatcgcttgggtagttcagtcagcgcatgctggtacaggttttgcatttgcaagt subsp.ttgacaaatgttaaaatgatggatatggctgttgcagccttattcccaatattattaata aureus Mu50gtgccattatttgatatcttaatgtactttaatattttaccgaaaattattggaggtatt (BAB56807)ggttggttactagctaaagtaacaagacaacctaaattcgagtcattctttgggatagaaatgatgttcttaggaaatactgaagcattagccgtatcaagtgagcaactaaaacgtatgaatgaaatgcgtgtattaacaatcgcaatgatgtcaatgagctctgtatccggagctattgtaggtgcgtatgtacaaatggtaccaggagaactggtactaacggcaattccactaaatatcgttaacgcgattattgtgtcatgcttgttgaatccagtaagtgttgaagagaaagaagatattatttacagtcttaaaaacaatgaagttgaacgtcaaccattcttctcattccttggagattctgtattagcagcaggtaaattagtattaatcatcatcgcatttgttattagttttgtagcgttagctgatctatttgatcgttttatcaatttgattacaggattgatagcaggatggataggcataaaaggtagtttcggtttaaaccaaattttaggtgtgtttatgtatccatttgcgctattactcggtttaccttatgatgaagcgtggttggtagcacaacaaatggctaagaaaattgttacaaatgaatttgttgttatgggtgaaatttctaaagatattgcatcttatacaccacaccatcgtgcggttattacaacattcttaatttcatttgcaaacttctcaacgattggtatgattatcggtacattgaaaggcattgttgataaaaagacatcagactttgtatctaaatatgtacctatgatgctattatcaggtatcctagtttcattattaacagcagctttcgttggtttatttgcatggtaa 147 nupCMFLLINIIGLIVFLGIAVLFSRDRKNIQWQSIGILVVLNLFLAWFFIYFDWGQKAVRGAA (SAV0645) -NGIAWVVQSAHAGIGFAFASLINVKMMDMAVAALFPILLIVPLFDILMYFNILPKIIGGIStaphylococcusGWLLAKVIRQPKFESFFGIEMMFLGNTEALAVSSEQLKRMNEMRVLTIAMMSMSSVSGAI aureusVGAYVQMVPGELVLTAIPLNIVNAIIVSCLLNPVSVEEKEDIIYSLKNNEVERQPFFSFL subsp.GDSVLAAGKLVLIIIAFVISFVALADLFDRFINLITGLIAGWIGIKGSFGLNQILGVFMY aureus Mu50PFALLLGLPYDEAWLVAQQMAKKIVINEFVVMGEISKDIASYTPHHRAVITTFLISFANF (BAB56807)STIGMIIGILKGIVDKKTSDFVSKYVPMMLLSGILVSLLTAAFVGLFAW 120atgcaatttatttatagtattattggtattttattggtattaggaattgtgtatgcaatt nupCtctttcaatcgtaagagtgtttctctaagtttaattggaaaagctcttatcgttcaattc (SNupC) -attattgcgctaatcttagtacgtatcccactaggccaacaaattgttagtgttgtttcaStreptococcusactggagttactagcgtaatcaactgtggtcaagctggtttaaattttgtgtttgggtca pyogenesttagcagatagtggcgcaaaaactggttttattttcgctattcaaacgcttggtaatatt SF370gttttcttatctgccctagttagtctactttattatgtaggaatccttggatttgtagta serotype M1aaatggataggtaagggcgttggtaaaattatgaaatcctcagaggttgagagttttgtt (AAK34582)gctgtagctaatatgtttcttggtcaaacagacagtccaatcttggttagcaaatacctaggtcgtatgactgatagtgagataatggttgtgttggtatcaggtatgggaagtatgtcagtttctattcttggtggctatattgcattaggcattccaatggaatatctcttgattgcttcaacaatggttcctattggcagtattctcattgctaaaatcttattgcctcaaacagaacctgttcaaaaaattgatgacattaagatggataataaaggtaataacgccaatgtgattgatgcaatcgctgagggtgcaagcacaggtgcacaaatggctttctcaattggtgctagtttgattgcctttgttggtttagtttctttgattaatatgatgttaagtggattgggaatccgcttagaacaaatcttttcatatgtttttgctccatttggttttcttatgggatttgaccacaaaaacattcttctagaaggaaaccttcttggaagtaagttgattttaaatgagtttgtttcgttccaacaattgggtcacctaatcaaatctttagattatcgtacagcattggtagcaactatttcactctgtggttttgctaatttatcaagtttaggtatttgtgtttcaggtattgctgttctttgcccggagaaacgtagcaccctagctcgacttgttttccgtgcaatgattggtggtattgctgtaagtatgcttagcgcctttatcgtcggtattgtaactctattc taa 148nupC MQFIYSIIGILLVLGIVYAISFNRKSVSLSLIGKALIVQFIIALILVRIPLGQQIVSVVS(SpNupC) - TGVTSVINCGQAGLNFVFGSLADSGAKTGFIFAIQTLGNIVFLSALVSLLYYVGILGFVVStreptococcusKWIGKGVGKIMKSSEVESFVAVANMFLGQTDSPILVSKYLGRMTDSEIMVVLVSGMGSMS pyogenesVSILGGYIALGIPMEYLLIASTMVPIGSILIAKILLPQTEPVQKIDDIKMDNKGNNANVI SF370DAIAEGASTGAQMAFSIGASLIAFVGLVSLINMMLSGLGIRLEQIFSYVFAPFGFLMGFD serotype M1HKNILLEGNLLGSKLILNEFVSFQQLGHLIKSLDYRTALVATISLCGFANLSSLGICVSG (AAK34582)IAVLCPEKRSTLARLVFRAMIGGIAVSMLSAFIVGIVTLF 121 nupCatgagcctgtttatgagcctcatcggcatggcagttctgctaggaatcgcagttctactg (VC2352) -tcaagtaaccgtaaagctatcaatctaagaactgtgggtggcgcttttgctatccaattt Vibriotcactgggtgcatttattctgtatgtgccttggggccaagagctacttcgtggcttttcg cholerae O1gatgccgtatcgaatgttattaactacggtaacgatggtacttcattcctcttcggtgga biovar Elctggtatcaggcaaaatgtttgaagtgtttggcggcggcggtttcattttcgcattccgc Tor N16961tactaccaacactgatcttcttctcagcactgatttctgtactgtactacttgggtgtt (AAF95495)atgcaatgggttatccgcattcttggcggtggtctgcaaaaagcactgggtacatcacgcgcggaatctatgtctgcggctgcaaacattttcgtgggtcaaactgaagcaccattagttgttcgtccattcgttccaaaaatgactcaatctgagctgtttgcggtaatgtgtggtggcttggcttctatcgcaggtggtgtacttgcgggttacgcttcaatgggcgttaagatcgaatacttggtagcggcgtcattcatggcggcaccgggtggtctgctgttcgcaaaactgatgatgcctgaaactgaaaaaccacaagacaatgaagacattactcttgatggtggtgacgacaaaccggctaacgttatcgatgcggctgctggcggtgcttctgctggtctgcaacttgctctgaacgttggtgcaatgttgattgcctttatcggtttgattgctctgatcaacggtatgttgggtggcatcggtggttggttcggtatgcctgaactgaaactggaaatgctactgggctggttgtttgcgcctctggctttcctgatcggtgttccttggaacgaagcaactgttgcgggtgagttcatcggtctaaaaaccgttgctaacgaattcgttgcttactctcagtttgcgccttacctgactgaagcggcaccagtggttctgtctgagaaaaccaaagcgatcatctctttcgctctgtgtggttttgcgaacctttcttctatcgcaattctgcttggtggtttgggtagcttggcacctaagcgtcgtggcgacatcgctcgtatgggggtcaaagcggttatcgcaggtactctatctaacctgatggcagcgaccatcgctggcttcttcctctctttctaa 149 nupCMSLFMSLIGMAVLLGIAVLLSSNRKAINLRTVGGAFAIQFSLGAFILYVPWGQELLRGFS (VC2352) -DAVSNVINYGNDGTSFLFGGLVSGKMFEVFGGGGFIFAFRVLPTLIFFSALISVLYYLGV VibrioMQWVIRILGGGLQKALGTSRAESMSAAANIFVGQTEAPLVVRPFVPKMTQSELFAVMCGG cholerae O1LASIAGGVLAGYASMGVKIEYLVAASFMAAPGGLLFAKLMMPETEKPQDNEDITLDGGDD biovar ElKPANVIDAAAGGASAGLQLALNVGAMLIAFIGLIALINGMLGGIGGWFGMPELKLEMLLG Tor N16961WLFAPLAFLIGVPWNEATVAGEFIGLKTVANEFVAYSQFAPYLTEAAPVVLSEKTKAIIS (AAF95495)FALCGFANLSSIAILLGGLGSLAPKRRGDIARMGVKAVIAGTLSNLMAATIAGFFLSF 122 nupCttgggcggcgttatgtcatcactcctcggtatgggcgcaattttgctggttgcgtggcta (VC1953) -ttttctaccaatagaaaaaatatcaacttgcgtacagtttctttagcgttactgctgcaa Vibrioatcttcttcgccttactggtgctgtatgtacctgcgggtaaagaggcactcaatcgtgtg Cholerae O1acgggcgcggtgtcacaactgatcaactatgggcaagatggtatcggttttgtgtttggt biovar Elggcctcgccaatggcagcgtaggttttgtgtttgcgattaatgtccttggcatcatcatt Tor N16961ttcttctctgcactgatttctggcctttaccatttaggcatcatgccgaaagtgattaac (AAF95101)ctcatcggtggtggtttacagaaattgcttggcacaggccgtgcagaatccctttctgctaccgcaaacattttcgtgggtatgattgaagcgccgctggtggtgaaaccttatcttcataaaatgaccgattcgcaattctttgcagtgatgacgggcggcttagcgtcggttgctggcggtactttggttggttatgcctctttaggtgtggaattgaactatctgatcgcggcggctttcatgtctgcccctgcgggtcttttgatggcaaaaatcatgttgccagaaaccgaacacgtcgatgccgcgattgcgcaagatgagttggatctgccgaaatccactaacgtcgtcgaagcgattgcggatggcgcgatgtcgggtgtgaaaattgctgttgcggtaggggcgactttgctcgctttcgtgagtgtgattgctctgttaaacggcttgctcggttggtttggtggctggtttggcatcgagctaagctttgaactgatcatggggtatgttttcgctccggtagcttggctgattggtattccatggcatgaggcgatcacggcaggctcgctgattggtaacaaagtggtggtgaacgagtttgtcgctttcattcaactgattgaagtgaaagagcaattgagtgcgcattcacaagcgatcgtgactttcgcgctgtgcggttttgcgaatatttctaccatggcgattttgattggtggtttgggtagccttgtacctgaacgtcgctcttttatctcccaatacggcttccgtgcgattggcgcaggcgtattagctaacctaatgagtgcatcgatcgctggagtgattttgtctttgtga 150 nupCMGGVMSSLLGMGAILLVAWLFSTNRKNINLRTVSLALLLQIFFALLVLYVPAGKEALNRV (VC1953) -TGAVSQLINYGQDGIGFVFGGLANGSVGFVFAINVLGIIIFFSALISGLYHLGIMPKVIN VibrioLIGGGLQKLLGTGRAESLSATANIFVGMIEAPLVVKPYLHKMTDSQFFAVMTGGLASVAG cholerae O1GTLVGYASLGVELNYLIAAAFMSAPAGLLMAKIMLPETEHVDAAIAQDELDLPKSTNVVE biovar ElAIADGAMSGVKIAVAVGATLLAFVSVIALLNGLLGWFGGWFGIELSFELIMGYVFAPVAW Tor N16961LIGIPWHEAITAGSLIGNKVVVNEFVAFIQLIEVKEQLSAHSQAIVTFALCGFANISTMA (AAF 95101)ILIGGLGSLVPERRSFISQYGFRAIGAGVLANLMSASIAGVILSL 123 nupCatggcgattttgtttggaatcatcggtgttacggtactgatcttatgcgcgtatctgctc (VCA0179) -tctgaaagccgcagtgcgattaattggaaaaccatttcccgagccttgttgttgcaaatt Vibrioggttttgcggctcttgtgctttatttcccattggggcaaaccgcgctaagcagcttgagt cholerae O1aatggggtttctggtttgcttggttttgccgatgtcggcattcgctttctgtttggtgat biovar Elcttgccgatacgggctttatttttgctgttcgtgtattacctatcatcatcttcttcagt Tor N16961gcgctgatttctgccctttattaccttggtgtgatgcaaaaagtgatcgccctgatcggc (AAF96092 )ggtggcattcaacgcttcttaggcaccagtaaggcggaatcactggtcgcgacaggcaatattttcctatcacaaggcgaatcgccacttttggtgcgccccttccttgccaatatgacacgctctgaactgtttgcggtcatggcgggcggtatggcatcggtagcaggctctgtgctgggtggttacgcaggtttaggggttgagctgaaatacctgattgcagcgagtttcatggcggcgccgggcagtttaatgatggcgaaaatcatcgttcctgagcgtggtgtgccaatcgatcaaagccaagtcgagttagataaagcgcaagacagcaacttgattgatgctctcgctagcggtgcgatgaatggtatgaaagtcgccgttgcagtgggcactatgttgattgcgttcgtcagcgtgatcgctatggtcaacactggccttgaaaatctgggcgatctggttgggtttagcggcattaccttacaagccatgttcggttatctgtttgctcctctggcatgggtgattggcattccaagtcacgaagtgctggcggcaggttcctacatcggtcagaaagtggtgatgaacgaatttgtggctttcattgactttgttgagcataaagcgctgctttctgagcatagccaagtcatcatcacgtttgcattgtgtggctttgccaacattggctctatcgcgatccaattaggctccattggcgtgatagcccctgagcgccgctcggaagtggcgaacctaggcataaaagcggtcattgctggcactttagccaacctaatgagcgcttgcttagcggggattttcatc tcgctataa124 yegT - atgaaaacaacagcaaagctgtcgttcatgatgtttgttgaatggtttatctggggcgcgEschericia tggtttgtgccattgtggttgtggttaagtaaaagcggttttagtgccggagaaattggccoli K-12 tggtcgtatgcctgtaccgccattgcggcgatcctgtcgccaattctggttggctccatcW3110 actgaccgctttttctcggcgcaaaaagtgctggcggtattgatgttcgcaggcgcgctg(P76417; ctgatgtatttcgctgcgcaacagaccacttttgccgggttcttcccgttactgctggccJW2085) tactcgctaacctatatgccgaccattgcgctgactaacagcatcgcttttgccaacgtgccggatgttgagcgtgatttcccgcgcattcgtgtgatgggcactatcggctggattgcctccggtctggcatgtggtttcttgccgcaaatactggggtatgccgatatctcaccgactaacatcccgctgctgattaccgccggaagttctgctctgctcggtgtgtttgcgtttttcctgcccgacacgccaccaaaaagcaccggcaaaatggatattaaagtcatgctcggcctggatgcgctgatcctgctgcgcgataaaaacttcctcgtctttttcttctgttcattcctgtttgcgatgccactagcgttctattacatctttgccaacggttatctgaccgaagttggcatgaaaaacgccaccggctggatgacgctcggccagttctctgaaatcttctttatgctggcattgccgtttttcactaaacgctttggtatcaaaaaggtattattgcttggtctggtcaccgctgcgatccgctatggcttctttatttacggtagtgcggatgaatatttcacctacgcgttactgttcctcggtattttgcttcacggcgtaagttacgatttttactacgttaccgcttacatctatgtcgataaaaaagcccccgtgcatatgcgtaccgctgcgcaggggctgatcacgctctgctgccagggcttcggcagtttgctcggctatcgtcttggcggtgtgatgatggaaaagatgttcgcttatcaggaaccggtaaacggactgactttcaactggtccgggatgtggactttcggcgcggtgatgattgccattatcgccgtgctgttcatgatttttttccgcgaatccgacaacgaaattacggctatcaaggtcgatgatcgcgatattgcgttgacacaaggggaagttaaatga 151 yegT -MKTTAKLSFMMFVEWFIWGAWFVPLWLWLSKSGFSAGEIGWSYACTAIAAILSPILVGSI EscherichiaTDRFFSAQKVLAVLMFAGALLMYFAAQQTTFAGFFPLLLAYSLTYMPTIALTNSIAFANV coli K-12PDVERDFPRIRVMGTIGWIASGLACGFLPQILGYADISPTNIPLLITAGSSALLGVFAFF W3110LPDTPPKSTGKMDIKVMLGLDALILLRDKNFLVFFFCSFLFAMPLAFYYIFANGYLTEVG (P76417;MKNATGWMTLGQFSEIFFMLALPFFTKRFGIKKVLLLGLVTAAIRYGFFIYGSADEYFTY JW2085)ALLFLGILLHGVSYDFYYVTAYIYVDKKAPVHMRTAAQGLITLCCQGFGSLLGYRLGGVMMEKMFAYQEPVNGLTFNWSGMWTFGAVMIAIIAVLFMIFFRESDNEITAIKVDDRDIALT QGEVK 125nupG - atgaatcttaagctgcagctgaaaatcctctcttttctgcagttctgtctgtggggaagtEscherichia tggctgacgaccctcggctcctatatgtttgttaccctgaagtttgacggtgcttctattcoli K-12 ggcgcagtttatagctcactgggtatcgcagcggtctttatgcctgcgctgctggggattW3110 gtggccgacaaatggttaagtgcgaaatgggtatatgccatttgccacaccattggcgctJW2932; atcacgctgttcatggcggcacaggtcacgacaccggaagcgatgttccttgtgatattg(P09452 attaactcgtttgcttatatgccaacgcttgggttaatcaacaccatctcttactatcgcctgcaaaatgccgggatggatatcgttactgacttcccgccaatccgtatctggggcaccatcggctttatcatggcaatgtgggtggtgagcctgtctggcttcgaattaagccacatgcagctgtatattggcgcagcactttccgccattctggttctgtttaccctgactctgccgcatattccggttgctaaacagcaagcgaatcagagctggacaaccctgctgggcctcgatgcattcgcgctgtttaaaaacaagcgtatggcaatcttctttatcttctcaatgctgctgggcgcggaactgcagattaccaacatgttcggtaataccttcctgcacagcttcgacaaagatccgatgtttgccagcagctttattgtgcagcatgcgtcaatcatcatgtcgatttcgcagatctctgaaaccctgttcattctgaccatcccgttcttcttaagccgctacggtattaagaacgtaatgatgatcagtattgtggcgtggatcctgcgttttgcgctgtttgcttacggcgacccgactccgttcggtactgtactgctggtactgtcgatgatcgtttacggttgcgcattcgacttcttcaacatctctggttcggtgtttgtcgaaaaagaagttagcccggcaattcgcgccagtgcacaagggatgttcctgatgatgactaacggcttcggctgtatcctcggcggcatcgtgagcggtaaagttgttgagatgtacacccaaaacggcattaccgactggcagaccgtatggttgattttcgctggttactccgtggttctggccttcgcgttcatggcgatgttcaaatataaacacgttcgtgtcccgacaggcacacagacggttagccactaa 152 nupG -MNLKLQLKILSFLQFCLWGSWLTTLGSYMFVTLKFDGASIGAVYSSLGIAAVFMPALLGI EscherichiaVADKWLSAKWVYAICHTIGAITLFMAAQVTTPEAMFLVILINSFAYMPTLGLINTISYYR coli K-12LQNAGMDIVTDFPPIRIWGTIGFIMAMWVVSLSGFELSHMQLYIGAALSAILVLFTLTLP W3110HIPVAKQQANQSWTTLLGLDAFALFKNKRMAIFFIFSMLLGAELQITNMFGNTFLHSFDK (P09452;DPMFASSFIVQHASIIMSISQISETLFILTIPFFLSRYGIKNVMMISIVAWILRFALFAY JW2932GDPTPFGTVLLVLSMIVYGCAFDFFNISGSVFVEKEVSPAIRASAQGMFLMMTNGFGCILGGIVSGKVVEMYTQNGITDWQTVWLIFAGYSVVLAFAFMAMFKYKHVRVPTGTQTVSH 126 xapB -atgagcatcgcgatgcgcttaaaggtaatgtcctttttgcaatattttatctgggggagc Escherichiatggctggttaccctcggctcttacatgattaatactcttcatttcaccggcgctaatgtt coli K-12ggcatggtttacagttccaaagggatcgccgcgattattatgcctggtataatggggatc W3110atcgcagacaaatggctgcgcgcagaacgtgcatacatgctgtgtcacctggtgtgtgcg (P45562;ggcgtacttttttatgcggcatccgtaactgatccggatatgatgttttgggtgatgtta JW2397)gtcaatgcgatggcgtttatgccgactattgcgttatcgaacagcgtctcttattcctgtcttgcccaggcagggcttgacccggtgaccgctttcccgcccattcgcgtttttggtacggtggggttcattgtcgcgatgtgggcagtaagcctgctgcatctggaattgagtagtctgcagctgtatatcgcgtccggtgcgtcattgctgctgtcggcttatgcgctgactttgccgaagattccggttgcggagaaaaaagcgaccacatcgcttgccagcaagctgggtctggatgccttcgtgctgtttaaaaatccacgcatggccatctttttcctctttgccatgatgctgggtgcggtactgcaaattaccaacgtttttggtaatccgttcctacatgatttcgcccgtaacccggagtttgctgacagttttgtggtgaaatatccctccattttactgtcagtttcacagatggcagaagtgggctttatactgactatcccattctttttaaagcgatttggcattaaaaccgtcatgctgatgagtatggtggcctggacgctgcgctttggcttcttcgcctatggcgatccgtcaacaaccggatttattttgctgctgctgtcgatgattgtttatggctgtgcattcgatttcttcaatatttctggttcggtatttgtcgaacaggaagttgattccagcattcgtgccagcgcgcaggggctctttatgaccatggtaaatggtgtcggcgcatgggttggctcgattctgagtggcatggcagtagattacttttcggtggatggcgtaaaagactggcaaactatctggctggtgtttgcaggatatgctctttttctcgcagtgatatttttctttgggtttaaatataatcatgaccctgaaaagataaagcatcgagcggtgactcattaa 153 xapB -MSIAMRLKVMSFLQYFIWGSWLVTLGSYMINTLHFTGANVGMVYSSKGIAAIIMPGIMGI EscherichiaIADKWLRAERAYMLCHLVCAGVLFYAASVTDPDMMFWVMLVNAMAFMPTIALSNSVSYSC coli K-12LAQAGLDPVTAFPPIRVFGTVGFIVAMWAVSLLHLELSSLQLYIASGASLLLSAYALTLP W3110KIPVAEKKATTSLASKLGLDAFVLFKNPRMAIFFLFAMMLGAVLQITNVFGNPFLHDFAR (P45562;NPEFADSFVVKYPSILLSVSQMAEVGFILTIPFFLKRFGIKTVMLMSMVAWTLRFGFFAY JW2397)GDPSTTGFILLLLSMIVYGCAFDFFNISGSVFVEQEVDSSIRASAQGLFMTMVNGVGAWVGSILSGMAVDYFSVDGVKDWQTIWLVFAGYALFLAVIFFFGFKYNHDPEKIKHRAVTH 127 CC1628 -ATGGGGACGAGTTTCCGTCTGTTCGTGATGATGGTGCTGCAGCTGGCGATCTGGGGCGCCTGGCaulobacterGCGCCCAAGATCTTCCCCTACATGGGCATGCTGGGCTTCGCGCCCTGGCAGCAGTCGCTGGTCcrescentusGGCAGCGCCTGGGGCGTGGCGGCGCTGGTGGGCATCTTCTTCTCGAATCAGTTCGCCGACCGG CB15AACTTCTCGGCCGAGCGGTTCCTGGCGGTCAGCCACCTGATCGGCGGCGTGGCGCTGCTGGGC(AAK23606)ACGGCCTTCTCGACGGAGTTCTGGCCGTTCTTTGCCTGTTACCTCGTTTTCAGCCTGGTCTATGTGCCGACGCTGTCGGTCACCAACTCGATCGCCTTCGCCAATCTGCGCGATCCGGCGGCCGGCTTCGGCGGGGTGCGGATGGGCGGAACCGTCGGCTGGGTGCTGGTCAGCTGGCCCTTCGTGTTCCTGCTGGGCGCCCAAGCGACGGTGGAGCAGGTCCGCTGGATCTTCCTGGTGGCGGCGATCGTCTCCTTCGTTTTCGCCGGTTACGCTCTGACCCTGCCGCACACGCCGCCGCGCAAGGCCGATGACGCTGTCGACAAGCTGGCCTGGCGACGGGCGTTCAAGCTACTGGGCGCGCCCTTCGTGTTTGTCCTCTTTGTCGTGACCTTCATCGATTCCGTGATCCACAACGGCTACTTCGTGATGGCCGACGCCTTCCTGACCAACCGGGTCGGGATCGCGGGCAATCTCAGCATGGTCGTGCTGAGCCTGGGCCAGGTGGCCGAAATCATCACCATGCTGCTGTTGGGCCGCGTGCTGGCCAAGCTGGGCTGGAAGGTCACCATGATCGTCGGCGTGCTGGGCCACGCCGCGCGCTTTGCGGTCTTCGCCTACTTCGCCGACAGCGTGCCGGTCATCGTGGCGGTGCAGCTGCTGCACGGCGTCTGCTACGCCTTCTTCTTCGCCACGGTTTACATCTTCGTCGACGCCGTCTTCCCGAAAGATGTCCGCTCCAGCGCGCAGGGTCTGTTCAACTTGCTGATCCTGGGCGTCGGCAATGTGGCCGCCAGCTTCATCTTCCCCGCGCTGATCGGTCGCCTGACCACCGATGGGTCCGTCGACTACACGACGCTGTTCCTCGTGCCGACCGCCATGGCTTTGGCGGCGGTCTGCCTGCTGGCGCTGTTCTTCCGGCCGCCCACGCGGGGACCTGTTTCGGAGGCGGATTCCGCTTCATCCGCCGCCAGTTCGGCCCAAGCCTAG 154 CC1628 -MGTSFRLFVMMVLQLAIWGAWAPKIFPYMGMLGFAPWQQSLVGSAWGVAALVGIFFSNQFADRCaulobacterNFSAERFLAVSHLIGGVALLGTAFSTEFWPFFACYLVFSLVYVPTLSVTNSIAFANLRDPAAGcrescentusFGGVRMGGTVGWVLVSWPFVFLLGAQATVEQVRWIFLVAAIVSFVFAGYALTLPHTPPRKADD CB15AVDKLAWRRAFKLLGAPFVFVLFVVTFIDSVIHNGYFVMADAFLTNRVGIAGNLSMVVLSLGQ(AAK23606)VAEIITMLLLGRVLAKLGWKVTMIVGVLGHAARFAVFAYFADSVPVIVAVQLLHGVCYAFFFATVYIFVDAVFPKDVRSSAQGLFNLLILGVGNVAASFIFPALIGRLTTDGSVDYTTLFLVPTAMALAAVCLLALFFRPPTRGPVSEADSASSAASSAQA 128 codB -gtgtcgcaagataacaactttagccaggggccagtcccgcagtcggcgcggaaaggggta Escherichiattggcattgacgttcgtcatgctgggattaaccttcttttccgccagtatgtggaccggc coli K-12ggcactctcggaaccggtcttagctatcatgatttcttcctcgcagttctcatcggtaat W3110cttctcctcggtatttacacttcatttctcggttacattggcgcaaaaaccggcctgacc (P25525;actcatcttcttgctcgcttctcgtttggtgttaaaggctcatggctgccttcactgcta JW0327)ctgggcggaactcaggttggctggtttggcgtcggtgtggcgatgtttgccattccggtgggtaaggcaaccgggctggatattaatttgctgattgccgtttccggtttactgatgaccgtcaccgtcttttttggcatttcggcgctgacggttctttcggtgattgcggttccggctatcgcctgcctgggcggttattccgtgtggctggctgttaacggcatgggcggcctggacgcattaaaagcggtcgttcccgcacaaccgttagatttcaatgtcgcgctggcgctggttgtggggtcatttatcagtgcgggtacgctcaccgctgactttgtccggtttggtcgcaatgccaaactggcggtgctggtggcgatggtggcctttttcctcggcaactcgttgatgtttattttcggtgcagcgggcgctgcggcactgggcatggcggatatctctgatgtgatgattgctcagggcctgctgctgcctgcgattgtggtgctggggctgaatatctggaccaccaacgataacgcactctatgcgtcgggtttaggtttcgccaacattaccgggatgtcgagcaaaaccctttcggtaatcaacggtattatcggtacggtctgcgcattatggctgtataacaattttgtcggctggttgaccttcctttcggcagctattcctccagtgggtggcgtgatcatcgccgactatctgatgaaccgtcgccgctatgagcactttgcgaccacgcgtatgatgagtgtcaattgggtggcgattctggcggtcgccttggggattgctgcaggccactggttaccgggaattgttccggtcaacgcggtattaggtggcgcgctgagctatctgatccttaacccgattttgaatcgtaaaacgacagcagcaatgacgcatgtggaggctaacagtgtcgaataa 155 codB -MSQDNNFSQGPVPQSARKGVLALTFVMLGLTFFSASMWTGGTLGTGLSYHDFFLAVLIGN EscherichiaLLLGIYTSFLGYIGAKTGLTTHLLARFSFGVKGSWLPSLLLGGTQVGWFGVGVAMFAIPV coli K-12GKATGLDINLLIAVSGLLMTVTVFFGISALTVLSVIAVPAIACLGGYSVWLAVNGMGGLD W3110ALKAVVPAQPLDFNVALALVVGSFISAGTLTADFVRFGRNAKLAVLVAMVAFFLGNSLMF (P25525;IFGAAGAAALGMADISDVMIAQGLLLPAIVVLGLNIWTTNDNALYASGLGFANITGMSSK JW0327)TLSVINGIIGTVCALWLYNNFVGWLTFLSAAIPPVGGVIIADYLMNRRRYEHFATTRMMSVNWVAILAVALGIAAGHWLPGIVPVNAVLGGALSYLILNPILNRKTTAAMTHVEANSVE 129 mctC -ATGAATTCCACTATTCTCCTTGCACAAGACGCTGTTTCTGAGGGCGTCGGTAATCCGATTCTTCorynebacteriumAACATCAGTGTCTTCGTCGTCTTCATTATTGTGACGATGACCGTGGTGCTTCGCGTGGGCAAGAGCACCAGCGAATCCACCGACTTCTACACCGGTGGTGCTTCCTTCTCCGGAACCCAGAACGGTCTGGCTATCGCAGGTGACTACCTGTCTGCAGCGTCCTTCCTCGGAATCGTTGGTGCAATTTCACTCAACGGTTACGACGGATTCCTTTACTCCATCGGCTTCTTCGTCGCATGGCTTGTTGCACTGCTGCTCGTGGCAGAGCCACTTCGTAACGTGGGCCGCTTCACCATGGCTGACGTGCTGTCCTTCCGACTGCGTCAGAAACCAGTCCGCGTCGCTGCGGCCTGCGGTACCCTCGCGGTTACCCTCTTTTACTTGATCGCTCAGATGGCTGGTGCAGGTTCGCTTGTGTCCGTTCTGCTGGACATCCACGAGTTCAAGTGGCAGGCAGTTGTTGTCGGTATCGTTGGCATTGTCATGATCGCCTACGTTCTTCTTGGCGGTATGAAGGGCACCACATACGTTCAGATGATTAAGGCAGTTCTGCTGGTCGGTGGCGTTGCCATTATGACCGTTCTGACCTTCGTCAAGGTGTCTGGTGGCCTGACCACCCTTTTAAATGACGCTGTTGAGAAGCACGCCGCTTCAGATTACGCTGCCACCAAGGGGTACGATCCAACCCAGATCCTGGAGCCTGGTCTGCAGTACGGTGCAACTCTGACCACTCAGCTGGACTTCATTTCCTTGGCTCTCGCTCTGTGTCTTGGAACCGCTGGTCTGCCACACGTTCTGATGCGCTTCTACACCGTTCCTACCGCCAAGGAAGCACGTAAGTCTGTGACCTGGGCTATCGTCCTCATTGGTGCGTTCTACCTGATGACCCTGGTCCTTGGTTACGGCGCTGCGGCACTGGTCGGTCCAGACCGCGTCATTGCCGCACCAGGTGCTGCTAATGCTGCTGCTCCTCTGCTGGCCTTCGAGCTTGGTGGTTCCATCTTCATGGCGCTGATTTCCGCAGTTGCGTTCGCTACCGTTCTCGCCGTGGTCGCAGGTCTTGCAATTACCGCATCCGCTGCTGTTGGTCACGACATCTACAACGCTGTTATCCGCAACGGTCAGTCCACCGAAGCGGAGCAGGTCCGAGTATCCCGCATCACCGTTGTCGTCATTGGCCTGATTTCCATTGTCCTGGGAATTCTTGCAATGACCCAGAACGTTGCGTTCCTCGTGGCCCTGGCCTTCGCAGTTGCAGCATCCGCTAACCTGCCAACCATCCTGTACTCCCTGTACTGGAAGAAGTTCAACACCACCGGCGCTGTGGCCGCTATCTACACCGGTCTCATCTCCGCGCTGCTGCTGATCTTCCTGTCCCCAGCAGTCTCCGGTAATGACAGCGCAATGGTTCCAGGTGCAGACTGGGCAATCTTCCCACTGAAGAACCCAGGCCTCGTCTCCATCCCACTGGCATTCATCGCTGGTTGGATCGGCACTTTGGTTGGCAAGCCAGACAACATGGATGATCTTGCTGCCGAAATGGAAGTTCGTTCCCTCACCGGTGTCGGTGTTGAAAAGGCTGTTGATCACTAA 130 putP_6 -atggatcttacgacattaataacttttatagtatatctactagggatgttggcgattggcctcVirgibacillusatcatgtattatcgaaccaataatttatcagattatgttcttggtggacgtgatcttggtcca sp.ggcgtagctgcattgagtgctggtgcatcggatatgagtggttggctgttattaggtttgcctggagcgatttatgcatctggtatgtctgaagcttggatggggatcgggttagctgtaggtgcttatttaaattggcaatttgtagctaagcgattacgcgtttataccgaggtatcaaataattccattacgatcccagattattttgaaaatcggtttaaagataactcacatattcttcgtgttatatctgctatcgtaattttgttattcttcactttttatacatcttcaggaatggttgcaggagcaaaattatttgaggcttcattcggtctccaatacgaaactgctctgtggattggtgcggttgtagttgtatcttatacgttacttggaggatttctagcggttgcatggacagactttattcaaggtattcttatgttccttgcactaattgttgttccaatcgtcgcattagatcaaatgggtggctggaatcaagcggtacaagctgttggtgaaattaatccttcccacctcaatatggttgaaggtgttggaataatggcaattatttcatcacttgcttggggcttaggttattttggacagccacatattattgttcgttttatggcattacgttcggcgaaagatgttccgaaagcgaaatttattggaacagcttggatgattttaggactttatggagcaatctttactggttttgtaggactagcatttatcagtacacaagaagtaccgattctgtctgaattcgggattcaagtagttaatgagaatggtttacaaatgttagccgatcctgaaaagatatttattgctttctcccaaatactattccatccagtagttgccggtatcttactagcggcaatcttgtctgcaattatgagtaccgttgattcacagttacttgtatcatcttcagcggttgcagaagatttctataaagctattttccgtaaaaaagctactggtaaagagcttgtttgggttggacgtattgctacagtgataattgcgattgttgctttaattattgcaatgaacccagatagctctgtattggatctagttagttatgcatgggctggatttggtgcagcatttggaccaattatcatcttgtcattattctggaagagaatcacaagaaatggtgcactagcgggtatcattgtaggtgccattacggtaattgtatggggagactttctatctggaggtatctttgacctctacgaaattgttccaggctttatcttaaatatgattgtcaccgttattgtgagtcttatcgataaaccgaatccagatttagaagctgactttgatgaaaccgtagaaaaaatgaaagaataa 131 cbsT1 -ATGTCGACCACACCGACACAGCCATCATCACGAAAACAGGCTGTTTACCCGTACTTGATCGTGLactobacillusCTGTCGGGCATCGTCTTCACGGCCATCCCGGTATCGCTGGTCTGCAGTTGCGCAGGTATCTTCjohnsoniiTTCACGCCTGTCAGCAGCTACTTCCATGTTCCCAAGGCCGCATTCACCGGATATTTCAGCATATTCAGCATCACCATGGTCGCCTTCCTGCCGGTGGCCGGATGGCTGATGCACCGCTACGATCTGCGCATCGTACTGACCGCAAGCACCGTCCTGGCTGGACTGGGCTGCCTGGGTATGTCCCGATCATCCGCCATGTGGCAGTTCTATCTATGCGGAGTGGTTCTGGGAATCGGCATGCCGGCCGTCCTCTATCTGTCAGTGCCAACACTCATCAACGCCTGGTTCCGCAAGCGGGTCGGGTTCTTCATCGGCCTGTGCATGGCCTTCACCGGCATAGGCGGCGTGATCTTCAACCAGATAGGCACCATGATCATCAGATCCGCCCCTGATGGATGGAGGCGGGGATATCTGGTTTTCGCTATTCTCATCCTGGTGATCACCCTGCCCTTCACCATTTTCGTCATTCGCAGCACACCCGAACAGATGGGTCTGCATCCCTACGGCGCCGACCAGGAGCCTGATGCAGCTGAGACGGCCACCAATAGTGCAGGCACCGGGAGCAAAGACCAAAAGAGTCCTGAGCCTGCAGCGTCAACCGTAGGCATGACTGCCTCCCAGGCCTTGCGCTCCCCTGCCTTCTGGGCGCTGGCGCTCTTCTGCGGTCTGATCACCATGAATCAGACCATTTACCAGTTCCTGCCCTCCTACGCGGCATCCCTGCCATCCATGGCAGCCTACACGGGACTGATCGCCTCCTCCTGCATGGCCGGCCAGGCCATCGGCAAGATCATCCTGGGCATGGTCAACGACGGCAGCATCGTAGGCGGTCTCTGTCTGGGCATCGGCGGCGGCATTCTCGGCGTCTGCCTCATGGTCGCCTTCCCCGGATTGCCCGTGCTCCTCCTGCTGGGAGCCTTTGCCTTCGGCCTTGTCTACGCCTGCACTACTGTGCAGACACCAATCCTGGTTACAGCGGTCTTCGGCTCGCGCGACTACACCAACATCTATGCACGTATCCAGATGGTTGGGTCCCTAGCCTCGGCCTTCGCAGCTCTCTTCTGGGGCGCCATCGCTGACCAGCCCCACGGCTACATCATCATGTTCGGTCTGAGCATCCTGATCATGGTTGTGGCCTTGTTCCTAGGCATTATCCCTCTGAAAGGTACGCGCAAGTTGACCGATCAGATCGCCTGA 132cbsT2 - atgtctactgatgccgctactaaagataaagtagtaagcaagggctataaatacttcatggttLactobacillusttcctttgtatgttaacccaagctattccttatggaattgctcaaaacattcagcctttgtttjohnsoniiatccaccctttagttaatactttccactttaccttagcatcgtacacattaatttttacgtttggtgcggtttttgcttcagttgcttctccatttattggtaaggcattagaaaaagttaacttccgactaatgtatttaattggtattggtctttctgctattgcctacgtaatttttggaattagtacaaaactacccggtttctatattgccgctatcatttgtatggttggttcaaccttttactccggccaaggtgttccctgggttattaaccactggttcccagcaaagggacgtggggctgccttaggaattgccttctgcggtggttctattggtaatatctttttacaaccagcaacccaagctattttaaaacactacatgacaggtaatactaagaccggtcatttaacctctatggcaccattctttatctttgccgtagctttattagtaatcggtgtaattatcgcctgcttcattagaacccctaagaaagacgaaattgttgtttctgatgcagaactagctgaaagcaagaaagctgaagccgcagccaaagctaaagagtttaaaggctggactagtaaacaagtgttacaaatgaaatggttctggattttcagccttggtttcttaatcattggtttaggcttagcttctttaaatgaagactatgccgccttccttgatactaagctttctttaaccgatgttggtttagttgggtcaatgtacggtgttggttgtttaatcggaaatatttctggtggtttcttatttgataaatttggtacagcaaaatcaatgacctatgctggttgtatgtatattttatctattctgatgatgatctttattagcttccagccatatggttcatctattagtaaggctgctggcattggctatgctatcttttgcggcttagctgtatttagttacatgtcaggcccagccttcatggcaaaagacctctttggttcaagagatcaaggtgtcatgcttggatacgttggtttagcttatgcaattggctatgccattggtgctccactatttgggattattaagggagcggcaagctttacagttgcttggtactttatgattgcctttgttgcaattggttttatcattttagtatttgccgttatccaaattaagagataccaaaagaaatacattgcagagcaagcagcaaaagctaatgctaaataa 133 amtB -atgaagatagcgacgataaaaactgggcttgcttcactggcgatgcttccgggactggtaEscherichia coliatggctgcacctgcggtggccgataaagccgacaatgcgtttatgatgatttgtactgcg K-12 MG1655ctggtgctgtttatgactattccggggattgccctgttttacggtgggttgattcgcggc (B0451;aaaaacgtgctgtcgatgctgacgcaggtgacggtgacatttgcactggtctgtattctc 945084)tgggtggtttacggttactcgctggcgtttggtgagggcaacaacttcttcggcaacattaactggttgatgctgaaaaacatcgaactgacggcggtgatgggcagcatttatcagtatatccacgtggcgtttcagggatcgtttgcctgcattaccgtcggcttgatagttggggcgctggcggaacgaatccgcttctcagctgtgttgattttcgtggtggtatggctgacgctctcttacattccgattgcgcatatggtgtggggcggtggtttgctggcttctcacggtgcgctggatttcgcgggtggcaccgtggtgcacattaacgccgcaatcgccggtctggtgggcgcgtatctgataggaaaacgcgtgggcttcggtaaagaggcgtttaaaccgcacaacctgccgatggtcttcaccgggactgccattctctatatcggttggtttggctttaacgccgggtcagcgggcacggcgaatgaaatcgcggcactggcatttgtgaatactgtggtcgcaacggcggcggcaattcttggctggatcttcggtgaatgggcgctgcgtggtaagccttcactgctgggggcgtgttctggcgcgattgccggtctggtcggcgtgacgccagcctgcggctacattggggttggcggcgcgttgattatcggcgtggtagctggtctggcgggcttgtggggcgttaccatgctcaaacgcttgctgcgggtggatgatccctgcgatgtcttcggtgtgcacggcgtttgtggcattgtcggctgtatcatgaccgggatttttgccgccagctcgctgggcggcgtgggcttcgctgaaggtgtgacgatgggccatcagttgctggtacagctggaaagcatcgccattacgatcgtctggtccggtgttgtggcatttatcggctacaaattggcggatctgacggttggtctgcgtgtaccggaagagcaggagcgagaagggctggatgtcaacagccacggcgagaatgcctataacgcgtaa 156 amtB -MKIATIKTGLASLAMLPGLVMAAPAVADKADNAFMMICTALVLFMTIPGIALFYGGLIRGEscherichia coliKNVLSMLTQVTVTFALVCILWVVYGYSLAFGEGNNFFGNINWLMLKNIELTAVMGSIYQY K-12 MG1655IHVAFQGSFACITVGLIVGALAERIRFSAVLIVVVWLTLSYIPIAHMVWGGGLLASHGA (B0451;LDFAGGTVVHINAAIAGLVGAYLIGKRVGFGKEAFKPHNLPMVFTGTAILYIGWFGFNAG 945084)SAGTANEIAALAFVNTVVATAAAILGWIFGEWALRGKPSLLGACSGAIAGLVGVTPACGYIGVGGALIIGVVAGLAGLWGVTMLKRLLRVDDPCDVFGVHGVCGIVGCIMTGIFAASSLGGVGFAEGVTMGHQLLVQLESIAITIVWSGVVAFIGYKLADLTVGLRVPEEQEREGLDVNS HGENAYNA134 GABA permeaseatggggcaatcatcgcaaccacatgagttaggcggcgggctgaagtcacgccacgtcaccatg GabP -ttgtctattgccggtgttatcggcgcaagtctgtttgtcggttccagcgtcgccatcgccgaaEscherichia coligcgggcccggcggtattactggcctatctgttcgccggattactggtggttatgattatgcggatgttggcggaaatggcagttgccacgcccgataccggttcgttttccacctatgccgataaagccattggccgctgggcgggttataccatcggctggctgtactggtggttttgggtactggttatcccgctggaagccaacatcgccgctatgatcctgcactcgtgggttccaggcattcccatctggttattttccctcgtcattaccctcgccttaactggcagtaatttattaagcgttaaaaactacggcgaatttgagttctggctggcgctgtgcaaagtcatcgctatcctggcctttattttccttggtgcagtcgcaattagcggtttttacccttatgccgaagtgagcgggatctcaagattgtgggatagcggcggctttatgcccaacggtttcggtgcggtattaagcgcgatgttgatcaccatgttctcgtttatgggcgcagaaattgtcaccattgccgccgcggaatccgacacgccggaaaaacatattgtccgcgccactaactcggttatctggcgtatttctatcttctatttgtgctctatttttgtcgtagtggcgttaataccgtggaatatgccggggctgaaagccgttggttcttatcgctcggttctggaattgctcaatattccccatgcgaaattaatcatggactgcgtgatattactttccgtaaccagctgtctgaactcggcgctgtataccgcgtcaaggatgctctactccttaagccgtcgcggtgatgcgcccgcggtaatgggcaaaatcaaccgcagtaaaaccccgtatgtggcggtgttactctccaccggagcggcatttttaacggtggtggtgaactattacgcacctgcgaaagtgtttaaattcctgatagacagctccggtgctatcgccctgctggtttatttagtcatcgccgtttcacagttgcggatgcgtaaaattctgcgagcagaaggaagcgaaattcgcttgcgcatgtggctttacccgtggctcacctggctggtaataggctttattacctttgtgttggtagtgatgctattccgcccggcgcaacagttagaagtgatctctaccggcttattagcgatagggattatctgtaccgtgccgattatggcgcgctggaaaaagctggtattgtggcaaaaaacacccgttcataatacgcgctga 157 GABA permeaseMGQSSQPHELGGGLKSRHVTMLSIAGVIGASLFVGSSVAIAEAGPAVLLAYLFAGLLVVMIMR GabP -MLAEMAVATPDTGSFSTYADKAIGRWAGYTIGWLYWWFWVLVIPLEANIAAMILHSWVPGIPIEscherichia coliWLFSLVITLALTGSNLLSVKNYGEFEFWLALCKVIAILAFIFLGAVAISGFYPYAEVSGISRLWDSGGFMPNGFGAVLSAMLITMFSFMGAEIVTIAAAESDTPEKHIVRATNSVIWRISIFYLCSIFVVVALIPWNMPGLKAVGSYRSVLELLNIPHAKLIMDCVILLSVTSCLNSALYTASRMLYSLSRRGDAPAVMGKINRSKTPYVAVLLSTGAAFLTVVVNYYAPAKVFKFLIDSSGAIALLVYLVIAVSQLRMRKILRAEGSEIRLRMWLYPWLTWLVIGFITFVLVVMLFRPAQQLEVISTGLLAIGIICTVPIMARWKKLVLWQKTPVHNTR 135 mtnH -atgacgaactatcgcgttgagagtagcagcggacgggcggcgcgcaagatgaggctcgcattaEscherichia coliatgggacctgcgttcattgcggcgattggttatatcgatcccggtaactttgcgaccaatattcaggcgggtgccagcttcggctatcagctactgtgggttgtcgtttgggccaacctgatggcgatgctgattcagatcctctctgccaaactagggattgccaccggtaaaaatctggcggagcagattcgcgatcactatccgcgtcccgtagtgtggttctattgggttcaggcagaaattattgcgatggcaaccgacctggcggaatttattggtgcggcgatcggttttaaactcattcttggtgtctcgttgttgcagggcgcggtgctgacggggatcgcgactttcctgattttaatgctgcaacgtcgcgggcaaaaaccgctggagaaagtgattggcgggttactgttgtttgttgccgcggcttacattgtcgagttgattttctcccagcctaacctggcgcagctgggtaaaggaatggtgatcccgagtttacctacttcggaggcggtcttcctggcagcaggcgtgttaggggcgacgattatgccgcatgtgatttatttgcactcctcgctcactcagcatttacatggcggttcgcgtcaacaacgttattccgccaccaaatgggatgtggctatcgccatgacgattgccggttttgtcaatctggcgatgatggctacagctgcggcggcgttccacttttctggtcatactggtgttgccgatcttgatgaggcttatctgacgctgcaaccgctgttaagccatgctgcggcaacggtctttgggttaagtctggttgctgccggactgtcctcaacggtggtggggacactggcggggcaggtggtgatgcagggattcattcgcttccatatcccgctgtgggtgcgtcgtacagtcaccatgttgccgtcatttattgtcattctgatgggattagatccgacacggattctggttatgagtcaggtgctgttaagttttggtatcgccctggcgctggttccactgctgattttcaccagtgacagcaagttgatgggcgatctggtgaacagcaaacgcgtaaaacagacaggctgggtgattgtagtgctggtcgtggcgctgaatatctggttgttggtggggacggcgctgggattgtag 158 mtnH -MTNYRVESSSGRAARKMRLALMGPAFIAAIGYIDPGNFATNIQAGASFGYQLLWVVVWANLMAEscherichia coliMLIQILSAKLGIATGKNLAEQIRDHYPRPVVWFYWVQAEIIAMATDLAEFIGAAIGFKLILGVSLLQGAVLTGIATFLILMLQRRGQKPLEKVIGGLLLFVAAAYIVELIFSQPNLAQLGKGMVIPSLPTSEAVFLAAGVLGATIMPHVIYLHSSLTQHLHGGSRQQRYSATKWDVAIAMTIAGFVNLAMMATAAAAFHFSGHTGVADLDEAYLTLQPLLSHAAATVFGLSLVAAGLSSTVVGTLAGQVVMQGFIRFHIPLWVRRTVTMLPSFIVILMGLDPTRILVMSQVLLSFGIALALVPLLIFTSDSKLMGDLVNSKRVKQTGWVIVVLVVALNIWLLVGTALGL

1. A genetically-engineered non-pathogenic bacterium for use inmetabolizing a substrate of interest, the bacterium comprising at leastone heterologous gene encoding a transporter for importing saidsubstrate, wherein the gene encoding the substrate transporter isoperably linked to a directly or indirectly inducible promoter that isnot associated with the substrate transporter in nature.
 2. Thegenetically engineered bacterium of claim 1, wherein the bacteriumfurther comprises at least one heterologous gene encoding a polypeptidefor metabolizing the substrate of interest, wherein the gene encodingthe polypeptide is operably linked to a directly or indirectly induciblepromoter that is not associated with the polypeptide in nature.
 3. Thegenetically engineered bacterium of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein thepromoter operably linked to the gene encoding the transporter and thepromoter operably linked to the gene encoding a polypeptide are separatecopies of the same promoter.
 4. The genetically engineered bacterium ofclaim 1 or claim 2, wherein the gene encoding the transporter and thegene encoding the polypeptide are operably linked to the same copy ofthe same promoter.
 5. The genetically engineered bacterium of any one ofclaims 1-4, wherein the promoter operably linked to the gene encodingthe transporter and the promoter operably linked to the gene encodingthe polypeptide are directly or indirectly induced by exogenousenvironmental conditions.
 6. The genetically engineered bacterium of anyone of claims 1-5, wherein the promoter operably linked to the geneencoding the transporter and the promoter operably linked to thepolypeptide are directly or indirectly induced by exogenousenvironmental conditions found in the gut of a mammal.
 7. Thegenetically engineered bacterium of any one of claims 1-5, wherein thepromoter operably linked to the gene encoding the transporter and thepromoter operably linked to the polypeptide are directly or indirectlyinduced by exogenous environmental conditions found in themicroenvironment of a tumor.
 8. The genetically engineered bacterium ofclaim any one of claims 1-7, wherein the promoter operably linked to thegene encoding a transporter and the promoter operably linked to the geneencoding the polypeptide are directly or indirectly induced underlow-oxygen or anaerobic conditions.
 9. The genetically engineeredbacterium of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the promoter operably linkedto the gene encoding the transporter and the promoter operably linked tothe gene encoding the polypeptide are selected from the group consistingof an FNR-responsive promoter, an ANR-responsive promoter, and aDNR-responsive promoter.
 10. The genetically engineered bacterium of anyone of claims 1-9 wherein the gene encoding the transporter is locatedon a chromosome in the bacterium.
 11. The genetically engineeredbacterium of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the gene encoding thetransporter is located on a plasmid in the bacterium.
 12. Thegenetically engineered bacterium of any one of claims 1-11, wherein thegene encoding the polypeptide is located on a plasmid in the bacterium.13. The genetically engineered bacterium of any one of claims 1-11,wherein the gene encoding the polypeptide is located on a chromosome inthe bacterium.
 14. The genetically engineered bacterium of any one ofclaims 1-13, wherein the bacterium is a probiotic bacterium.
 15. Thegenetically engineered bacterium of claim 14, wherein the bacterium isselected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium,Clostridium, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus.
 16. Thegenetically engineered bacterium of claim 15, wherein the bacterium isEscherichia coli strain Nissle.
 17. The genetically engineered bacteriumof any one of claims 1-16, wherein the bacterium is an auxotroph in agene that is complemented when the bacterium is present in a mammaliangut.
 18. The genetically engineered bacterium of claim 17, whereinmammalian gut is a human gut.
 19. The genetically engineered bacteriumof claim 17 or 18, wherein the bacterium is an auxotroph indiaminopimelic acid or an enzyme in the thymidine biosynthetic pathway.20. The genetically engineered bacterium of any one of claims 1-19,wherein the bacterium is further engineered to harbor a gene encoding asubstance toxic to the bacterium, wherein the gene is under the controlof a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced by an environmentalfactor not naturally present in a mammalian gut.
 21. A pharmaceuticallyacceptable composition comprising the bacterium of any one of claims1-20; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 22. The composition ofclaim 21 formulated for oral administration.
 23. A method for treating adisease associated with the accumulation of a toxic substrate comprisingthe step of administering to a subject in need thereof, the compositionof claim 21 or 22.